400
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
t
t 25sv 14sn 11sd 11sa 9sl 4sr [referential]. See Secs. 382, 671, 673, 761, 831, and 920.
bonwst : /bonwast/ drinking [ref]
/sleʔa ʔan honks bonwast./ I saw him drinking.
dankt : /dankt/ some time ago, at that time [ref]
/čoy dankt hok dič neˑpga homʼas giwk, waq nen ni geˑks naʔas gi./ And long ago it was good, because it was thus, as I have told this one. (Texts, 38.131)
gᵛadbn̲wabgst : /gatbanwapkst/ arriving in the future [ref]
/nidoˑ ʔan honks gatbanwapkst./ I guessed he would be coming.
gist : /gist/ being [ref]
/sʔaywakta honks dat gist./ (I) knew where he was.
/delwa damʼoˑ Loˑps mʼolwʼapks gist./ (She) looked in (the pot) to see whether the soup was ready.
hakt : /hakt/ [emphatic, ref]
/čoy ʔat homʼas giwapk, waqt hakt min sʔabiˑya./ So it would be thus, just as I have related to you. (Texts, 18.71)
honktiˑt : /honktiˑt/ from that [ref]
/honktiˑt hok sa laˑbi qʼoyeˑwʼa./ From that they two became sad. (Texts, 14.65)
hont : /hont/ that one [ref]
/hont ʔams ni giwiˑg̣iˑya./ I’m satisfied with that one for you.
nqotʼst : /nqotst/ scorching [ref]
/sdiga dwaˑ nqotst./ (I) smell something scorching.
pagst : /pakst/ barking [ref]
/dam ʔi domna hon wačʼaˑks pakst?/ Do you hear that dog barking?
t 4sp 8sd 8sa 4sl 6sl [locative]. See Secs. 542, 671, 672, 761, 762, 831, and 832.
biblantant : /biblantant/ on both sides
/čoy lolbaltk biblantant nʼos hok loˑs./ And that goose had eyes on both sides of his head. (Texts, 8.89)
biblantg̣eˑni : /biblantg̣eˑni/ on both ends
/biblantg̣eˑni ʔa geˑ čaqčaqlʼi./ This is sharp on both ends.
r̲é̲r̲boslʼant : /bosboslʼant/ in a black one

401
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/bosboslʼant maksatdat/ in a black basket
gewdant : /gewdant/ in my
/gewdant lačʼasdat/ in my house. Or /gew lačʼasdat/.
honkant : /honkant/ in that
/honkant maksatdat/ in that basket. Or /hon maksatdat/.
mnaˑlʼmdant : /mnaˑlʼamdant/ in their own
/mnaˑlʼamdant wončǰat/ in their own canoe
tewnʼip\ʼant : /tewnʼipʼant/ on ten
/tewnʼipʼant Naˑs/ eleven
/tewnʼipʼant ndan/ thirteen
/lapnʼi tewnʼipʼant laˑp/ twenty-two
wikʼaˑtant : /wikʼaˑtant/ close to
/hoˑt ʔans wikʼaˑtant čaqyeˑta./ He sat close to me.
t see lʼi [adjective formant]
tabyʼ 3S-n 2Sl back, behind, younger, last
tabyʼ : /tabiˑ/ last, finally
/Naˑs hok tabiˑ ledalʔaˑni gepga./ One who was mischievous came last. (Texts, 12.22)
tabyʼa̲b : /tapyʼap/ man’s younger brother; woman’s younger sister. Apparently reciprocal.
r̲e̲tabyʼsa̲b : /tatbisap/ younger brothers; younger sisters
tabyʼa̲lbga : /tapyʼalpga/ considers someone as one’s younger brother, younger sister
se̲tabyʼa̲ldk : /satapyʼaltk/ related to one another as younger brother-older brother, younger sister-older sister
tabyʼg̣eˑni : /tabiˑg̣eˑni/ the last place; idiom: the last time
/čoy sa honk ʔat tabiˑg̣eˑni./ Then they (went) for the last time. (Texts, 4.118)
tabyʼni : /tabiˑni/ the last one, youngest
/čoy daˑts tabiˑyʼeˑnʼs, kat tabiˑni hiswaqs./ But it was the young one, who was the youngest male. (Texts, 4.407)
tabyʼt\ʼiˑt : /tabiˑtʼiˑt/ behind
/hoˑt ʔa tabiˑtʼiˑt noˑs tgotga./ He is standing behind me.
tabyʼtankniˑ : /tabiˑtankniˑ/ from behind
/tabiˑtankniˑ ʔans hoˑt galčʼwi./ He approached me from behind.
tabyʼtanna : /tabiˑtanna/ all around behind
/tabiˑtanna ʔan lačʼas mis g̣aˑykʼa./ I looked all around back of (your) house for you.

402
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
tabyʼtant : /tabiˑtant/ behind
/tabiˑtant hay ʔis kčʼiLiˑ!/ Crawl in my behind! (Texts, 3.17)
/hiˑt goniˑ tabiˑtant gapčʼank!/ Go hide out of sight there! (Texts, 39.11)
tabyʼtdalʼ : /tabiˑtdalʼ/ toward the back, behind
/čoyč ʔi sleˑwapk gidalʼ, tabiˑtdalʼ./ And you will see this way too, behind. (Texts, 13.108)
tak 7S-v be red
taˑkdgi : /taˑktgi/ turns red
taˑkdgir̲bqʼa : /taˑktgipbapqʼa/ blushes
r̲é̲r̲taklʼi : /taktaklʼi/ red; Mars
r̲é̲r̲taklʼisksi : /taktaklʼisksi/ “Red-Place” (place name; a mountain near Yamsay)
tal 7S-v stone-boil; boil food by dropping heated rocks into a waterproof basket of liquid. This was the usual method of boiling food in aboriginal times. Only in;
talwa : /talwa/ cooks by stone-boiling
tanʼaqʼa 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable.
tanʼaqʼaksi : /tanʼaqʼaksi/ place name
taw\ʼ 7Sv throb (as from a burn, from pain)
r̲é̲r̲taw\ʼa : /tawtawʼa/ throbs
tawn 3Sn town. From English.
tawn : /tawn/ town
tawy 7Sv curse, bewitch, lay a spell on
tawy : /tawiˑ/ curses someone
r̲e̲tawy : /tatwi/ d. curse someone
tawy! : /tawiˑ!/ curse!
tawyiˑa : /tawyiˑya/ lays a spell on a person for someone (as a shaman does)
tawys : /tawiˑs/ curse; to curse
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan honks tawiˑs./ I want to lay a spell on him.
taˑnab 3S-n turnip. From English.
taˑnabs : /taˑnaps/ turnip(s)
r̲e̲taˑnabkʼa : /tataˑnapkʼa/ little turnips
r̲e̲taˑnabkʼapči : /tataˑnapkʼapči/ like little turnips
taˑsnaˑk 3S-n rutebaga(s). Not Klamath, but derivation unknown.
taˑsnaˑks : /taˑsnaˑks/ rutebaga(s)
tbeˑw 7Sv order, command. Also kbeˑw and qbeˑw in apparent free variation. RD tended to give qbeˑw, while other informants

403
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
	varied between kbeˑw and tbeˑw.
tbeˑwa : /tbeˑwa/ orders, commands. Or kbeˑwa : /kbeˑwa/ or qbeˑwa : /qbeˑwa/.
/tbeˑwa ʔan honks goLiˑtgi giwk./ I ordered him to go inside.
/kbeˑwa ʔa hoˑt mna wnaga siwktgiwk hon lilhanks./ He ordered his son to kill that deer.
tčʼoˑs 7-Sv rub on, paint on
dᵛtčʼoˑsa : /dotčʼoˑsa/ rubs something onto someone
se̲dᵛtčʼoˑsa : /sodatčʼoˑsa/ rubs onto oneself
lᵛtčʼoˑsa : /lotčʼoˑsa/ rubs on with a round obj.; paints on with a brush
temiˑ 7S-v be, get in line (one in front of the other)
temiˑr̲dga : /temiˑtdatga/ are in line
temiˑlʼg̣a : /temiˑlg̣a/ get into line
stemiˑlʼg̣a : /stemiˑlg̣a/ lines up objs., people
temiˑwl : /temiˑwal/ are in line on top of
stemiˑwl : /stemiˑwal/ lines up objs., people, on top of
tewg̣ 3-S-n marsh hawk (Circus hudsonius)
r̲é̲r̲r̲tewg̣s : /tewqtewqs/ marsh hawk
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲r̲tewg̣kʼa : /tetoˑqtewqkʼa/ d. little marsh hawks
tewi̲ʼ 7+Sv break a thin surface, shatter (as ice, glass)
tewi̲ʼa : /tewʼa/ surface cracks, breaks (as ice)
tewi̲ʼoˑta : /tewʼoˑta/ surface breaks with (someone)
teˑwi̲ʼa : /teˑwʼa/ pl. surfaces break (as rotten boards)
kttewi̲ʼa : /ktewʼa/ breaks a surface with a kick, blow. See kt.
ntewi̲ʼa : /ntewʼa/ breaks a surface with a round instrument (as a window with a rock)
ntewi̲ʼkʼyoˑla : /ntewkʼyoˑla/ breaks open (as a box with a rock)
ntewi̲ʼLy : /ntewLi/ breaks into
nteˑwi̲ʼqn̲čʼn̲a : /ntewqančʼa/ just broke through a surface with a round instrument
nteˑwi̲ʼa : /nteˑwʼa/ breaks pl. (or pl. times, or in pl. places) with a round instrument
r̲r̲e̲nteˑwi̲ʼa : /ntenteˑwʼa/ d. break pl.
nteˑwi̲ʼdk : /nteˑwitk/ broken
yᵛtewi̲ʼa : /yetwʼa/ steps on and breaks a surface
yᵛtewi̲ʼqn̲čʼn̲a : /yetoˑqančʼa/ just stepped on and broke through
yᵛteˑwi̲ʼa : /yeteˑwʼa/ steps on and breaks pl. surfaces (or pl. holes in a surface)

404
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
tewnʼip 2Sa ten. Cf. also {tonʼip} 2Sa “five.” See Sec. 721.
tewnʼip : /tewnʼip/ ten
r̲e̲tewnʼip : /tetoˑnip/ ten at a time
/hoˑt sa ʔa tetoˑnip dosčna./ They ran off ten at a time.
tewnʼip\ʼant : /tewnʼipʼant/ on ten
/tewnʼipʼant Naˑs/ eleven
/tewnʼipʼant woniˑp/ fourteen
/ndanni tewnʼipʼant ndan/ thirty-three
tewnʼip\ʼaˑs : /tewnʼipʼaˑs/ in ten places
/noˑ ʔa hon tewnʼipʼaˑs nanʼakʼya./ I patched it in ten places.
tewnʼip\ʼokʼ : /tewnʼipʼok/ all ten
/tewnʼipʼok ʔa sa čʼoˑqʼa./ All ten of them died.
tewnʼipnʼi : /tewnʼipnʼi/ ten [n]
/tewnʼipnʼi maqlaqs gida čiˑya./ Ten people live here.
tewnʼipnʼis : /tewnʼipnʼis/ ten [o]
/noˑ ʔa honks tewnʼipnʼis wač sʔewanʔa./ I gave him ten horses.
tewnʼipnʼi : /tewnʼipnʼi/ ten (days, years, etc.); ten times
/tewnʼipnʼi waytas hoˑt čiˑwapk./ He’ll stay ten days.
/tewnʼipnʼi tewnʼip/ one hundred
teWčʼ 7-Sv spank, snap against. Also teWečʼ with {ˑ} 6pSv [intensive] infixed after the second e. See Sec. 334.
ktteWčʼa : /kteWčʼa/ spanks, slaps
ktteWčʼr̲bqʼa : /kteWačbapqʼa/ slaps in the face
ktteWeˑčʼr̲bqʼa : /kteWeˑčbapqʼa/ slaps repeatedly in the face
ktteWčʼkʼya : /kteWačkʼya/ slaps on the buttocks
se̲ktteWčʼkʼya : /sektoˑhčkʼya/ slaps oneself, each other, on the buttocks
ktteWčʼtn̲a : /kteWačta/ slaps on, against
wteWčʼa : /wteWčʼa/ snaps back on (as a tree branch in passing); slaps with a long instrument
wteWčʼtn̲a : /wteWačta/ slaps against, snaps back on
teWečʼ sle
teybal 3Sn table. From English.
teybal : /teybal/ table
r̲e̲teybal\ʼaˑkʼ : /tetiˑbalʼaˑk/ d. little tables
teˑg see oteˑg deep into

405
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
tgᵛ 4S-v stand (sg.)
tgᵛabaˑyi̲ʼa : /tgabaˑyʼa/ stands leaning on
tgᵛaliˑga : /tgaliˑga/ stands on the edge of a stream
r̲r̲e̲tgᵛaliˑga : /tgatgliˑga/ d. stand on the edge of a stream
tgᵛaqaˑyi̲ʼa : /tgaqaˑyʼa/ stands in the woods, among trees
tgᵛawl : /tgawal/ stands on top of
tgᵛawʼaˑlʼa : /tgawʼaˑlʼa/ stands on the end
sesti tgᵛawʼaˑlʼs : /sesti tgawʼaˑlʼs/ “Shasta-Standing-on-the-End” (place name)
tgᵛawʼiˑna : /tgawʼiˑna/ stands among, in mud, in snow
tgᵛebltn̲a : /tgebalta/ blazes up (“fire-stands-blazing-on”)
tgᵛeblyeˑga : /tgeblyeˑga/ fire blazes up
sne̲tgᵛeblyeˑga : /snatkbalyeˑga/ makes a fire blaze up
tgᵛelwy : /tgelwi/ stands by a fire
tgᵛelʼg̣a : /tgelg̣a/ stands up. Note the following idiom: 
/sʔabas ʔa tgelg̣a./ The month is starting.
sne̲tgᵛelʼg̣a : /snetgalg̣a/ makes someone stand up
tgᵛelʼg̣nʼapgaˑ : /tgelqnʼapga/ feels like standing up
tgᵛeqʼya : /tgeqʼya/ stands in the road, in the doorway
tgᵛewa : /tgewa/ stands in water, in a flat place
kols tgᵛews : /kols tgews/ “Badger-Standing-in-Water” (place name)
tgᵛiǰqʼa : /tgičqʼa/ stands on someone, squashing him; stands over a fallen person
tgᵛiǰqʼ! : /tgiǰaq!/ stand on, over!
tgᵛikLa : /tgikLa/ stands on a vehicle
tgᵛiwyʼga : /tgiwiˑga/ stands inside a container, closed space
tgᵛr̲e̲r̲kʼačʼa : /tgakʼačkčʼa/ stands from earth to sky (said of a character in a myth)
tgᵛodga : /tgotga/ stands, is standing (i.e., in a state resulting from standing up)
r̲r̲e̲tgᵛodga : /tgotgatga/ d. are standing
tgᵛodiˑla : /tgodiˑla/ stands underneath
tgᵛosn̲a : /tgosa/ stands deep under water, dirt
tgᵛtʼeLqʼa : /tgetʼaLqʼa/ stands on and flattens
tga 10sn 4sp 8sd 8sa [instrumental:] with, by means of. Also d̲atga. See Secs. 455, 541, 671, 674, 761, and 762.
bog̣stga : /boqstga/ with (a) camas root
/hoˑt ʔans boqstga sqoqta./ He paid me with camas root(s).
domantga : /domantga/ with many; idiom: a lot of

406
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/domantga mimʼačwʼaˑkkʼatga/ with many little spoons
/domantga ʔa sa galčʼwi./ Many of them approached together.
gentga : /gentga/ with this
/noˑ ʔa gentga waˑtʼitga qdolčʼa hon qnoqs./ I cut that rope with this knife.
gewdantga : /gewdantga/ with my
/hoˑt ʔa gewdantga wončǰatga sg̣epgabli./ He canoed back with my canoe.
naˑnok\ʼantga : /naˑnokʼantga/ with all; idiom: all together, all at once
/naˑnokʼantga maksatga/ with all the baskets
/naˑnokʼantga ʔa sa golgi./ They all attacked together.
qʼolʼinčd̲atga : /qʼolʼinčǰatga/ with the knee
sdor̲r̲tga : /sdotdatga/ with the road
/gentga ni sdotdatga hak genwapk./ I’ll go by this very road.
tgolʼoˑt 3S-n proper name; Tgolʼoˑts. This myth character is similar (or perhaps identical with) to Čʼaˑqyʼaˑk.
tgolʼoˑts : /tgolʼoˑts/ proper name: Tgolʼoˑts; a sp. of small beetle with an iridescent shell
tgolʼoˑtsʔm ksᵛews : /tgolʼoˑtsʔam ksews/ “Tgolʼoˑts’-Lying-in-Water” (place name)
tgolʼoˑtsʔm ksᵛodiˑlks : /tgolʼoˑtsʔam ksodiˑlks/ “Tgolʼoˑts’-Lying-Underneath-Place” (place name)
tg̣ablamč 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable. May contain {ʔmʼč} 6sn [augmentative].
tg̣ablamč : /tg̣ablamč/ place name
tg̣alm 3Sn west. Also tg̣alma. See Sec. 430.
tg̣alm : /tg̣alam/ west
tg̣almakstʼa : /tg̣almakstʼa/ “West-Side” (place name)
tg̣almas : /tg̣almas/ west wind
tg̣almdalʼ : /tg̣alamdalʼ/ toward the west
tg̣almdalʼkniˑ : /tg̣alamdalʼkniˑ/ from the west
tg̣alma sle
tg̣ap 3Sn reed (sp. of Phragmites). This was used to form the weft in basketry.
tg̣ap : /tg̣ap/ reed (sp.)
tg̣aˑwʼ 3S-n wild horse, colt, bronco
tg̣aˑwʼs : /tg̣aˑwʼas/ wild horse, untamed young horse, bronco
tg̣aˑwʼkʼa : /tg̣aˑwkʼa/ colt

407
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲r̲e̲tg̣aˑwʼkʼa : /tg̣atg̣aˑwkʼa/ d. colts
tg̣aˑwʼkʼaa̲la : /tg̣aˑwkʼala/ has a colt, foals
tg̣aˑwʼs r̲e̲čᵛikLys : /tg̣aˑwʼas čičakLis/ cowboy, buckeroo (“bronco-habitual-sitter-on” )
tg̣eˑw 3Sn elder (person, animal). Also tg̣eˑwnʼ (as 3S-n) with the meaning “elder brother, elder son, elder male cousin.”
tg̣eˑw : /tg̣eˑw/ elder one, largest one
tg̣eˑwnʼa̲b : /tg̣eˑwnʼap/ elder brother, eldest son, eldest male cousin (by a younger male cousin)
tg̣eˑwnʼa̲lbga : /tg̣eˑwnʼalpga/ considers someone to be one’s elder brother, eldest son, eldest male cousin
tg̣eˑwnʼa̲ldga : /tg̣eˑwnʼaltga/ been to see one’s eldest son, elder brother, elder cousin
se̲tg̣eˑwnʼa̲ldk : /setg̣eˑwnʼaltk/ related to one another as elder-younger brother, cousin
r̲e̲se̲tg̣eˑwnʼa̲ldk : /sesatg̣eˑwnʼaltk/ d. related to one another as elder-younger brothers, cousins
tg̣eˑwnʼysa̲b : /tg̣eˑwnʼisap/ elder brothers, sons, cousins
tg̣eˑwnʼ sle
tg̣otg̣ 7Sv be an omen, have a premonition
tg̣otg̣a : /tg̣otg̣a/ is an omen; has a premonition
tg̣oy 7Sv knead, tan a hide; straighten an arrow (by some sort of kneading process?). Also tg̣oyl. See Sec. 334.
tg̣oya : /tg̣oya/ kneads (dough, etc.); tans a hide (by kneading in deer brains and water); straightens an arrow
r̲r̲e̲tg̣oy : /tg̣otg̣i/ d. knead, tan, straighten an arrow
tg̣oyiˑa : /tg̣oyiˑya/ kneads, tans, straightens for someone
tg̣oylkʼys : /tg̣oylkʼis/ arrow-straightener
tg̣oyys : /tg̣oyiˑs/ kneading, tanning, straightening
/čʼaˑnis ʔan tg̣oyiˑs qlas./ I don’t know how to tan a hide.
tis 3-S-n father
btisa̲b : /ptisap/ father
btisa : /ptisa/ father [o]
btisa̲lbga : /ptisalpga/ considers someone as one’s father
btisa̲lča̲a : /ptisalča/ goes to see one’s father
btisa̲ldga : /ptisaltga/ been to see one’s father
btisa̲llgi : /ptisallgi/ comes to see one’s father
btism : /ptisam/ father’s
btisysa̲b : /ptisiˑsap/ fathers
btisysa̲ldga : /ptisiˑsaltga/ been to see fathers

408
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
tisyb! : /tisiˑp!/ Daddy!
titʼ 7+Sv slash open, cut open a bulbous round obj. (as a sack of grain, a bladder, a boil)
titʼa : /titʼa/ splits open (intr.)
čʼlᵉtitʼa : /čʼlittʼa/ picks open with one’s fingernails (as a boil)
g̣wᵛtitʼa : /g̣wittʼa/ bites open a bulbous round obj. (as a bladder, louse, fish eye)
lᵛtitʼa : /littʼa/ cuts open a bulbous round obj. with a round obj. (as a flint knife)
lᵛtiˑtʼa : /litiˑtʼa/ cuts open pl.
r̲e̲lᵛtiˑtʼa : /liltiˑtʼa/ d. cut open pl.
ntitʼa : /ntitʼa/ splits open a bulbous round obj. with a round instrument
ntitʼdg̣i : /ntittg̣i/ splits open down onto; idiom: defecates, has a loose motion
ntitʼLa̲a : /ntitLa/ splits open onto a surface; idiom: defecates onto
ntitʼLa̲s : /ntitLas/ pancake (named because of the loose manner of pouring it onto the griddle)
ntitʼlʼg̣a : /ntitʼlg̣a/ splits something open onto the ground; idiom: defecates on the ground
ntitʼtn̲a : /ntitta/ splits something open onto; idiom: has a loose motion on, defecates on
ntiˑtʼa : /ntiˑtʼa/ splits open pl. with a round instrument
r̲r̲e̲ntiˑtʼa : /ntintiˑtʼa/ d. split open pl.
tiˑ 3Sn tea. From English.
tiˑ : /tiˑ/ tea
tiˑ 10sn 4sp 8sd 8sa [partitive:] from, a piece of, concerning. See Secs. 455, 541, 671, 674, and 761.
r̲é̲ˑr̲čʼiˑktiˑ : /čʼiˑkčʼiˑktiˑ/ from the wagon, a piece of the wagon
/hoˑt ʔa leqeˑwʼa gew Wiˑl čʼiˑkčʼiˑktiˑ./ He broke a wheel off of my wagon.
gosotiˑ : /gosotiˑ/ a piece of pork
honkantiˑ : /honkantiˑ/ from that, a piece of that
/honkantiˑ ʔis čʼley!/ Give me a piece of that!
midanti : /midanti ./ from your, a piece of your
/midanti čʼoleˑkstiˑ/ a piece of your meat
waˑtʼitiˑ : /waˑtʼitiˑ/ a piece of a knife; idiom: iron, metal
tkʼaˑw 7S-v soak, be damp. Possibly tkʼaw plus ˑ dgi (allomorph of {dgi} 8sv “turn, become”). Only in:
tkʼaˑwdgi : /tkʼaˑwtgi/ (hide, clothes) soak

409
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲r̲e̲tkʼaˑwdgi : /tkʼatkʼaˑwtgi/ d. soak
sne̲tkʼaˑwdgi : /snatkʼaˑwtgi/ soaks something
tlag̣ 3S-n mullet (sp.). This fish is similar to the /yeˑn/ (Catostomus labiatus Gird.), except that the scales of this fish are brown instead of silvery.
tlag̣s : /tlaqs/ mullet (sp.)
tlag̣s pʼań̲kʼys : /tlaqs pʼakʼiˑs/ “Mullet-Eating” (place name)
tln̲ see atln̲ alongside, beside
tmaˑkʼ 7Sv annoy, bother someone. Only with {sne̲} 3pv [causative]. RD recognized /tmaˑkʼa/ as an independent form but could not satisfactorily explain it.
sne̲tmaˑkʼa : /snatmaˑkʼa/ annoys, bothers someone
sne̲tmaˑkʼdgi : /snatmaˑktgi/ wants someone to bother, lets someone bother
/qʼay nis snatmaˑktgi!/ Don’t let him bother me!
tmo 3Sn grouse (Bonasa vorsabinei). PO gave dmo. See Sec. 430.
tmo : /tmo/ grouse. Or dmo : /dmo/.
tmoʼaˑkʼ : /tmoʔaˑk/ little grouse
tn̲ see otn̲ on, at, against, attached to
tobaks 3S-n man’s sister
tobaksyb : /tobaksip/ man’s sister
r̲e̲tobaksyb : /totbaksip/ sisters
tobaksa̲ldga : /tobaksaltga/ been to see one’s sister
se̲tobaksa̲ldk : /sotbaksaltk/ related to one another as brother and sister
tobaksm : /tobaksam/ sister’s
tod 3-S-n daughter-in-law (son’s wife)
btoda̲b : /ptodap/ daughter-in-law
btodsa̲b : /ptotsap/ daughters-in-law
tog̣i 3Sn horn, antler
tog̣i : /tog̣i/ horn, antler
r̲e̲tog̣iʼaˑkʼ : /totaqyʼaˑk/ d. little horns
tog̣iʼa̲ldk : /toqyʼaltk/ horned; idiom: a stag
ton 7S-v act on a ropelike obj. (as rope, thread, wire, ribbon, roads, etc.)
tonbga : /tompga/ ropelike obj. is, lies
/tompga g̣og̣e/ the river is, lies. Translated by the informant as “all along the length of the river.” (Texts, 38.32)
tončnʼa : /tončnʼa/ rope like obj. runs along
r̲e̲tončnʼa : /totančnʼa/ d. ropelike objs. run along (as telephone wires)

410
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ton (continued)
stončnʼa : /stončnʼa/ strings a ropelike obj. along; drags a ropelike obj. along
se̲tondang̣a : /sotandang̣a/ ropelike objs. meet (as wires, roads, streams)
se̲tondg̣a : /sotantg̣a/ ropelike obj s. branch off from one another (as roads, streams)
tondg̣i : /tontg̣i/ ropelike obj. hangs down to the ground
stondg̣i : /stontg̣i/ pulls down a rope like obj.
tonkanga : /tonkanga/ ropelike obj. runs here and there
r̲e̲tonkanga : /totankanga/ d. ropelike objs. run here and there, are strung all around
r̲e̲tonksʔm : /totanksʔam/ blackberries
r̲e̲tonksʔm\ʼa̲la : /totanksmʼala/ picks blackberries
tonkyamna : /tonkyamna/ ropelike obj. runs all around some central obj.
stonkyamna : /stonkyamna/ runs a ropelike obj. around (as a fence around a field)
tonkʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /tonkʼaˑyʼa/ rope like obj. runs along up high
stonkʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /stonkʼaˑyʼa/ runs a ropelike obj. up high (as one strings a telephone wire)
tonkʼwa : /tonkʼwa/ ropelike obj. runs across
stonkʼwa : /stonkʼwa/ runs a ropelike obj. across
stonkʼw! : /stonkʼo!/ run a ropelike obj. across!
tonlYn̲čʼn̲a : /tollYančʼa/ ropelike obj. runs along the edge of a stream, cliff (as a road, wire)
tonLy : /tolhi/ ropelike obj. runs inside
tonlʼg̣a : /tollg̣a/ rope like obj. runs to the ground
stonlʼg̣a : /stollg̣a/ runs a ropelike obj. to the ground
tonpbeˑli̲ʼa : /tompbeˑlʼa/ ropelike objs. run back and forth
stonpbeˑli̲ʼa : /stompbeˑlʼa/ runs a ropelike obj. back and forth
tonqn̲a : /tonqa/ ropelike obj. runs out, through
stonqn̲a : /stonqa/ runs a ropelike obj. out
tontn̲a : /tonta/ ropelike obj. is attached to, tied to
tonwʼeˑtʼa : /tonwʼeˑtʼa/ ropelike obj. hangs off the edge
se̲tonyʼoˑta : /sotanyʼoˑta/ ropelike objs. run together, cross (as wires, roads)
tonʼip 2Sa five. Cf. also {tewnʼip} 2Sa “ten.” See Sec. 721.
tonʼip : /tonʼip/ five
r̲e̲tonʼip : /totnʼip/ five at a time

411
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/noˑ ʔa totnʼip sʔewanʔa, skodas./ I gave (them) out five at a time, blankets.
tonʼip\ʼaˑs : /tonipaˑs/ in five places
/noˑ ʔa tonʼipʼaˑs qmag̣a./ I looked in five places.
tonʼip\ʼokʼ : /tonʼipʼok/ all five
/tonʼipʼok ʔa sa gatbambli./ All five returned.
tonʼipnʼi : /tonʼipnʼi/ five [n]
/tonʼipnʼi weˑwʼanʼs woksalča./ Five women went wokas-picking.
tonʼipnʼis : /tonʼipnʼis/ five [o]
/noˑ ʔa tonʼipnʼis lilhanks nesga./ I skinned five deer.
tonʼipnʼi : /tonʼipnʼi/ five (days, years, etc.); five times
/noˑ ʔa honks tonʼipnʼi sleʔa./ I saw him five times.
/tonʼipnʼi ʔiLoˑls hoˑt qʼwanqʼatk./ He is lame for five years.
/tonʼipnʼi tewnʼipʼant tonʼip/ fifty-five
tonʼipnʼiks : /tonʼipnʼiks/ Friday. Or tonʼipnʼi : /tonʼipnʼi/.
toqʼ 7S-v stop an action. Only with {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the ground, to a stop.” Possibly cf. the next entry.
toqʼlʼg̣a : /toqʼlg̣a/ stops (an action)
/toqʼlg̣a hoˑt swiˑs./ He stopped singing.
he̲stoqʼlʼg̣a : /hostaqʼlg̣a/ makes someone stop
r̲e̲toqʼlʼg̣a : /totaqʼlg̣a/ d. stop
toqʼlʼg̣i! : /toqʼlg̣i!/ stop!
he̲stoqʼlʼg̣! : /hostaqlʼaq!/ make him stop!
/hostaqlʼaq mi hon wačʼaˑk paks!/ Make your dog stop barking!
toqʼ 7Sv be frightened, scared, startled
toqʼa : /toqʼa/ is startled, frightened, scared
he̲stoqʼa : /hostqʼa/ frightens someone
toqʼs : /toqʼas/ sp. willow (or alder?). Named because “it grows so fast it startles you”—readily connected by the informant.
toqʼsksi : /toqʼasksi/ “Willow-Place” (place name)
r̲é̲r̲toqʼa : /toqtoqʼa/ is continually slightly frightened, on edge (as when one dwells among hostile people). Also r̲é̲ˑr̲toqʼa : /toˑqtoqʼa/.
he̲sr̲é̲ˑr̲toqʼbga : /hostoˑqtoqpga/ keeps someone continually worried, on edge
totqʼ 3-S-n woman’s parent-in-law (either mother- or father-in-law). Not reciprocal; cf. {tod} 3-S-n “daughter-in-law.”
btotqʼa̲b : /ptotqʼap/ woman’s parent-in-law
btotqʼysa̲b : /ptotqʼisap/ woman’s parents-in-law

412
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
toyi̲ʼ 7+Sv crumble up (as dirt clods)
toˑyi̲ʼa : /toˑyʼa/ (dirt) crumbles
kᵛtoˑyi̲ʼa : /kotoˑyʼa/ breaks up into small bits with a pointed instrument (as clods with a pick, mattock)
r̲e̲kᵛtoˑyi̲ʼa : /koktoˑyʼa/ d. break up pl. into bits
ntoyi̲ʼa : /ntoyʼa/ crumble up objs. with a round instrument
ntoyi̲ʼlʼg̣a : /ntoylg̣a/ crushes down with a round instrument (as clods, dried fish)
ntoˑyi̲ʼdk : /ntoˑyitk/ crushed, crumbled with a round instrument
stoyi̲ʼlʼg̣a : /stoylg̣a/ crumbles something into bits with a sharp instrument
tpek 7S-v reach. Cf. also {das} 7S-v “reach, touch. act with the hand” and {nʼiq} 7S-v “act with the hand,” which semantically overlap this morpheme.
se̲tpekblibga : /setpakblipga/ is reaching behind oneself
tpekčnʼa : /tpekčnʼa/ reaches for
tpekdbn̲a : /tpektba/ reaches (“reach-arrives”)
tpekdiˑla : /tpekdiˑla/ reaches underneath
r̲r̲e̲tpekdiˑla : /tpetpakdiˑla/ d. reach underneath
tpekLy : /tpekLi/ reaches inside
tpekwa : /tpekwa/ reaches into water, into a flat place
tpekyg̣i : /tpekiˑg̣i/ reaches over, above
tpo 7S-v drive, herd. Also kpo in apparent free variation. See Sec. 334.
kpomni : /kpomni/ drives, herds up, upstream
kpowa : /kpowa/ herds into water, into a flat place
tpočʼn̲a : /tpočʼa/ herds along, just herded off
tpočʼn̲wabg : /tpočʼanwapk/ will just herd away
tpodiˑla : /tpodiˑla/ herds underneath (as one drives a herd underneath trees for shelter)
tpokʼwa : /tpokʼwa/ herds across
tpoLy : /tpoLiˑ/ herds inside (as into a corral). Also kpoLy : /kpoLiˑ/.
tpolʼg̣a : /tpolg̣a/ halts a herd, drives to a stop
tpoqweˑLa : /tpoqweˑLa/ herds downhill
r̲r̲e̲tpoqweˑLa : /tpotpaqweˑLa/ d. herd downhill
tposga : /tposga/ drives away, off of
se̲tposga : /sotpasga/ drives off of oneself (as flies)
tpotʼleˑg̣i : /tpotʼleˑg̣i/ drives over a mountain, into the next room
tpowllʼg̣a : /tpowallg̣a/ drives, herds up a hill

413
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
tpowlyeˑga : /tpowalyeˑga/ herds up, gets herd to rise and move on
tpoWasga : /tpoWasga/ drives off, away
tqi sne
tqiq 4S-v act with the elbow. Also tqi. See Sec. 331.
tqiqdiˑla : /tqiqdiˑla/ puts an elbow underneath. (intr. also)
tqiqLa̲a : /tqiqLa/ puts an elbow on a surface, leans an elbow on
r̲r̲e̲tqiqLa̲a : /tqitqaqLa/ d. put an elbow on
tqiqwa : /tqiqwa/ puts an elbow into water, flat place. Or tqiwa : /tqiwa/.
he̲stqitʼčʼa : /histqatčʼa/ fights by stretching the other’s mouth with an elbow. This method of fighting is employed by Čʼečteˑsis and Časg̣iˑps in Text 7.
r̲e̲he̲stqitʼčʼwabg : /hihastqatčʼwapk/ d. will elbow-fight each other
tqʼag see otqʼag up out of
tqʼaps see atqʼaps down from a height
tqʼopʼoˑ 3Sn thumb
tqʼopʼoˑ : /tqʼopʼoˑ/ thumb
r̲r̲e̲tqʼopʼoˑʼaˑkʼ : /tqʼotqʼapwʼaˑk/ d. little thumbs
tqʼopʼoˑd̲at : /tqʼopʼoˑwwat/ on the thumb
treyn 3Sn railroad train. From English. Cf. the earlier kenning term /loloqs weˑg̣an/ “fire wagon” (under lolog̣).
treyn : /treyn/ train
tsaˑkʼ 7Sv be light (in weight)
tsaˑkʼa : /tsaˑkʼa/ is light
tsaˑkʼdgi : /tsaˑktgi/ becomes light
sne̲tsaˑkʼdgi : /snatsaˑktgi/ lightens, makes light
tsaˑkʼdk : /tsaˑkʼatk/ light
tsg̣ew 3-S-n bluejay. Onomatopoetic; its cry is: /tsg̣eˑˑw, tsg̣eˑˑˑw!/.
r̲r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲tsg̣ews : /tsg̣eˑwtsg̣ews/ bluejay
r̲r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲tsg̣ewkʼa : /tsg̣eˑwtsg̣ewkʼa/ little bluejay
tsimʼang 7Sv boy (teenage), youth. Also čimʼang in apparent free variation (or possibly varying between informants?). Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive]. Possibly related to {tsiń̲} 7sv “grow.” Occurs only with {dk} 24sv “in a state of having been …ed” (?). See Sec. 334.
tsimʼangdk : /tsimʼangatk/ youth, teenage boy. Or čimʼangdk : /čimʼangatk/.
r̲e̲tsimʼangdk : /titsmʼangatk/ d. boys. Or r̲e̲čimʼangdk : /čičmʼangatk/.

414
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
tsiń̲ 7Sv grow. Also čiń̲. (PO only). Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only. Cf. the preceding entry. See Sec. 334
tsiń̲ : /tsin/ grows. PO gave čiń̲ : /čin/.
he̲stsiń̲ : /histsan/ makes grow, raises someone
r̲e̲he̲stsiń̲ : /hihastsan/ d. make grow, d. raise (as children, animals)
r̲e̲tsiń̲ : /titsan/ d. grow. PO gave r̲e̲čiń̲ : /čičan/.
tsiń̲liˑna : /tsiliˑna/ outgrows (as clothes)
tsiń̲yeˑga : /tsiyeˑga/ starts to grow. PO gave čiń̲yeˑga : /čiyeˑga/.
ttal see attal going from house to house; peddling
twᵛ 4S-v twist, bore. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
twᵛačʼiˑkʼa : /twačʼiˑkʼa/ twists and wrings; bores (as with a brace and bit)
twᵛačʼiˑkʼoˑts : /twačʼiˑkʼoˑts/ brace and bit
twᵛakʼiˑčʼa : /twakʼiˑčʼa/ twists around in a circle
twᵛaˑčʼa : /twaˑčʼa/ twists cord on the thigh, makes cord (of nettle fiber or of tule)
twᵛeqn̲a : /tweqa/ bores through
r̲e̲twᵛeqn̲a : /tetoˑqa/ d. bore through
twᵛiwkʼiˑčʼa : /twiwkʼiˑčʼa/ twists around; makes string by rolling it on the hip (same as twᵛaˑčʼa above)
twᵛkʼačʼa : /twakčʼa/ twists off the head, wrings the neck
twᵛosga : /twosga/ twists something off
twaˑqʼ 7Sv paint, smear
twaˑqʼa : /twaˑqʼa/ paints, smears
se̲twaˑqʼa : /satwaˑqʼa/ smears oneself (as with pitch for mourning)
twinwan 3Sn cord on the neck back of the ear
twinwan : /twinwan/ cord back of the ear
tya 3Sn basket sifter. Also čya (Mr. Pompey only). See Sec. 430.
tya : /tya/ basket sifter (Barrett, p. 274, fig. 2). Or čya : /čya/.
r̲r̲e̲tyaʼaˑkʼ : /tyatiˑʔaˑk/ d. little basket sifters
tyamn see akyamn around, embracing, surrounding
tʼ
tʼa 4sl [locative:] in, at, on. Cf. also {t} 4sl 6sl 4sp 8sd 8sa [locative]. See Sec. 832.

415
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ginaˑtʼa : /ginaˑtʼa/ on this side
/hiˑt hon čiˑya sa, niˑLaqs honk ginaˑtʼa./ They lived there, on this side of NiˑLaqs. (Texts, 18.27)
goniˑtʼa : /goniˑtʼa/ the other side
/sohiˑyag̣yeˑks hon goniˑtʼa/ on the other side of Sohiˑyag̣yeˑks. (Texts, 14.2)
syokʼaˑtʼa : /syokʼaˑtʼa/ close to, next to
/syokʼaˑtʼa ʔat honk liwpgank/ gathered together closely. (Texts, 15.11)
weliˑtʼa : /weliˑla/ apart, besides
/laˑbi hok sa weliˑtʼa honks./ They were two besides him. (Texts, 14.30)
wikʼaˑtʼa : /wikʼaˑtʼa/ near, close to
/yʼaynʼa, g̣og̣e wikʼaˑtʼa ʔakyʼa./ A mountain, perhaps near a river. (Texts, 39.26)
tʼabkʼ 7+Sv be sticky, mash up something sticky. Cf. also {čʼabkʼ} 7+Sv “be mushy, mash up something mushy” and {lʼabkʼ} 7+Sv “be doughy, mash up something doughy.”
r̲é̲r̲r̲tʼabkʼa : /tʼapktʼapkʼa/ is sticky, lumpy
dᵛtʼabkʼa : /datʼapkʼa/ mashes up with the fingers, hands
dᵛtʼabkʼkʼiˑmi̲ʼa : /datʼapkkʼiˑmʼa/ mashes around the edges with the fingers
kttʼabkʼa : /ktʼapkʼa/ mashes up with a blow, kick
ntʼabkʼa : /ntʼapkʼa/ mashes up with a round instrument
r̲r̲e̲ntʼabkʼa : /ntʼantʼapkʼa/ d. mash up with a round instrument
ntʼabkʼlʼg̣a : /ntʼabakʼlg̣a/ throws down a round obj. and squashes it (as a rotten fruit)
ntʼabkʼtn̲a : /ntʼabakta/ mashes up something sticky against (as a handful of mud slapped against a wall)
tʼabl 7-Sv track in (mud, etc.). Only in;
kttʼablLy : /ktʼabalhi/ tracks inside
kttʼablqn̲a : /ktʼabalqa/ tracks out, through, outside
kttʼablyg̣i : /ktʼabliˑg̣i/ tracks over
tʼačʼ 7-Sv cover, trap .
ntʼačʼlʼg̣a : /ntʼačʼlg̣a/ traps (with a round instrument?)
sne̲ntʼačʼlʼg̣a : /snantʼačʼlg̣a/ traps something
sne̲ntʼačʼlʼg̣s : /snantʼačlʼaqs/ trap (of willows)
/qʼalǰiǰiksʔam snantʼačlʼaqs/ spiderweb (“spider’s-trap”)
ntʼačʼwa : /ntʼačʼwa/ is trapped in the water (as fish)

416
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
se̲ntʼačʼwa : /santʼačʼwa/ gets oneself stuck in the water (as when one’s canoe is caught on a snag)
se̲ntʼačʼwoˑts : /santʼačʼwoˑts/ canoe anchor
wtʼačʼkʼya : /wtʼačkʼya/ covers and closes (with a long instrument?)
r̲r̲e̲wtʼačʼgiwabg : /wtʼawtʼačgiwapk/ d. will cover, close
wtʼačʼlʼg̣a : /wtʼačʼlg̣a/ covers over (as one weights down a canvas over a pile of wokas)
tʼačʼ 7-Sv stretch apart, cut apart. Also tčʼ. See Sec. 334.
pᵛtʼačʼa : /patčʼa/ pulls apart, tears apart
pᵛtʼaˑčʼa : /patʼaˑčʼa/ pulls and stretches pl. apart
r̲e̲pᵛtʼaˑčʼa : /paptʼaˑčʼa/ d. pull and stretch apart
spᵛtʼaˑčʼa : /spatʼaˑčʼa/ stretches pl. apart. Use of {s} 3pv [transitive] here?
qdᵛtʼačʼa : /qdatčʼa/ cuts apart, splits
spitʼaˑčʼa : /spitʼaˑčʼa/ drags pl. apart
he̲stqitʼčʼa : /histqatčʼa/ fights by stretching the other person’s mouth with one’s elbow. See tqiq.
tʼag̣aˑq 3Sn sole of the foot
tʼag̣aˑq : /tʼag̣aˑq/ sole of the foot
tʼak 3-S-n man’s proper name. Unanalyzable. Said to mean something like “Stutterer,” but no further forms were obtainable.
r̲é̲r̲tʼaks : /tʼaktʼaks/ man’s proper name: Stutterer
tʼaks 3S-n plant (sp. unknown). This plant grows to a height of about six inches and has small yellow flowers. Its roots are oval and are similar to small onions. They were eaten raw.
tʼaksys : /tʼaksis/ plant (sp.)
tʼaksni 3-Sn children. Also ntʼaksni, tʼakyʼ and tʼakyʼas. See Sec. 430.
r̲e̲tʼaksni : /tʼatʼaksni/ children
r̲r̲e̲ntʼaksni : /ntʼantʼaksni/ “Children” (a constellation said to consist of six or seven stars rising in the east or south-east and setting in the west)
r̲e̲tʼakyʼa̲ldk : /tʼatʼakyʼaltk/ having children
r̲e̲tʼakyʼasm : /tʼatʼakyʼasam/ children’s. Possibly cf. {yʼas} 4sd [demonstrative non-nominative pl.]?
r̲e̲tʼakyʼass : /tʼatʼakyʼas/ children [o]
tʼakyʼ sle
tʼakyʼas sle
tʼamsg̣ see atʼamsg̣ between
tʼapq 3Sn leaf
tʼapq : /tʼapaq/ leaf
r̲e̲tʼapq\ʼaˑkʼ : /tʼatʼapqʼaˑk/ d. little leaves

417
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼaˑsysʔm tʼapq : /čʼaˑsisʔam tʼapaq/ skunk cabbage (“skunk’s-leaf”). This is said to be a recent importation into the area and may be a loan translation.
tʼapq\ʼa̲la : /tʼapqʼala/ leafs out (as a tree in spring)
tʼapsniˑq 3Sn brains. Possibly cf. {sniˑg̣\ʼ} 7Sv “blow the nose; snot.”
tʼapsniˑq : /tʼapsniˑq/ brains
tʼapʼ 7-Sv hook a fish, drag a fish out of water (?). Only in:
sbᵛtʼapʼqn̲a : /sbatʼapqa/ hooks a fish, drags a fish out
r̲r̲e̲sbᵛtʼapʼqn̲a : /sbasptʼapqa/ d. hook a fish
sbᵛtʼapʼyg̣i : /sbatʼapʼiˑg̣i/ drags a fish out of water, over
tʼapʼ 7-Sv pat (as one pats oneself in the sweathouse to bring out the sweat). Only in:
kttʼapʼtn̲nʼa : /ktʼaptʼanʔa/ pats someone
se̲kttʼapʼtn̲nʼa : /saktʼaptanʔa/ pats oneself, each other
kttʼapʼwa : /ktʼapʼwa/ pats the hand in the water
tʼaqʼ 7S-v be bare, bald, grassless. Also ntʼaqʼ and stʼaqʼ. See Sec. 334.
tʼaˑqʼdgi : /tʼaˑqtgi/ becomes bare, grassless. barren
r̲é̲r̲tʼaqʼlʼi : /tʼaqtʼaqlʼi/ bare, smooth, grassless
r̲é̲r̲tʼaqʼlʼant : /tʼaqtʼaqlʼant/ in the flat, where it’s flat, bare
ntʼaqʼčwoˑla : /ntʼaqčwoˑla/ is bald, getting bald. Same as stʼaqʼčwoˑla below.
stʼaqʼčwoˑla : /stʼaqčwoˑla/ is bald, getting bald
stʼaqʼčwoˑldk : /stʼaqčwoˑlatk/ bald
r̲r̲e̲stʼaqʼLyykiˑndk : /stʼastʼaqLiˑkiˑnatk/ having a receding hairline (“d.-being-bald-inside-from-the-edge”)
r̲r̲e̲stʼaqʼsgdk : /stʼastʼaqsgatk/ mangy, with hair coming off
stʼaqʼwloˑla : /stʼaqʼoˑloˑla/ is getting bald on top
stʼaqʼwloˑlbgs : /stʼaqʼoˑloˑlapks/ being bald on top
/hoˑt ʔa stʼaqʼoˑloˑlapks nʼos gitk./ He has a bald head
stʼaqʼwloˑldk : /stʼaqʼoˑloˑlatk/ bald on top
tʼaqʼ see tʼoqʼ act with the head
tʼas 7+Sv straighten out (as wrinkles, crooked strings, cloth, willows, etc.)
tʼaˑsdgi : /tʼaˑstgi/ becomes straight, unwrinkled
stʼaˑsdgi : /stʼaˑstgi/ straightens something (as a crooked willow)
r̲r̲e̲stʼaˑsdgibli : /stʼastʼaˑstgibli/ d. straightens something back out again

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lᵛtʼasčnʼa : /latʼasčnʼa/ straightens out wrinkles with a round obj.; irons clothes
r̲e̲lᵛtʼasčnʼa : /laltʼasčnʼa/ d. iron clothes
lᵛtʼasčnʼoˑts : /latʼasčnʼoˑts/ iron (for clothes)
lᵛtʼasčnʼyeˑga : /latʼasčanyeˑga/ starts to iron
r̲e̲lᵛtʼasčys\ʼa̲ls : /laltʼasčisʔals/ d. to be ironed
/noˑ ʔa domaˑ laltʼasčisʔals gitk./ I have lots to iron 
tʼasak interjection just like that! all at once!
tʼasak! : /tʼasak!/ just like that! all at once!
tʼat 7+Sv squeeze out, ooze out
tʼatqn̲a : /tʼatqa/ (something) squeezes, oozes out
switʼatqn̲a : /switʼatqa/ ties tightly and squeezes out
he̲switʼatqn̲a : /hisoˑtʼatqa/ ties oneself too tightly (as when one puts on too tight a girdle)
tʼay 7-Sv pinch. Possibly cf. {tʼaytʼitʼy} 7-Sv “slap on the hand”? Only in:
g̣wᵛtʼayg̣oga : /g̣watʼiˑg̣oga/ pinches inside (as a tight shoe)
tʼaytʼitʼy 7-Sv slap on the hand. Segmentation: possibly cf. the preceding entry? Only in:
kttʼaytʼitʼya : /ktʼaytʼitʼya/ slaps on the hand
tʼaˑhʔ 3-S-n locust (or large grasshopper). These were roasted on a hot rock and eaten. Onomatopoetic: its cry is: /tʼatʼatʼatʼa!/ (cf. Texts, 4.355).
r̲é̲r̲tʼaˑhʔs : /tʼahtʼaˑhʔas/ locust (or large grasshopper)
r̲é̲r̲tʼaˑhʔs\ʼa̲la : /tʼahtʼaˑhʔaslʼa/ gathers locusts, grasshoppers (for food)
tʼaˑl 3-S-n woman’s elder sister, woman’s elder female cousin. The term is reciprocal between cousins but not between sisters.
btʼaˑlyb : /ptʼaˑlip/ woman’s elder sister, elder female cousin
se̲btʼaˑla̲ldk : /saptʼaˑlaltk/ related to one another as elder-younger sister, as female cousins
btʼaˑlysa̲b : /ptʼaˑlisap/ woman’s elder sisters, female cousins
tʼaˑm 7S-v be quiet, calm. Possibly tʼam plus ˑ dgi (allomorph of {dgi} 8sv “turn, become”).
tʼaˑmdgi : /tʼaˑmtgi/ becomes quiet, calm
sne̲tʼaˑmdgi : /snatʼaˑmtgi/ makes calm
r̲e̲tʼaˑmdgislʼis : /tʼatʼaˑmtgislʼis/ sp. of insect (“quiet-one”)
tʼaˑwi̲ʼ see atʼaˑwi̲ʼ in the sunshine
tʼaˑyʼ 3S-n sack, bag
tʼaˑyʼs : /tʼaˑyʼas/ sack, bag.
saˑlm tʼaˑyʼs : /saˑlam tʼaˑyʼas/ type of basket (made of /saˑl/ “reed (Phragmites phragmites)”)

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
tʼčʼ see tʼačʼ stretch apart, cut apart
tʼekʼ 7Sv burn, feel feverish
r̲é̲r̲tʼekʼa : /tʼektʼekʼa/ burns (as pepper on the tongue), feels feverish
tʼekʼ 7+Sv be in pieces, bits, tatters
tʼeˑkʼa : /tʼeˑkʼa/ is all tattered, all to pieces
r̲e̲tʼeˑkʼa : /tʼetʼeˑkʼa/ d. are tattered, in bits
čʼlᵉtʼekʼa : /čʼletkʼa/ picks to pieces with the fingernails
čʼlᵉtʼeˑkʼa : /čʼletʼeˑkʼa/ picks pl. to pieces
pᵛtʼekʼa : /petkʼa/ pulls off a piece
spᵛtʼekʼa : /spetkʼa/ tears off a piece, snags and tears
pᵛtʼeˑkʼa : /petʼeˑkʼa/ pulls to pieces
r̲e̲pᵛtʼeˑkʼa : /peptʼeˑkʼa/ d. pull pl. to pieces
spᵛtʼeˑkʼa : /spetʼeˑkʼa/ tears pl. to pieces (different from pᵛtʼeˑkʼa?)
se̲pᵛtʼeˑkʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /septʼeˑkʼattanʔa/ tears pl. off of oneself (as bandages)
wtʼekʼa : /wtʼekʼa/ breaks up into pieces with a long instrument
wtʼekʼlʼg̣a : /wtʼekʼlg̣a/ breaks, chops into pieces (as firewood)
wtʼeˑkʼa : /wtʼeˑkʼa/ breaks, chops pl. up into pieces
r̲r̲e̲wtʼeˑkʼlʼg̣a : /wtʼewtʼeˑkʼlg̣a/ d. chop pl. up into pieces
tʼeli̲ʼ 7-Sv squash, make too tight. Also tʼl. See Sec. 334.
ntʼeli̲ʼa : /ntʼelʼa/ squashes with a round instrument
switʼla : /switʼla/ cinches a horse
switʼls : /switʼals/ cinch (horse harness)
switʼloˑts : /switʼloˑts/ girth (horse harness)
yᵛtʼeli̲ʼa : /yetʼla/ squashes with the foot (with a single swift motion)
yᵛtʼeˑli̲ʼa : /yetʼeˑlʼa/ squashes pl. objs. with the feet
tʼeLqʼ 7-Sv squash. Possibly cf. the preceding entry.
čᵛtʼeLqʼa : /četʼaLqʼa/ sits on and flattens
wtʼeLqʼa : /wtʼeLqʼa/ smashes, flattens with a long instrument
r̲r̲e̲wtʼeLqʼa : /wtʼewtʼaLqʼa/ d. smash, flatten with a long instrument
wtʼeLqʼtn̲a : /wtʼeLaqta/ flattens something onto with a long instrument
yᵛtʼeLqʼa : /yetʼaLqʼa/ steps on and flattens (as one steps on an insect)
tʼepʼ 7-Sv be in a line, row
ʔᵛtʼepʼčnʼa : /ʔetʼapčnʼa/ puts long objs. in a row. (intr. also)
ʔᵛtʼepʼlʼg̣a : /ʔetʼapʼlg̣a/ lays down long objs. in a row
lᵛtʼepʼčnʼa : /letʼapčnʼa/ puts round objs. in a line, row. (intr. also)
r̲e̲lᵛtʼepʼčnʼa : /leltʼapčnʼa/ d. put round objs. in a row. (intr. also)

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
tʼepʼ (continued)
lᵛtʼepʼkyamna : /letʼapkyamna/ puts round objs. in a circle around some central obj. (intr. also)
lᵛtʼepʼkʼiˑmi̲ʼa : /letʼapkʼiˑmʼa/ puts round objs. in a circle around the edge, around the circumference. (intr. also)
lᵛtʼepʼkʼwa : /letʼapkʼwa/ puts round objs. in a line across (as buttons). (intr. also)
se̲lᵛtʼepʼkʼwa : /seltʼapʼkwa/ puts round objs. in a row across oneself; idiom: buttons one’s clothes
se̲lᵛtʼepʼkʼwbli : /seltʼapkʼobli/ buttons oneself up again
se̲lᵛtʼepʼkʼwoˑla : /seltʼapkʼwoˑla/ unbuttons one’s clothes
se̲lᵛtʼepʼkʼws : /seltʼapkʼos/ button
lᵛtʼepʼliˑga : /letʼapʼliˑga/ puts round objs. along the edge (as stones along a path). (intr. also)
lᵛtʼepʼlʼg̣a : /letʼapʼlg̣a/ puts down round objs. in a row
nᵉtʼepʼčnʼa : /netʼapčnʼa/ puts flat objs. in a row. (intr. also)
nᵉtʼepʼkyamna : /netʼapkyamna/ surrounds a central obj. with a circle of flat objs.
r̲e̲nᵉtʼepʼkyamna : /nentʼapkyamna/ d. put flat objs. in a circle around
nᵉtʼepʼlʼg̣a : /netʼapʼlg̣a/ lays flat objs. down in a row
tʼet 12sn 5sp 9sd with, instead. See Secs. 457, 541, and 671.
hiswag̣stʼet : /hiswaqstʼet/ with the man
mistʼet : /mistʼet/ with you
/mistʼet ʔa noˑ čiˑya./ I live with you.
yohoˑtʼet : /yohoˑtʼet/ rather the buffalo. (Texts, 3.21)
tʼeyn 2Sra new, newly, recently
tʼeyn : /tʼeyn/ newly, recently
/tʼeyn ʔa hoˑt gen sʔottʼa./ He has made it recently.
tʼeynni : /tʼeynni/ new
/tʼeynni mi soloˑtis gi./ Your clothes are new.
r̲e̲tʼeynni : /tʼetiˑnni/ d. new
/geˑ sdeˑgins tʼetʼiˑnni./ These stockings are new.
tʼeynnis : /tʼeynnis/ new [o]
/tʼeynnis ʔan wonč gitk./ I have a new canoe.
tʼeynniwaˑs : /tʼeynniwaˑs/ daughter-in-law (a newly married girl living at her husband’s parents’ home)
tʼeˑba 3Sn sunfish, minnow (sp.). This fish has brilliant scales and grows to be about four inches long. Called a species of “chub” by the informants; cf. qčʼiˑwʼ.

421
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
tʼeˑba : /tʼeˑba/ sunfish, minnow (sp.)
tʼeˑqʼ 7-Sv stamp on. Only in:
kttʼeˑqʼa : /ktʼeˑqʼa/ stamps on
tʼeˑw 3-S-n grandmother (father’s mother); reciprocal: woman’s son’s child
btʼeˑwyb : /ptʼeˑwip/ grandmother; grandchild
se̲btʼeˑwa̲ldk : /septʼeˑwaltk/ related to one another as grandmother-grandchild
btʼeˑwysa̲b : /ptʼeˑwisap/ grandmothers; grandchildren
r̲e̲tʼeˑw! : /tʼetʼeˑw!/ Granny! Grandchild!
tʼg̣\ʼ 7-Sv (?) make a stiff inner rim for a basket (?). Form and meaning dubious. Only in:
switʼg̣\ʼa : /switqʼa/ makes a stiff inner rim for a basket
switʼg̣\ʼs : /switʼaqs/ inner rim of stiff willows
tʼibeˑq 7S-v be twilight, dusk. Cf. also {beqʼ} 7S-v “be bay-colored; dawn.”
tʼibeˑqdgi : /tʼibeˑqtgi/ is, becomes twilight, dusk
tʼibeˑqdgis : /tʼibeˑqtgis/ dusk
tʼibeˑqdgiyeˑga : /tʼibeˑqtgiyeˑga/ starts to get dark, becomes twilight
tʼilkoy 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
tʼilkoydi : /tʼilkoydi/ place name: Shoalwater Bay
tʼilʼe 3S-n type of mud. This was used to dye the design element of a basket blue-black. See also {tʼoboˑq}.
tʼilʼes : /tʼilʼes/ type of blue-black mud
tʼitʼ 7-Sv whip with a limber obj.
wtʼitʼa : /wtʼitʼa/ whips once with a limber long instrument (as a willow switch)
wtʼitʼa : /wtʼitʼa/ whips pl. (or pl. times)
r̲e̲wtʼitʼa : /wtʼiwtʼitʼa/ d. whip pl.
tʼitʼq 3Sn swallow (bird)
tʼitʼq : /tʼitʼaq/ swallow
r̲e̲tʼitʼq\ʼaˑkʼ : /tʼitʼatqʼaˑk/ d. little swallows
tʼiw\ʼ 7Sv shiver, tremble (from palsy, old age)
r̲é̲r̲tʼiw\ʼa : /tʼiwtʼiwʼa/ shivers, trembles
r̲é̲r̲tʼiw\ʼyeˑga : /tʼiwtʼiwyeˑga/ starts to tremble
tʼiˑt see atʼiˑt just outside the door
tʼl see tʼeli̲ʼ squash, make too tight
tʼleˑg̣i see etʼleˑg̣i over a mountain, into another room
tʼliq see qʼliq peek, glance
tʼlog̣ 3S-n basket hopper. This was a shallow oval basket placed at the

422
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
	end of a metate to receive the ground seeds. Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive].
tʼlog̣s : /tʼloqs/ basket hopper
r̲e̲tʼlog̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /tʼotʼlaqʼaˑk/ d. little basket hoppers
tʼn̲ 10sv (?) have a premonition in a dream. Only in:
diloˑtʼn̲a : /diloˑtʼa/ dreams about, has a premonition about someone in a dream
diloˑtʼn̲nʼa : /diloˑtʼanʔa/ dreams about someone
se̲diloˑtʼn̲nʼa : /sidloˑtʼanʔa/ dreams about oneself, has a premonition about oneself in a dream
tʼoboˑq 3S-n mud. Cf. also {ide} 3S-n “type of blue-black mud” and {tʼope} 3S-n “mud, muddy.”
tʼoboˑqs : /toboˑqs/ mud
tʼog̣ 3S-n navel, umbilical cord; “floater” bladder in a fish
tʼog̣s : /tʼoqs/ navel, umbilical cord; floater bladder
tʼohoˑ 3S-n mudhen (Fulica americana)
tʼohoˑs : /tʼohoˑs/ mudhen
r̲e̲tʼohoˑkʼa : /tʼothoˑkʼa/ d. little mudhens
tʼolalwʼ 3S-n dentalium shell(s). These were traded in from the coastal tribes. Informants stated that they were not widely used for money (as was the case farther north), but that they did constitute an article of trade and were used in making necklaces. etc.
tʼolalwʼs : /tʼolalwʼas/ dentalium shell(s)
tʼomoˑl 3S-n barrel
tʼomoˑlys : /tʼomoˑlis/ barrel
r̲e̲tʼomoˑlyˑkʼ : /tʼotʼmoˑliˑk/ d. little barrels
tʼomsan 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
tʼomsandi : /tʼomsandi/ place name: Mount Scott
tʼoM\ʼ 7Sv be flat on top, blunt. Possibly cf. the preceding entry?
r̲é̲r̲tʼoM\ʼa : /tʼoMtʼomʼa/ is flat on top
r̲é̲r̲tʼoM\ʼlʼi : /tʼoMtʼoMlʼi/ flat on top, blunt
tʼopʼe 3S-n mud, muddy spot. See also {tʼoboˑq}.
tʼopʼes : /tʼopʼes/ mud, a muddy place
tʼoqʼ 7-Sv act with the head. Also tʼaqʼ in one form. See Sec. 334.
g̣oˑtʼaqʼtn̲a : /g̣oˑtʼaqta/ crawls under head first; wraps the head in a shawl, hood
ntʼoqʼtn̲a : /ntʼoqta/ bumps the head on
se̲ntʼoqʼtn̲a̲ksga : /sontʼaqtanksga/ almost bumped heads with one another
ntʼoˑqʼkanga : /ntʼoˑqkanga/ bumps the head here and there
ntʼoˑqʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /ntʼoˑqʼattanʔa/ bumps the head repeatedly on something

423
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sne̲ntʼoˑqr̲tn̲nʼa : /snontʼoˑqʼattanʔa/ bumps someone’s head repeatedly on something
pᵛtʼoˑqʼa : /potʼoˑqʼa/ pulls off of someone’s head (as hair)
r̲e̲pᵛtʼoˑqʼa : /poptʼoˑqʼa/ d. pull out someone’s hair
se̲pᵛtʼoˑqʼa : /soptʼoˑqʼa/ pulls out one’s own, each other’s hair
wtʼoqʼa : /wtʼoqʼa/ strikes on the head with a long instrument (as one clubs a fish)
wr̲e̲r̲tʼoqʼa : /wtʼoqtqʼa/ strikes repeatedly on the head
r̲r̲e̲wr̲e̲r̲tʼoqʼa : /wtʼoˑtʼaqtqʼa/ d. strike repeatedly on the head
tʼosoˑq 3S-n lung(s)
tʼosoˑqs : /tʼosoˑqs/ lung(s)
tʼosqʼ 7Sv be soft, flabby, cushiony
r̲é̲r̲r̲tʼosqʼa : /tʼosqtʼosqʼa/ is soft, flabby, cushiony
tʼotʼ 3S-n stump; nose plug. Nose plugs were rare among the Klamath. Informants stated that this custom was a recent importation from certain Californian tribes. Nose plugs were usually simply a piece of carved bone thrust through the septum.
tʼotʼs : /tʼotʼas/ stump; nose plug
tʼoy 7S-v go (gang, school of fish). Also ntʼoy in one example (belongs here?). See Sec. 334.
ntʼoydbn̲a : /ntʼoytba/ arrives with a mob
/dwaˑ ʔi ntʼoytba?/ What did you bring (your mob for)? Said when one is ganged up on in conversation.
tʼoybaˑyi̲ʼa : /tʼoybaˑyʼa/ (group, school of fish) go to the limit (as to the end of a channel, to the headwaters of a stream)
r̲e̲tʼoybaˑyi̲ʼa : /tʼotʼiˑbaˑyʼa/ d. groups go to the end, limit
tʼoyčnʼa : /tʼoyčnʼa/ (group, school of fish) go along
tʼoy\ʼ 7Sv prickle (as one’s foot when it has gone to sleep)
r̲é̲r̲tʼoy\ʼa : /tʼoytʼoyʼa/ prickles
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲tʼoy\ʼa : /tʼotʼiˑtʼoyʼa/ d. prickle
sne̲r̲é̲r̲tʼoy\ʼa : /snotʼiˑtʼoyʼa/ makes prickle
tʼoyi̲ʼ 7+Sv dig a row, furrow; drag along leaving a furrow. Cf. also {čoyi̲ʼ} 7+Sv “crumble up (as clods, ice)” and {tʼoyi̲ʼ} 7+Sv “crumble up (as dirt, clods).”
tʼoˑyi̲ʼdk : /tʼoˑyitk/ furrowed
kᵛtʼoˑyi̲ʼa : /kotʼoˑyʼa/ digs a row, furrow, with a pointed instrument
r̲e̲kᵛtʼoˑyi̲ʼa : /koktʼoˑyʼa/ d. dig furrows
sbᵛtʼoyi̲ʼčnʼa : /sbotʼiˑčnʼa/ jerks a heavy obj. along (as a log that is snagged in the ground)

424
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sbᵛtʼoˑyi̲ʼa : /sbotʼoˑyʼa/ drags leaving pl. furrows; plows
r̲r̲e̲sbᵛtʼoˑyi̲ʼa : /sbosptʼoˑyʼa/ d. plow
sbᵛtʼoˑyi̲ʼdk : /sbotʼoˑyitk/ plowed
sbᵛtʼoˑyi̲ʼiˑa : /sbotʼoˑyʼiˑya/ plows for someone
sbᵛtʼoˑyi̲ʼoˑts : /sbotʼoˑYoˑts/ plow
stʼoˑyi̲ʼa : /stʼoˑya/ jabs the ground with a sharp instrument, crumbles up clods; digs a furrow
tʼoˑlg̣ 3S-n clod of earth
tʼoˑlg̣s : /tʼoˑlqs/ clod
tʼwaqʼ 3S-n green heron. Gatschet gives this as “shitepoke,” but the author’s informants were insistent.
tʼwaqʼs : /tʼwaqʼas/ green heron
r̲r̲e̲tʼwaqʼkʼa : /tʼwatʼwaqkʼa/ d. little herons
tʼwaˑY 7Sv work for someone. Occurs only with re allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive].
tʼwaˑYa : /tʼwaˑYa/ works for someone
r̲e̲tʼwaˑYa : /tʼatʼwaˑYa/ d. work for
tʼwaˑYs : /tʼwaˑYas/ the working for; to work for
/woNaˑ ʔan honks tʼwaˑYas./ I finished working for him.
r̲e̲tʼwaˑYys : /tʼatʼwaˑYis/ worker
tʼwekʼ 7Sv crane a look, stare. Also tʼweˑkʼ. See Sec. 334.
tʼweˑkʼa : /tʼweˑkʼa/ stares, cranes a look
r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲tʼwekʼa : /tʼweˑktʼwekʼa/ stares now and then, stares without any definite obj.
tʼweˑkʼ sle
tʼwiniˑqʼ 3S-n or 7Sv berdache. These were men who dressed and behaved as women (even to the extent of “marrying”). Usually they took the role of shaman and were credited with great spirit power. The Pompeys gave this form only as a noun (3S-n), while other informants supplied forms with {dk} 24sv “in a state of being … ed.” Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv 1pn [distributive].
tʼwiniˑqʼdk : /tʼwiniˑqʼatk/ berdache
r̲e̲tʼwiniˑqʼdk : /tʼitʼoˑniˑqʼatk/ d. berdaches
tʼwiniˑqʼs : /tʼwiniˑqs/ berdache
w
w 4S-v act with a long instrument; fall. For a similar semantic connection, cf. {kt} 4S-v “hit, kick; slide” and {čᵛ} 4S-v “sit (sg.); slide.”
wᵛdoqʼsga : /wodaqsga/ scrapes off with a long instrument (as fish innards). See ᵛdoqʼ.

425
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
w (continued)
wᵛqičkʼa : /wiqačkʼa/ scrapes off (as something spilled). See ᵛqičkʼ.
wᵛqiˑtʼa : /wiqiˑtʼa/ peels away, drags away, scrapes. See ᵛqitʼ.
wᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲ʼa : /woqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ scrapes out the inside of (as a bucket, barrel). See ᵛqoˑt.
wadbn̲a : /watba/ falls and arrives; idiom: arrives at puberty; idiom: (month) ends
wadbn̲nʼapga : /watbanʔapga/ is about to become pubescent; (month) is about to end
waqʼaˑqʼa : /waqʼaˑqʼa/ hangs a long obj. around someone’s neck (intr. also); falls onto someone’s neck, onto someone’s lap
se̲waqʼaˑqʼa : /sawqʼaˑqʼa/ hangs something around one’s own neck
waqʼaˑqʼksi : /waqʼaˑqksi/ “Hang-Around-the-Neck-Place” (place name)
watʼamsg̣a : /watʼamsg̣a/ hits between with a long instrument; falls between
wawl : /wawal/ hits on top with a long instrument; falls on top of
wawloˑla : /wawloˑla/ falls off the top of
wawsYeˑni̲ʼa : /wawsYeˑnʼa/ feels around blindly inside with a long instrument
wawʼiˑna : /wawʼiˑna/ strikes with a long instrument among; falls among. See awʼiˑn.
wayʼasg̣a : /wayʼasg̣a/ puts a long instrument in front of the male genitals (intr. also); falls on the genitals
se̲wayʼasg̣a : /sawyʼasg̣a/ puts a long obj. in front of one’s own genitals, between one’s legs
he̲swayʼasg̣s : /hasoˑyʼasg̣is/ loin cloth
wbawl : /wbawal/ throws pl. in a heap, mass, on top of. See be.
wbolʼa : /wbolʼa/ hits in the stomach with a long instrument. See bolʼ.
wčayi̲ʼa : /wčayʼa/ gashes with a long instrument
wčaˑyi̲ʼa : /wčaˑyʼa/ gashes pl. (or pl. times)
r̲r̲e̲wčaˑyi̲ʼa : /wčawčaˑyʼa/ d. gash pl.
wčaˑqʼa : /wčaˑqʼa/ sharpens a long instrument
wčewa : /wčewa/ (fish) jumps. Possibly not segmentable. See čew.
wčewi̲ʼa : /wčewʼa/ hits on the same spot with a long instrument
wčewi̲ʼa : /wčewʼa/ breaks a brittle obj. with a long instrument. See čewi̲ʼ.

426
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
w (continued)
wčičʼa : /wčičʼa/ splits something thin with a long instrument (as a box to make kindling). See čičʼ.
wčiqʼa : /wčiqʼa/ shakes out, beats an obj. once with a long instrument (as a carpet). See čiq.
wčoyi̲ʼa : /wčoyʼa/ crumbles up with a long instrument (as a clod). See čoyi̲ʼ.
wčoˑčlʼa : /wčoˑčlʼa/ makes shavings with a long instrument
wčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /wčʼayta/ pinches someone’s finger, toe, etc. with a long instrument. See čʼay\ʼ.
wčʼečʼtn̲a : /wčʼečta/ makes a dab on, a spot, with a long instrument. See čʼečʼ.
wčʼiqʼlʼg̣a : /wčʼiqʼlg̣a/ falls down. See čʼiqʼ.
wčʼiwʼa : /wčʼiwʼa/ hits in the eye with a long instrument
wčʼlosLy : /wčʼlosLi/ sweeps sg. inside. See čʼlos.
wčʼoyi̲ʼtn̲a : /wčʼoyta/ blunts a long instrument on
wdᵛobga : /wdopga/ whips, hits with a long instrument. See dᵛ.
wdinYeˑni̲ʼa : /wdinYeˑnʼa/ pounds around inside with a long instrument, tamps down inside
weLa̲bga : /weLapga/ throws onto with a long instrument (as a load of hay with a pitchfork)
weLa̲oˑla : /weLoˑla/ throws off a surface, vehicle; falls off (as off a horse)
sne̲weLa̲oˑla : /snewLoˑla/ throws off (as a horse throws someone)
welʼg̣a : /welg̣a/ knocks down with a long instrument, thrashes (as grain); falls down
weqweˑLa : /weqweˑLa/ falls down a slope
weqweˑLs : /weqweˑLas/ “Falling-Downhill” (place name)
wewa : /wewa/ strikes a long instrument in the water; falls into water, flat place
wgattʼa : /wgattʼa/ chops down, chops in two
wgaya : /wgaya/ trims a tree, prunes with a long instrument. See gay.
wgolčʼa : /wgolčʼa/ cuts off, severs pl. objs. with a long instrument
se̲wgolčʼa : /soˑgalčʼa/ cuts pl. objs. off of oneself (as bits of string from one’s new coat)
wr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼa : /wg̣aWqwʼa/ knocks on with a long instrument. See g̣aW\ʼ.
wheblyeˑga : /wheblyeˑga/ makes something blaze, flare up with a long instrument; pokes a fire with a stick.

427
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
w (continued)
wiwčnʼa : /wiwčnʼa/ knocks down with a long instrument. See iw.
wǰoqʼa : /wǰoqʼa/ washes (body, dishes, fruit). See ǰoqʼ.
wkawʼa : /wkawʼa/ hits someone with a long instrument on a spot already sore
wkekʼa : /wkekʼa/ strikes on the back with a long instrument; punctures a surface with a long instrument (as a can, ice). See kekʼ.
wkomi̲ʼa : /wkomʼa/ splits the skull with a long instrument. See komi̲ʼ.
wkʼačʼa : /wkʼačʼa/ cuts off the head with a long instrument. See kʼačʼ.
wkʼal\ʼa : /wkʼalʼa/ cuts with a long instrument. See kʼal\ʼ.
wLeˑdgl : /wLeˑtgal/ sweeps up with a long instrument. See Leˑ.
wobga : /wopga/ is hitting with a long instrument
wodg̣i : /wotg̣i/ falls down from a height
woliˑna : /woliˑna/ peels off with a long instrument (as bark off a stick); falls off the edge
wonamna : /wonamna/ cuts into strips with a long instrument (as meat). See onamn.
woneˑga : /woneˑga/ falls into a hole
wosga : /wosga/ falls off; idiom: doesn’t come to visit anymore
wosn̲čʼn̲a : /wosančʼa/ just fell deep underneath water, dirt, ashes
wotn̲lʼg̣a : /wotallg̣a/ falls hard against
wotn̲nʼa : /wotanʔa/ chops, strikes on with a long instrument
wor̲tn̲nʼa : /wottanʔa/ chops repeatedly on
r̲e̲wotn̲nʼa : /woˑtanʔa/ d. chop on
r̲é̲r̲bam wotn̲nʼoˑts : /bambam wotanʔoˑts/ drumstick
wotqʼaga : /wotqʼaga/ falls up out of
sqʼeń̲s r̲e̲ʼwotqʼags : /sqʼes wowʼatqʼaks/ “Excrement-Falling-up-out” (place name: where evil-smelling volcanic mud boils up and falls on the ground)
wotʼwčnʼa : /wotʼoˑčnʼa/ throws away a long obj. See otʼw.
wowanga : /wowanga/ (tree, pole) falls over
wor̲yamna : /woyyamna/ falls around, staggers
wpopʼa : /wpopʼa/ hits with a long instrument and bloodies someone’s nose
wpʼakʼa : /wpʼakʼa/ smashes with a long instrument. See pʼakʼ.
wpʼeqʼa : /wpʼeqʼa/ hits in the face with a long instrument. See pʼeqʼ.
wpʼipʼlʼg̣a : /wpʼipʼlg̣a/ falls hard on the stomach. See pʼipʼ.
wqatʼčnʼa : /wqatčnʼa/ goes along breaking down brush with a long instrument. See qatʼ.

428
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
w (continued)
wqetʼlʼg̣a : /wqetʼlg̣a/ tramples down with a long instrument. See qetʼ.
wqewi̲ʼa : /wqewʼa/ breaks with a long instrument. See qewi̲ʼ.
wqičʼa : /wqičʼa/ pounds up into a compact mass with a long instrument (as dried fish)
wqʼečʼa : /wqʼečʼa/ pounds, chips with a long instrument
wqʼeˑčʼa : /wqʼeˑčʼa/ chips pl. (or pl. times, or in pl. places) with a long instrument
wqʼomi̲ʼa : /wqʼomʼa/ hits on the head with a long instrument. See qʼomi̲ʼ.
wqʼotʼlamna : /wqʼotʼlamna/ ties a knot behind. See qʼotʼ.
wtewi̲ʼa : /wtewʼa/ breaks a brittle surface with a long instrument
wtewi̲ʼkʼyoˑla : /wtewkʼyoˑla/ breaks open (as a box with an axe)
wtewi̲ʼLy : /wtewLi/ breaks into
wteˑwi̲ʼa : /wteˑwʼa/ breaks pl. (or pl. times) with a long instrument
wteWčʼa : /wteWčʼa/ snaps back on (as a tree branch in passing); slaps with a long instrument. See teWčʼ.
wtoyi̲ʼa : /wtoyʼa/ crumbles up a brittle obj. with a long instrument
wtoˑyi̲ʼa : /wtoˑyʼa/ crumbles up pl. with a long instrument (as clods, dried fish)
wtʼabkʼa : /wtʼapkʼa/ pounds up something sticky with a long instrument
wtʼačʼkʼya : /wtʼačkʼya/ covers and closes (with a long instrument?). See tʼačʼ.
wtʼekʼa : /wtʼekʼa/ breaks up into pieces with a long instrument. See tʼekʼ.
wtʼeLqʼa : /wtʼeLqʼa/ smashes, flattens with a long instrument. See tʼeLqʼ.
wtʼitʼa : /wtʼitʼa/ whips once with a limber long instrument (as a willow switch). See tʼitʼ.
wtʼoqʼa : /wtʼoqʼa/ strikes on the head with a long instrument (as one clubs a fish). See tʼoqʼ.
w 22sv [past noun]. See Sec. 368.
g̣og̣e palwys : /g̣og̣e palwis/ dried riverbed
se̲qbaqʼwys : /saqbaqʼwis/ braid
spelwys : /spelwis/ index finger
sqemqn̲wys : /sqemqanwis/ freshly hatched chick
w see ew in water, in a flat place

429
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wabg 23sv [future intentive:] will, going to. See Sec. 371.
ʔᵛen̲bliwabg : /ʔembliwapk/ will take a long obj. back
bonwwabg : /bonoˑwapk/ will drink
/qʼay ʔi dadaˑ bonoˑwapk!/ Don’t you ever drink!
čʼlᵉebgiˑwabg : /čʼlepgiˑwapk/ will bring a massive obj. for someone (as a piece of meat)
čʼlᵉebgiˑwabgdk : /čʼlepgiˑwapgatk/ to have brought for (translation? )
/yʼaMtgi čʼlepgiˑwapgatk mis./ He forgot to bring (meat) for you.
gᵛebgwabg : /gepgwapk/ will come
gᵛebgwabgwk : /gepgwapgok/ that one would come, in order to come
/ʔapʔota ʔan honks gepgwapgok./ I promised him (I) would come.
lᵛadbn̲wabg : /latbanwapk/ will arrive with a round obj.; will drive up in a car, arrive in a car
lᵛadbn̲bliiˑwabgst : /latbambalyiˑwapkst/ that one would be arriving with a round obj. for someone again, driving up for someone again
/sʔaywakta ʔan latbambalyiˑwapkst nis./ I knew (he) would be driving up for me again.
wqatʼlʼg̣ča̲wabg : /wqatlʼaqčwapk/ will go to clear forest
wqtʼlʼg̣lgiwabg : /wqatlʼag̣lgiwapk/ will come to clear forest
wač 3Sn horse. Originally “domesticated animal, pet.” With {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive], this form has the meaning “dog.” “Little horse” is expressed by /tg̣aˑwkʼa/ “colt” to avoid confusion.
wač : /wač/ horse; domesticated animal, pet
wač\ʼaˑkʼ : /wačʼaˑk/ dog
r̲e̲wač\ʼaˑkʼ : /wawčʼaˑk/ d. dogs
r̲e̲wač\ʼaˑkʼ\ʼaˑkʼ : /wawčʼaˑkʼaˑk/ d. little dogs (!)
r̲e̲wač\ʼaˑkʼlmksi : /wawčʼaˑkʼlamksi/ “Dogs-Place” (place name)
lag̣i wač : /lag̣i wač/ stallion
se̲ʼwač\ʼa̲la : /sawʼačlʼa/ wags the tail
wačksi : /wačksi/ “Horse-Place” (place name: given to two different places)
wačakw 3S-n plant (Equisetum hyemale L.)
wačakwys : /wačakwis/ plant (sp.)

430
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wačginʼa 3Sn raccoon (Procynon lotor pacifica, Merriam). Possibly cf. {wač} 3Sn “horse; pet” and {ginʼa} 3-Sn [unknown meaning].
wačginʼa : /wačginʼa/ raccoon
wag̣aˑn sne
wag̣aˑnha sne
wag̣eˑn sne
wag̣eˑnha 2Srp1 perhaps, maybe, or. Also wag̣eˑn in apparent free variation. RD gave this as either wag̣aˑnha or wag̣aˑn. See Secs. 910 and 1046.
wag̣eˑnha : /wag̣eˑnha/ perhaps, maybe, or. Also wag̣eˑn : /wag̣eˑn/, wag̣aˑnha : /wag̣aˑnha/ and wag̣aˑn : /wag̣aˑn/.
/genwapk ni gen, wag̣eˑnha mboˑsant. wag̣eˑnha mboˑsant waytoˑlank./ I’ll go, perhaps tomorrow, perhaps day after tomorrow.
/dam hompčit moˑmni, wag̣aˑn kani gin sboklʼiʔa hadakt honkant./ … Whether those big persons, or anybody at all sweated themselves in it there. (Texts, 18.58)
/ʔaMkʼa sa sbotʼoˑywiwapgok wag̣eˑnha ksonalwapgok g̣iqʔaskanga./ Perhaps they’re walking around to plow or to gather hay. (Texts. 39.2)
/geˑ hiswaqs dwaˑ—ptisap yʼa. wag̣eˑnha bloksip./ This is some man—maybe the father, or perhaps the grandfather. (Texts, 39.17)
wag̣lw 3S-n shinbone awl. Cf. {waqkʼ} 3S-n “shinbone” (?). Possibly contains {w} 22sv [past noun].
wag̣lwys : /wag̣lwis/ shinbone awl
wag̣nʼ 7Sv change (boy’s voice at puberty)
wag̣nʼa : /waqna/ (boy’s voice) changes
r̲e̲ʼwag̣nʼa : /wawʼaqnʼa/ d. voices change
wag̣nʼdk : /wag̣antk/ a boy whose voice has changed
wak 7S-v stretch a hide
wakdiˑla : /wakdiˑla/ stretches a hide out underneath. (intr. also)
waklʼg̣a : /waklg̣a/ stretches a hide on the ground
waktn̲a : /wakta/ stretches a hide on (a frame). (intr. also)
r̲e̲ʼwaktn̲a : /wawakta/ d. stretch a hide on
waktn̲oˑts : /waktnoˑts/ stretching frame for hides
wakwl : /wakwal/ stretches a hide out on top. (intr. also)
waklo 3Sn buckskin sack (for storing clothes)
waklo : /waklo/ buckskin sack
r̲e̲ʼwakloʼakʼ : /wawʼaklwʼaˑk/ d. little sacks
waksna 3Sn 7Sv put on. wear a moccasin; moccasin

431
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
waksna : /waksna/ buckskin moccasin
r̲e̲ʼwaksnaʼaˑkʼ : /wawʼaksnaʔaˑk/ d. little moccasins
waksnabli : /waksnabli/ puts a moccasin back on
waktal 3S-n place name. Recorded as “Lodgepole-Pine-Place,” but never checked against {waˑko} 3Sn “lodgepole pine.”
waktalys : /waktaliˑs/ place name
wal 7S-v 10sv cover, put on top, on top. Also awl and wl. See Sec. 334,
walčʼn̲a : /walčʼa/ just covered, put on top
se̲ʼwallYn̲a : /sawʼallYa/ covers along the sides; wears a headband
se̲ʼwallYn̲ys : /sawʼallYis/ headband
se̲ʼwals : /sawʼals/ covers, bedding
ʔiwl : /ʔiwal/ puts pl. objs. on top of. (intr. also)
ʔiwl! : /ʔiwal!/ put pl. on top of!
r̲e̲ʔiwlat! : /ʔiʔoˑlat!/ d. pl. put pl. objs. on top!
ʔiwllʼg̣a : /ʔiwallg̣a/ raises pl. objs., pulls up (as the roots of a tree)
ʔiwllʼg̣! : /ʔiwlʔaq!/ raise pl. objs.!
r̲e̲ʔiwllʼg̣at! : /ʔiʔoˑllg̣at!/ d. pl. raise pl.!
ʔiwloˑla : /ʔiwloˑla/ takes pl. objs. off the top
se̲ʔiwlyeˑga : /siˑwalyeˑga/ piles up on top of each other (as wood in a heap)
r̲e̲se̲ʔiwlyeˑga : /sisiˑwalyeˑga/ d. pile up pl. objs. on top of one another
čᵛawl : /čawal/ sits on top
čᵛawldk : /čawaltk/ sitting on top
ken̲wl : /kenwal/ snows on top
ken̲r̲wl : /kenoˑwal/ snows all around on top
nʼiqwl : /nʼiqwal/ puts a hand on top
nʼiqwllʼg̣bga : /nʼiqwallqpga/ has a hand raised
nʼiqr̲r̲wleˑqʼa : /nʼiqoˑwawleˑqʼa/ waves a hand at
slᵉawl : /slawal/ puts a clothlike obj. on top. (intr. also)
slᵉawloˑla : /slawloˑla/ takes a clothlike obj. off the top
stʼaqʼwloˑla : /stʼaqʼoˑloˑla/ is bald on top
wawl : /wawal/ falls on top
walaˑg̣ 3S-n chokecherry gum. This was used to fasten arrowheads to the shaft.
walaˑg̣ys : /walaˑg̣is/ chokecherry gum
walg̣ 7Sv answer
walg̣a : /walg̣a/ answers

432
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲e̲ʼwalg̣a : /wawʼalg̣a/ d. answer
se̲ʼwalg̣a : /sawʼalg̣a/ answers oneself, each other; idiom: takes revenge
walg̣at! : /walg̣at!/ pl. answer!
walg̣i! : /walg̣i!/ answer
walg̣s : /walqs/ answer; to answer
/g̣esga ʔams ni walqs./ I can’t answer you.
walkoy 3Sn seal. From Chinook Jargon.
walkoy : /walkoy/ seal
waL 3S-n pole (slender cut sapling)
waLs : /waLas/ pole
r̲e̲ʼwaLkʼa : /wawʼaLkʼa/ d. little poles
waL 3-S-n plant (sp. of Compositae),This plant grows in California south of the Klamath area. Its branches were used to make arrowshafts.
r̲é̲r̲waLʔm : /waLwaLʔam/ plant (sp.)
waL sne
waLg̣ 7Sv watch, wait for. Also waL. Possibly waLg̣ is a misrecording for waLlʼg̣ (with {elʼg̣} “down, to the ground, ‘to a stop”).
waLg̣a : /waLg̣a/ waits, watches for prey, keeps under surveillance
waLbga : /waLpga/ is watching
čʼikʼs waLg̣kʼys : /čʼikʼas waLaqkʼis/ “Bird-Lookout” (place name)
waLtn̲bga : /waLtampga/ is watching, guarding
waLin 7S-v be friends with. Only in:
se̲ʼwaLineˑʼa : /sawʼaLineˑʔa/ are friends with each other
se̲ʼwaLineˑʼs : /sawʼalineˑʔas/ friend
r̲e̲se̲ʼwaLineˑʼs : /saswʼaLineˑʔas/ friends
wamnag 3S-n snake. Gatschet gives “Pituophis (sayi bellona).” Informants termed this a “bull-snake.”
wamnags : /wamnaks/ bull-snake
wamnagsʔm waˑs : /wamnaksʔam waˑs/ “Bull-Snake’s-Nest” (place name)
wang see owang falling over (as a vertical long obj.)
waq 2Sri somehow, how? why? Cf. also {ʔoʔoˑʔaq} 2Sra “different kinds, ways.”
waq : /waq/ somehow, how? why?
/dwaˑ hok waq giwk gatba?/ Why did he come?
/waq bas noˑ gent doˑt?/ How can I go there?
/waq bas nis dič nidwalla!/ How well she has guessed me (found out my plot)!
/waq hak dal ʔi?/ What’s the matter with you?

433
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/waq lis ʔi?/ How are you? (Greeting)
/waq ʔi giwk qʼay qtant?/ Why can’t you sleep?
waqpči : /waqpči/ like what (“like-how?”)
/waqpči hoˑt čʼoleˑks?/ How is the meat?
waqt : /waqt/ as, just as [ref]
/g̣esga ʔan hon sʔodeˑs waqt min dank sʔabiˑya./ I can’t do it, as I told you awhile ago.
/qʼay čʼalwis, waqt sat ʔaˑt hon pʼan./ Not rotten fish, like those you pl. eat. (Texts, 15.20)
/čoy ʔat homʼas giwapk, waqt hakt min sʔabiˑya./ So it would be thus, just as I have related to you. (Texts, 18.71)
waq 3S-n ladder. May contain {eqn̲} 10sv “out, through.”
waqys : /waqiˑs/ ladder
waq\ʼ 7Sv yelp (as a dog, coyote)
r̲é̲ˑr̲waq\ʼa : /waˑqwaqʼa/ yelps
waqap see weg̣eˑp quiver
waqkʼ 3S-n shinbone. A deer’s shinbone was often used as a hide scraper. Cf. also {wag̣lw} 3S-n “shinbone awl” (?).
waqkʼs : /waqkʼas/ shinbone
waqlʼaq 3Sn fence. This may contain {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the ground, to a stop.” Cf. Modoc {qčing} 3S-n with the same meaning.
waqlʼaq : /waqlʼaq/ fence
waqsi̲ʼ 7Sv gallop
waqsi̲ʼa : /waqsʔa/ gallops
r̲e̲ʼwaqsi̲ʼa : /wawʼaqsʔa/ d. gallop
sne̲ʼwaqsi̲ʼa : /snawʼaqsʔa/ makes an animal gallop
waqsi̲ʼkanga : /waqsikanga/ gallops around
waqsi̲ʼs : /waqsis/ a galloper (horse having a tendency to gallop)
waqsi̲ʼwabg : /waqsiwapk/ will gallop
r̲e̲ʼwaqsi̲ʼys : /wawʼaqsis/ habitual galloper
wasla 3Sn chipmunk (sp. of Tamias)
wasla : /wasla/ chipmunk
r̲e̲ʼwaslaʼaˑkʼ : /wawʼaslaʔaˑk/ d. little chipmunks
waslalm r̲e̲ʔiwmʼaˑkʼ : /waslalam ʔiʔoˑmʼaˑk/ sp. of huckleberries (“chipmunk’s-little-huckleberries”)
watang 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
watangs : /watanks/ place name
waw see awaw from hand to hand, person to person
wawlag̣ 3S-n hunting. From Modoc. Cf. Klamath {gan} 7S-v.
wawlag̣s : /wawlaqs/ hunting

434
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wawʼaˑk 3S-n eye mucus (the gummy substance formed on the eyes during sleep). Possibly r̲e̲ʼwaˑk, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
wawʼaˑks : /wawʼaˑks/ eye mucus
wawʼiˑk 3S-n great grandmother (on the mother’s side, according to the Pompeys). May contain some r̲e̲ sequence, such as {r̲e̲} 2pn [kinship vocative]. Only in:
wawʼiˑks : /wawʼiˑks/ great grandmother
wayaˑlb 7Sv form icicles; icicle
wayaˑlba : /wayaˑlba/ forms an icicle, “icicles”
wayaˑlbs : /wayaˑlaps/ icicle
wayha 3Sn negro. From English “Hawaiian” (through Chinook Jargon?). Kanaka sailors from passing American ships were the first colored people seen by the Indians.
wayha : /wayha/ negro
wayt 7Sv be a day. See Sec. 1045 for occurrences of this morpheme in tactic temporal constructions.
wayta : /wayta/ is a day, becomes a day; idiom: all day
/noˑ ʔa wayta qtana./ I slept all day.
waytbli : /waytabli/ lies over a day (on a journey)
waytoˑlank : /waytoˑlank/ a day having finished
/ʔonaˑ waytoˑlank/ day before yesterday
/mboˑsant waytoˑlank/ day after tomorrow
wayts : /waytas/ day
/tonʼipnʼi waytas ni gida čiˑwapk./ I’ll stay here five days,
waywʼ 3S-n white brant. Gatschet gives “snow goose (Anser hyperboreus),”
waywʼs : /waywʼas/ white brant
waˑ 7Sv pl. live, stay, exist. Also awaˑ in one place name. Forms with {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] have the meaning “pl. sit.”
waˑ : /waˑ/ pl. live, stay, exist
he̲swaˑ : /haswaˑ/ causes pl. to live; plants (as crops)
r̲e̲ʼwaˑbga : /wawʼaˑpga/ pl. are sitting
r̲e̲ʼwaˑdiˑla : /wawʼaˑdiˑla/ pl. sit underneath
waˑg̣oga : /waˑg̣oga/ pl. are inside a container; uses as a container for pl., keeps pl. in
r̲e̲ʼwaˑg̣oga : /wawʼaˑg̣oga/ pl. sit inside
waˑg̣ogs : /waˑg̣oks/ purse, little bag for one’s belongings
r̲e̲ʼwaˑkʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /wawʼaˑkʼaˑyʼa/ pl. sit up high
r̲e̲ʼwaˑliˑga : /wawʼaˑliˑga/ pl. sit on the edge of a stream
r̲e̲ʼwaˑLa̲a : /wawʼaˑLa/ pl. sit on a surface, on a vehicle

435
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
waˑ (continued)
r̲e̲ʼwaˑlʼg̣a : /wawʼaˑlg̣a/ pl. sit down
r̲e̲ʼwaˑqyeˑtn̲a : /wawʼaˑqyeˑta/ pl. sit next to
waˑs : /waˑs/ nest, den, burrow, home
blaywaˑs : /blaywaˑs/ golden eagle (“home-above”)
r̲e̲gaˑwaˑs : /gagaˑwaˑs/ mythological humans (apparently the same as: /psewdiwaˑs/)
mbosagsawaˑs : /mbosaksawaˑs/ “Flint-Place” (place name: Chiloquin), Also given as bosagsawaˑs : /bosaksawaˑs/.
mokʼsʔm waˑs : /moksʔam waˑs/ “Owl’s-Nest” (place name)
moˑwa̲twaˑs : /moˑwatwaˑs/ “Home-(in)-the-South” (place name and tribal name: the Pit River Indians)
psewdiwaˑs : /psewdiwaˑs/ mythological humans (cf. r̲e̲gaˑwaˑs above)
qadakʼiˑwaˑs : /qadakʼiˑwaˑs/ Wintu (people and place)
qdaywaˑs : /qdaywaˑs/ “Rock-Nest” (place name)
sqamdiwaˑs : /sqamdiwaˑs/ “Sqamdi’s-Den” (place name)
wamnagsʔm waˑs : /wamnaksʔam waˑs/ “Bull-Snake’s-Nest” (place name)
r̲e̲ʼwaˑtʼaˑwi̲ʼa : /wawʼaˑtʼaˑwʼa/ pl. sit in the sunshine
r̲e̲ʼwaˑtʼaˑwi̲ʼbgs : /wawʼaˑtʼaˑwipks/ pl. sitting in the sunshine
/sleʔa ʔan honkyʼas wawʼaˑtʼaˑwipks./ I saw them sitting in the sunshine.
r̲e̲ʼwaˑtʼiˑta : /wawʼaˑtʼiˑta/ pl. sit just outside the door
waˑʼ 7Sv howl (as a mad dog), Cf. also {woˑʼ} 7Sv “howl (as a wolf),”
waˑʼa : /waˑʔa/ howls
r̲e̲ʼwaˑʼa : /wawʼaˑʔa/ d. howl
waˑʼwabg : /waˑwapk/ will howl
waˑgin 3S-n red paint. This was made from a sp. of fungus.
waˑgins : /waˑgins/ red paint
waˑko 3Sn lodgepole pine (Pinus contortus murrayana or Pinus contortus var. latifolia; Gatschet gives this as “hemlock pine, Abies douglasii”). Cf. also {waktal} 3S-n place name (said to mean “Lodgepole-Pine-Place” and never checked against {waˑko}).
waˑko : /waˑko/ lodgepole pine
waˑko ʔiwliˑwa : /waˑko ʔiwliˑwa/ “Lodgepole-Pine-on-the-Edge” (place name)
waˑkoʔm : /waˑkoʔam/ lodgepole pine species
waˑl 3Sn root (sp. unknown). This item occurred in a tag-line of a half-remembered myth. PO could recall none of the description of this plant. AC discussed the matter in the Texts (38.249 ff.).

436
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
waˑl : /waˑl/ root (sp.)
/le mna ptʼeˑwa moˑnʼs waˑl ʔoyeˑˑˑ!/ He doesn’t give his grandmother the big “waˑl” roots! (tag-line from a myth)
waˑlm 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable.
waˑlmkskniˑ : /waˑlamkskniˑ/ Upland Takelma (according to the Pompeys). Other informants stated that this referred to the Rogue River Indians.
waˑlmsiˑni : /waˑlamsiˑni/ place name: Mount Scott
waˑL 7Sv dance a ceremonial dance. Informants differed: RD described this as a shamanistic performance in which the shaman danced around the arrows of those going on war raids; if blood appeared on his body as he danced around a person’s arrow, that person would die during the fight. PO stated that this was a girl’s puberty dance.
waˑLa : /waˑLa/ dances a ceremonial dance
waˑLwabg : /waˑLwapk/ will dance
waˑm 4S-v extend in a line
waˑmčaqLWn̲a : /waˑmčaqlWa/ are in a straight line along the top (as trees)
waˑmčaqLWn̲ys : /waˑmčaqlWis/ mane
waˑmLWn̲a : /waˑmlWa/ are in a straight line along the top. Same as the last above.
waˑmLWn̲ys : /waˑmlWis/ mane
waˑmqweˑLa : /waˑmqweˑLa/ extend down the slope in a line (as a spinney)
waˑmykiˑna : /waˑmikiˑna/ extends out of water in a line
g̣oˑs waˑmykiˑns : /g̣oˑs waˑmikiˑns/ “Trees-Growing-Out-in-a-Line” (place name: the Williamson River Cemetery)
waˑMi 3Sn plant (Chrysothamnus bloomeri Grey), This is a low bush with yellow flowers growing in semiarid country.
waˑMi : /waˑMi/ plant (sp.)
waˑsi 3Sl inside. Possibly waˑs ({waˑ} 7Sv “pl. live, stay, exist” plus {s} 24sv [noun ending]: the combination has the meaning “den, burrow, nest” from which “inside” could be semantically derived).
waˑsi : /waˑsi/ inside
/waˑsi ʔa goLiˑ hoˑt, lačʼasdat./ He went inside, into the house.
waˑsitanna : /waˑsitanna/ all around inside
/waˑsitanna ʔans g̣aˑykʼa./ He searched all around inside for me.
waˑsitant : /waˑsitant/ inside

437
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/waˑsitant ʔa hoˑt qtampga./ He’s sleeping inside.
/noˑ ʔa naˑnok woqoˑtYeˑnʼa waˑsitant meYsas./ I scraped out all the insides of the trout.
/hoˑt ʔa gew lačʼas waˑsitant./ He’s inside my house.
waˑtʼi 3Sn knife. In aboriginal times these were ovals of chipped flint, and it probably was due to this that knives are still treated in the Klamath verbal system as “round objects.”
waˑtʼi : /waˑtʼi/ knife
/waˑtʼi ʔins loy!/ Give me a knife! ({lᵛ} 4S-v “act on a round obj.”)
r̲e̲ʼwaˑtʼiʼaˑkʼ : /wawʼaˑtyʼaˑk/ d. little knives
waˑtʼitiˑ : /waˑtʼitiˑ/ piece of a knife, from a knife: idiom: metal, iron
wbaw see mbaw cured hide
wbe 7S-v fringe
wbetn̲a : /wbeta/ puts a fringe onto, attaches a fringe
wbewʼeˑtʼa : /wbewʼeˑtʼa/ puts a fringe along the edge. (intr. also)
wbewʼeˑtʼs : /wbewʼeˑts/ fringe
wbewʼeˑtʼkʼa : /wbewʼeˑtʼkʼa/ little fringe
wbelqʼ 7Sv pout, extend the lips, purse the lips. Cf. also {bel} 7S-v “act with the tongue” and {pʼelqʼ} 7Sv “lick,”
wbelqʼa : /wbelqʼa/ pouts, purses the lips
r̲r̲e̲wbelqʼa : /wbewbalqʼa/ d. pout
wčaq 3Sn reed (sp. unknown). This plant is similar to the cattail. It was called “burr-reed” by the informants.
wčaq : /wčaq/ reed (sp.)
wčʼag 3S-n sucker (sp. of Catastomides). Given by LK as “whitefish.” It is a large fat fish, ranging up to two or three feet in length.
wčʼags : /wčʼaks/ sucker (sp.)
r̲r̲e̲wčʼag\ʼaˑkʼ : /wčʼawčkʼaˑk/ d. little suckers
wčʼeg 3S-n proper name. Said to mean “lively one,” but no further forms were obtainable.
wčʼegs : /wčʼeks/ woman’s proper name
wden 7S-v have a nightmare. Only with {adgl} 10sv “up, out of bed, off the back.”
wdendgl : /wdentgal/ has a nightmare
wdendgldamna : /wdentgaldamna/ keeps having nightmares
wdom 7S-v swim
wdombli : /wdombli/ swims back
se̲wdombli : /soˑdambli/ swims over and back
wdombln̲a : /wdombla/ swims downstream

438
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wdomčnʼa : /wdomčnʼa/ swims along
wdomčibga : /wdomčipga/ comes swimming, swims toward
wdomčnʼa̲t : /wdomčant/ can swim
wdomdglčʼn̲a : /wdomtgalčʼa/ just swam away
wdomkanga : /wdomkanga/ swims around, here and there
r̲r̲e̲wdomkanga : /wdoˑdamkanga/ d. swim around
wdomkʼwa : /wdomkʼwa/ swims across
wdomr̲kʼwa : /wdomkkʼakʼwa/ swims repeatedly across
sne̲wdomkʼwa : /snoˑdamkʼwa/ makes someone swim across
wdomkʼwčʼn̲a : /wdomkʼoˑčʼa/ just swam across
wdomlamna : /wdomlamna/ swims behind
wdommni : /wdommni/ swims upstream
wdompbeˑli̲ʼa : /wdompbeˑlʼa/ swims back and forth
wdomwa : /wdomwa/ swims in water
wdomr̲wa : /wdomoˑwa/ swims around
wdomwča̲a : /wdomoˑča/ goes swimming
wdomyg̣i : /wdomiˑg̣i/ swims over, above
se̲wdomyg̣ieˑʼa : /soˑdamyag̣yeˑʔa/ compete against each other in swimming, hold a swimming race
wdoˑtg 3S-n caterpillar
wdoˑtgys : /wdoˑtgis/ caterpillar
we 3S-n ice
wes : /wes/ ice
weʼ 7Sv go to the toilet (baby); baby-sit. Cf. also {weˑʼ} 3S-n “child”—possibly identifiable as the same morpheme?
weʼa : /weʔa/ (baby) goes to the toilet (translated as “goes to the potty”—a baby-talk word)
weʼr̲dga : /wetdatga/ baby-sits
weddoˑwi 7Sv break off relations with a person, have nothing more to do with someone (because of some offense or insult)
weddoˑwi : /weddoˑwi/ is through with someone, breaks off relations with someone
wedg see owedg taking out of a socket
weg̣etʼ 3S-n small sp. of frog (Rana, sp.). Onomatopoetic.
weg̣etʼs : /weg̣etʼas/ frog
r̲e̲weg̣etʼkʼa : /wewg̣etkʼa/ d. little frogs
yʼaynʼatiˑ weg̣etʼs : /yʼaynʼatiˑ weg̣etʼas/ tree frog (Hyla regilla) (“frog-from-the-mountain”)
weg̣eˑp 7Sv (?) quiver (a carrying sack of skin for the bow and arrow). Also waqap. Analysis uncertain. RD supplied both forms, but could not give any other constructions containing weg̣eˑp or waqap.

439
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
weg̣eˑpkʼys : /weg̣eˑpkʼis/ quiver, sack for the bow and arrows. Or waqapkʼys : /waqapkʼis/. See Texts, 16.29.
weǰli 7Sv lisp
weǰli : /weǰli/ lisps
r̲e̲ʼweǰli : /wewʼaǰli/ d, lisp
sne̲ʼweǰli : /snewʼaǰli/ causes someone to lisp
weǰlidk : /weǰlitk/ having a lisp
weleˑqʼ 7Sv be an old lady; old lady. Occurs only with noun affixes or with {dk} 24sv “in a state of being …ed” or {bg s} ({obg} 19sv [durative] plus {s} 24sv [noun ending]).
weleˑqʼbgs : /weleˑqʼapks/ being an old lady
/čʼley ʔins kʼink, weleˑqʼapks!/ Give me a little, (since I am) an old lady!
weleˑqʼdk : /weleˑqʼatk/ having been, become an old lady
/čoy honk ʔat hok hosdang̣a, gmokʼamʼčas, weleˑqʼatk hok g̣legank./ Now he met him, Gmokʼamʼč, he (i.e., G.) having become an old woman. (Texts, 11.20)
weleˑqʼs : /weleˑqs/ old lady
weleˑqʼ\ʼaˑkʼ : /weleˑqʼaˑk/ little old lady
weleˑqʼ\ʼaˑkʼlm sʔilgs : /weleˑqʼaˑkʼlam sʔilks/ “Little-Old-Lady’s-Well” (place name)
r̲e̲weleˑqʼs : /wewleˑqs/ d. old ladies
r̲e̲weleˑqʼ\ʼaˑkʼ : /wewleˑqʼaˑk/ d. little old ladies
weliˑ 2S-l apart, separate, besides
weliˑtanna : /weliˑtanna/ all around apart, separate
/ʔat ni ʔoˑwantʼaˑwiwapk hon sbokwʼas weliˑtanna./ Now I will spread that “sbokwʼas” (special type of wokas) out in the sunshine all around separately.
weliˑtankniˑ : /weliˑtankniˑ/ stranger
r̲e̲weliˑtankniˑ : /wewliˑtankniˑ/ d. strangers
weliˑtant : /weliˑtant/ separate, apart
/čoy sa honkt weliˑtant ʔiʔalqčnʼa./ And they put them down apart. (Texts, 22.12)
r̲e̲weliˑtant : /wewliˑtant/ in different places
/wewliˑtant hoˑt woˑmiˑčwapk mna daˑla./ He’ll go to bury his money in different places
weliˑtʼa : /weliˑtʼa/ apart. separate. besides
/laˑbi hok sa weliˑtʼa honks./ They were two besides him. (Texts. 14.30)

440
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
weloč 3Sn pup, pooch (cute term for a small dog)
weloč : /weloč/ pup. pooch
weloč\ʼaˑkʼ : /weločʼaˑk/ puppy
r̲e̲weloč\ʼaˑkʼ : /wewločʼaˑk/ d. puppies
welw 3S-n spring (deep pool). This term differs from {g̣awm} 3Sn “spring,” which denotes a spring gushing out of a hillside or running down from above.
welws : /welwas/ spring (deep pool in which water is continually welling up from underground sources)
weLeli sne
weLeˑli 3Sn Oregon grape (Berberis piperiana; given by Gatschet as “Berberis aquifolium”). Also weLeli in apparent free variation. See Sec. 430.
weLeˑli : /weLeˑli/ Oregon grape. Or weLeli : /weLeli/.
wenni sne
wenniˑ 2Sra differently, other. Also wenni in apparent free variation. See Sec. 910.
wenni : /wenni/ differently, other. Or wenniˑ : /wenniˑ/.
/wenni lis hoˑt sʔottʼa./ He made (it) differently.
r̲e̲ʼwenni : /wewʼanni/ d. differently
/wewʼanni ʔa sa g̣lega./ They have become different.
wennikniˑ : /wennikniˑ/ stranger. Cf. weliˑtankniˑ above with apparently the same meaning.
/pačʼit domiˑ wennikniˑ gatbnoˑta./ Now many strangers have intruded.
wenniˑni : /wenniˑni/ different one
/wenniˑni ʔa hoˑt./ He’s a different one.
wenniˑnʼs : /wenniˑnʼs/ different one [o]
/wenniˑnʼs ʔan pʼag̣a./ I smoke a different one (brand of cigarettes).
wenniˑyʼant : /wenniˑyʼant/ in a different one
/wenniˑyʼant maksatdat ʔiwyʼaq!/ Put pl. objs. in a different basket!
wenniˑyʼantga : /wenniˑyʼantga/ with a different one
/wenniˑyʼantga dwantga/ with something different
wenwy\ʼ 7Sv be a widow
wenwy\ʼa : /wenoˑyʼa/ is, becomes a widow
wenwy\ʼdk : /wenwitk/ widow
r̲e̲ʼwenwy\ʼdk : /wewʼanwitk/ d. widows

441
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wen̲ 7Sv wear out. wear a hole. chafe
wen̲a : /wena/ wears out (as clothing)
r̲e̲ʼwen̲a : /wewʼa/ d. wear out
sne̲ʼwen̲a : /snewʼa/ makes something wear out
wen̲bli : /wembli/ heals, gets well (meaning?)
wen̲r̲bqʼa : /wempbapqʼa/ has a sore, chafed spot, on the face
wen̲diˑla : /wendiˑla/ chafes underneath (as under a saddle, under the arms)
wen̲dk : /wentk/ worn out
wen̲La̲a : /welha/ wears a hole in a surface, vehicle; has a saddlesore
r̲e̲ʼwen̲La̲a : /wewʼalha/ d. wear out on; d. have saddlesores
wen̲La̲dk : /welhatk/ having a saddlesore
wen̲lʼg̣a : /wellg̣a/ wears down, chafes (as a sore)
wen̲lʼg̣bliWiˑs : /welʔaqbliWiˑs/ scar (“returning-from-being-worn-down”)
wen̲qn̲a : /wenqa/ wears through
wen̲sga : /wensga/ wears off, out
wen̲tn̲a : /wenta/ wears out on. chafes on
wen̲yʼasga : /wenyʼasg̣a/ chafes in the crotch
wepL 7Sv wrap (as a package, as someone in a blanket). May contain {eLa̲} 13sv “onto, onto a surface, on a vehicle.”
wepLa : /wepLa/ wraps
r̲e̲ʼwepLa : /wewʼapLa/ d. wrap
se̲ʼwepLa : /sewʼapLa/ wraps oneself
wepLoˑla : /wepLoˑla/ unwraps
weq 3Sn arm, branch, limb
weq : /weq/ arm. branch, limb
r̲e̲weq\ʼaˑkʼ : /wewqʼaˑk/ d. little arms
weq sqatqʼags : /weq sqatqʼaks/ “Limbs-Stick-up-out-of-Water” (place name)
weq 3-Sn large butterfly (sp. of Vanessa). Possibly cf. the preceding entry.
r̲é̲r̲weq : /weqweq/ butterfly (sp.). BL gave r̲e̲r̲weq : /weqwaq/.
weqtʼ 7Sv braid into pl. braids, plait. Only occurs after {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive]. Cf. also {qbaqʼ} 7Sv “braid the hair into a single braid.”
r̲e̲ʼweqtʼa : /wewʼaqtʼa/ braids the hair into pl. braids. plaits the hair
r̲e̲ʼweqtʼdk : /wewʼaqtʼatk/ having the hair braided into pl. braids
r̲e̲ʼweqtʼs : /wewʼaqtʼas/ pl. braids
/hoˑt ʔa wewʼaqtʼas gitk./ She has pl. braids.

442
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wetn̲ 7Sv laugh
wetn̲a : /weta/ laughs
r̲e̲wetn̲a : /wewta/ d. laugh
sne̲wetn̲a : /snewta/ makes someone laugh
wetn̲nʼapga : /wetanʔapga/ feels like laughing
wetn̲tn̲a : /wetanta/ laughs at
wetn̲ys : /wetiˑs/ laughter; to laugh
/g̣esga ʔan wetiˑs./ I can’t laugh.
wetn̲yspči : /wetiˑspči/ funny (“like-laughter”)
wewk 3Sn root (generic term including bulbs, tubers, tree roots, etc.)
wewk : /wewk/ root
r̲e̲ʼwewk\ʼaˑkʼ : /wewʼoˑkʼaˑk/ d. little roots
weˑʼ 3S-n child. Cf. also {weʼ} 7Sv “go to the toilet (baby); baby-sit”—possibly identifiable as the same morpheme?
weˑʼs : /weˑʔas/ child
weˑʼkʼa : /weˑkʼa/ little child
r̲e̲weˑʼkʼa : /weweˑkʼa/ d. little children
r̲e̲weˑʼs : /weweˑʔas/ children
weˑʼs\ʼa̲la : /weˑʔaslʼa/ has a child, gives birth
weˑčʼ 7Sv slobber
weˑčʼa : /weˑčʼa/ slobbers
r̲e̲ʼweˑčʼa : /weweˑčʼa/ d. slobber
weˑčʼtn̲a : /weˑčta/ slobbers on
se̲ʼweˑčʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /sewʼeˑčʼattanʔa/ keeps slobbering on oneself
weˑgan 3Sn wagon. From English.
weˑgan : /weˑgan/ wagon
r̲e̲ʼweˑgan\ʼaˑkʼ : /wewʼeˑganʼaˑk/ d. little wagons
lolog̣s weˑgan : /loloqs weˑgan/ railroad train (“fire-wagon”)
weˑteˑn 3S-n Warmsprings (land and people). Only in;
weˑteˑnkniˑ : /weˑteˑnkniˑ/ Warmsprings people; idiom: sp. of potato beetle (so named “because he is painted up like a Warmsprings Indian”)
weˑteˑngiˑsm : /weˑteˑngiˑsam/ Warmsprings people’s
/weˑteˑngiˑsam g̣eˑla/ Warmsprings (“Warmsprings-People’s-Land”)
weˑteˑngiˑsas : /weˑteˑngiˑsas/ Warmsprings person, people [o]
/kpočʼambli ʔan weˑteˑngiˑsas./ I chased the Warmsprings Indian back home.
weˑwl\ʼ 7Sv permit, let, give permission
weˑwl\ʼa : /weˑwlʼa/ lets, gives permission
/weˑwlʼa ʔan honks gentgiwk./ I let him go.

443
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
se̲ʼweˑwl\ʼa : /sewʼeˑwlʼa/ lets oneself, each other
weˑwl\ʼbli : /weˑwalbli/ gives permission again
weˑwl\ʼwabg : /weˑwalwapk/ will let, allow, give permission
/qʼay ʔins weˑwalwapk ledwaˑgitgi giwk!/ Don’t let me be empty-handed! PO recalled one old man who always spoke thus to his gun before going hunting. Such supplications to natural objects were a common method of gaining the good will of the spirits inhabiting them. Cf. /hesamkanga/ ({hem} 7Sv “talk.”)
weˑwʼann sne
weˑwʼanw sne
weˑwʼanʼ 3S-n women. Also weˑwʼann and weˑwʼanw in apparent free variation. Cf. also {snʼeweˑčʼ} 3S-n “woman.”
weˑwʼanʼs : /weˑwʼanʼs/ women. Or weˑwʼannys : /weˑwʼannis/, or weˑwʼanwys : /weˑwʼanwis/.
weˑwʼannyʔmč : /weˑwʼanniˑʔamʼč/ big old women
weˑwʼannyˑkʼ : /weˑwʼanniˑk/ little women, girls. Or weˑwʼanwyˑkʼ : /weˑwʼanwiˑk/.
wgipʼ 7Sv be constipated
wgipʼa : /wgipʼa/ is, becomes constipated
wgipʼdk : /wgipʼatk/ constipated
wg̣awʼ 7Sv shine (moon); moon. Only in:
r̲r̲e̲wg̣awʼa : /wg̣awqwʼa/ (moon) shines. Possibly r̲r̲e̲r̲wg̣awʼa?
r̲r̲e̲wg̣awʼs : /wg̣awg̣os/ moon
wg̣oˑ 7S-v act with, upon one’s wife’s parents
wg̣oˑbga : /wg̣oˑpga/ stays with one’s wife’s parents
wg̣oˑbgs : /wg̣oˑbaks/ son-in-law
wg̣oˑčʼn̲a : /wg̣oˑčʼa/ goes to one’s wife’s parents to visit
wg̣oˑdga : /wg̣oˑtga/ been to visit one’s wife’s parents
wg̣oˑwy : /wg̣oˑwi/ gives (bride payment) to one’s parents-in-law
wg̣oˑwys : /wg̣oˑwis/ bride payment. This was given at the time of the marriage.
whilaˑ 3Sn underwater ledge. Overhanging underwater ledges are a common geological feature of rivers in the Klamath area.
whilaˑ : /whilaˑ/ overhanging underwater ledge
wi 4S-v blow (wind). When this morpheme occurs with {čoˑ} 7-Sv, the meaning is transitive: “wind blows something (on, off of, against, etc.).”
wičoˑbli : /wičoˑbli/ (wind) blows something back
r̲e̲wičoˑbli : /wiwčoˑbli/ (wind) blows d. back
wičoˑbqʼa : /wičoˑpqʼa/ (wind) blows something into one’s face

444
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wi (continued)
wičoˑčnʼa : /wičoˑčnʼa/ (wind) blows something along
wičoˑdg̣i : /wičoˑtg̣i/ (wind) blows something off a height. down off
wičoˑkanga : /wičoˑkanga/ (wind) blows something around
wičoˑr̲kʼya : /wičoˑkkʼakʼya/ (wind) blows something repeatedly shut (as a banging door)
wičoˑliˑna : /wičoˑliˑna/ (wind) blows something off the edge, off of
wičoˑlʼg̣a : /wičoˑlg̣a/ (wind) blows something down (as a tree)
wičoˑwanga : /wičoˑwanga/ (wind) blows a vertical long obj. over (as a tree, pole)
wičoˑwloˑla : /wičoˑloˑla/ (wind) blows something off the top
wičoˑyg̣i : /wičoˑyg̣i/ (wind) blows something over, above (as a bit of paper)
wičʼn̲a : /wičʼa/ (wind) just blew, blows along
wiLy : /wiLiˑ/ (wind) blows inside
wilʼg̣a : /wilg̣a/ (wind) stops blowing
r̲e̲ʼwilʼg̣a : /wiwʼalg̣a/ d. (winds) stop blowing
wisg̣n̲a : /wisga/ (wind) blows through a tubular obj .
wisg̣n̲čʼn̲a : /wisg̣ančʼa/ (wind) just blew through
wisg̣n̲di : /wisg̣andi/ “Blow-Through-Place” (place name)
witn̲a : /wita/ (wind) blows on
witn̲bli : /witambli/ (wind) blows onto again; idiom: returns to life, consciousness
sne̲witn̲bli : /sniwtambli/ causes someone to return to life, consciousness; resurrects, resuscitates
wir̲yamna : /wiyyamna/ (wind) blows aimlessly around
wi see owi spreading out
wiʔam 3Sn red duck
wiʔam : /wiʔam/ red duck
wiʔaˑl see wilʼe fawn
wibg 7Sv escape
wibga : /wipga/ escapes
r̲e̲ʼwibga : /wiwʼapga/ d. escape
sne̲ʼwibga : /sniwʼapga/ rescues
wibgča̲a : /wibakča/ goes to escape
wibgWiˑa : /wibakWiˑya/ almost escaped
r̲r̲e̲sne̲ʼwibgys : /snisnwʼapgis/ rescuer, savior
wibl 3Sn alder (Alnus tennifolia Nutt.)
wibl : /wibal/ alder (sp.)

445
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲e̲ʼwibl\ʼaˑkʼ : /wiwʼaplʼaˑk/ d. little alders
r̲e̲ʼwibl\ʼaˑkʼs : /wiwʼaplʼaˑks/ “Little-Alders-Place” (place name)
wiblm : /wiblam/ alder tree, alder species
wič 4S-v (?) blow (snow, storm), blizzard. Cf. {wi} 7S-v “blow (wind).”
wičr̲bqʼa : /wičbapqʼa/ (snow, blizzard) blows into one’s face
wičdkʼa : /wičtkʼa/ blizzards
wičdkʼliˑdang̣a : /wičdakʼliˑdang̣a/ (snow, blizzard) blows toward a person travelling along
wičdkʼlʼg̣a : /wičdakʼlg̣a/ (blizzard) comes down hard, snows violently
wičdkʼs : /wičdaks/ blizzard
wičdkʼyeˑga : /wičdakʼyeˑga/ starts to blizzard
wičpaˑy 3Sn sedge (Carex, sp.). The tender roots of this plant were gathered and eaten.
wičpaˑy : /wičpaˑy/ sedge
wičʼ 7S-v be anxious, desirous: be enamored of (“have a crush on”)
wičʼčnʼa : /wiččnʼa/ is anxious to go
/le wiččnʼa/ refuses to go. Also recorded /lewiččnʼa/.
wičʼčibga : /wiččipga/ is anxious to come
/le wiččipga/ refuses to come
wičʼčnʼbli : /wiččambli/ is anxious to return
wičʼlʼg̣a : /wičʼlg̣a/ is anxious to stop
/le wičʼlg̣a/ refuses to budge
wičʼtn̲a : /wičta/ is infatuated with, enamored of (“has a crush on”)
/le wičta/ refuses. Also recorded /lewičta/ and /lewista/ (?).
r̲e̲ʼwičʼtn̲a : /wiwʼačta/ d. are infatuated with
se̲ʼwičʼtn̲a : /siwʼačta/ is enamored of oneself, of each other
se̲ʼwičʼtn̲ys : /siwʼačtis/ narcissist, one in love with himself (or herself)
wičʼ 7Sv be horizontally striped. Possibly cf. {wičʼyaq} 3Sn “rainbow” (yaq as an allomorph of {yg̣i} 10sv “over, above”?).
wičʼa : /wičʼa/ has a horizontal stripe
r̲e̲wičʼdk : /wiwčʼatk/ having horizontal stripes
wičʼtn̲a : /wičta/ has a horizontal stripe on
wičʼoˑL 3S-n fishnet. This was a large net on two slender poles. It was dipped over the side of the canoe.
wičʼoˑLs : /wičʼoˑLas/ fishnet
r̲e̲wičʼoˑLkʼa : /wiwčʼoˑLkʼa/ d. little fishnets
wičʼyaq 3Sn rainbow. Cf. {wičʼ} 7Sv “be horizontally striped” above.

446
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wičʼyaq : /wičʼyaq/ rainbow
widaˑl 3Sn mica. Now also used for “glass.”
widaˑl : /widaˑl/ mica
widaˑltiˑ lolbaldk : /widaˑltiˑ lolbaltk/ wearing spectacles (“having-eyes-of-mica”)
wikʼ sne
wikʼaˑ 2Sl short, near, close. Also wikʼ after {r̲e̲} 1pl [distributive] in apparent free variation with wikʼaˑ. See Sec. 821.
wiˑkʼaˑ : /wiˑkʼaˑ/ short, near, close
/beˑn Naˑs sʔottʼa git geˑt wikʼaˑ, ة/ He made another one near there, … (Texts, 26.7)
/čoy honk čiˑya ʔat wikʼaˑ banʼiˑ./ Then he lived there for a little while (“up to near”). (Texts, 9.35)
/čoy honk ʔat hadakt wikʼaˑ čeˑ ʔat./ And now he was close enough there. (Texts, 14.54)
/beˑn hoččnʼa wikʼaˑ naˑk./ He ran again a little closer. (Texts, 3.48)
r̲e̲wikʼaˑ : /wiwkʼaˑ/ d. near. Also r̲e̲wiˑkʼ : /wiwk/.
/qdoˑlčʼa honk wiwk./ He cut it up into small (pieces). (Texts, 18.19)
/wiwkʼaˑ ʔa letʼapčnʼa./ (He) laid (round objs.) close together in a row.
wikʼaˑ delčnʼbga : /wikʼaˑ delčampga/ looks close by; idiom: almost, nearly
/wikʼaˑ delčampga hoˑt wčʼiqlʼaqs./ He almost fell down.
wikʼaˑna : /wikʼaˑna/ all around close by
/ginaˑt wikʼaˑna, nčoqʼa ʔat./ Here, close by, I am deaf now! (Texts, 38.267)
wikʼaˑni : /wikʼaˑni/ short one, close one
/wikʼaˑni lis hoˑt g̣oˑs./ That tree is short.
wikʼaˑnʼs : /wikʼaˑnʼs/ short one [o]
/noˑ ʔa wikʼaˑnʼs hisanwanga./ I felled the short one (tree).
wikʼaˑt : /wikʼaˑt/ close by
/dadaˑt ʔi gatbanwapk doˑ wikʼaˑt./ When you will arrive close by there… (Texts, 14.43)
wikʼaˑtʼiˑt : /wikʼaˑtʼiˑt/ close to, near
/hoˑt ʔans wikʼaˑtʼiˑt čaqyeˑta./ He’s sitting close to me.
wikʼaˑtanni : /wikʼaˑtanni/ a close one

447
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/wikʼaˑtanni ʔans hoˑt./ He’s one close to me (as a relative).
wikʼaˑtant : /wikʼaˑtant/ close to, near
/hoˑt ʔans wikʼaˑtant čiˑya./ He lives close to me.
/wikʼaˑtant ʔis ʔeytnank delwi!/ Bend down your head close and look at me! (Texts, 13.89)
wikʼaˑtʼa : /wikʼaˑtʼa/ close to, near
/yʼaynʼa, g̣og̣e wikʼaˑtʼa ʔakyʼa./ A mountain, perhaps near a river. (Texts, 39.26)
wilisik 3Sn bag, sack. This was a large variety of gunny sack, used for storing food.
wilisik : /wilisik/ sack, bag
r̲e̲wilisik\ʼaˑkʼ : /wiwlisikʼaˑk/ d. little sacks
wilitgiʼ 7Sv pace (as a horse)
wilitgiʼa : /wilitgiʔa/ paces
r̲e̲wilitgiʼa : /wiwlitgiʔa/ d. pace
sne̲wilitgiʼa : /sniwlitgiʔa/ makes (an animal) pace
wilitgiʼs : /wilitgis/ pacer
wilwal 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
wilwaldi : /wilwaldi/ place name
wilʼe 3Sn fawn. Also wiʔaˑl (after {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive]. See Sec, 430.)
wilʼe : /wilʼe/ fawn
r̲e̲wiʔaˑl\ʼaˑkʼ : /wiwʔaˑlʼaˑk/ d. little fawns
win 7S-v beat, outdo, win. Only with {oyg̣i} 10sv “over, above.”
winyg̣i : /winiˑg̣i/ wins, beats
se̲ʼwinyg̣i : /siwʼaniˑg̣i/ outdo one another
winyg̣iank : /winyag̣yank/ having beaten. This form is used as a means of expressing a comparison.
/hoˑt ʔa dičʼiˑ nalk, winyag̣yank honks./ He is better than he is. (“He is good-than, having beaten him”)
/hoˑt ʔa sʔoysʔatk hiswaqs, naˑnokʼeˑnʼs winyag̣yank./ He is the thinnest man of all. (“He is a thin man, having beaten all”)
/noˑ ʔa honks winyag̣yank g̣ilʔank nalk hoččantk./ I can run faster than he can.
/hoˑt ʔa noˑs winyag̣yank bonwa laˑm./ He drinks more whiskey than I do.
winyg̣ia̲t : /winiˑg̣it/ can beat, outdo
se̲ʼwinyg̣ieˑʼa : /siwʼanyag̣yeˑʔa/ outdo one another in a game, competition

448
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
winyg̣is : /winiˑg̣is/ winning; to win, beat
/g̣esga ʔan honks winiˑg̣is./ I can’t beat him.
win 7S-v interpret a shaman’s song. Many of the Klamath shamans employed an “interpreter” who repeated the words of the shaman’s song and “translated” them to the audience. Cf. {swin̲} 7Sv “sing.”
winoˑta : /winoˑta/ interprets a shaman’s song
winoˑtys : /winoˑtis/ shaman’s song. Or “interpreter”? Informants were not sure.
winYaˑʼ 3S-n industrious person. Possibly a verbal stem? Only in:
winYaˑʼs : /winYaˑʔas/ industrious person
wipga 3Sn tule moccasin
wipga : /wipga/ tule moccasin
r̲e̲ʼwipgaʼaˑkʼ : /wiwʼapgaʔaˑk/ d. little moccasins
wiqčʼ 3S-n kind,sort
wiqčʼys : /wiqčʼis/ kind, sort
/naˑnok wiqčʼistiˑ seˑsas/ with every kind of name (Texts, 4.270)
wisg̣ag̣ 3Sn robin. Onomatopoetic: its call is: /wisg̣ag̣a wisg̣ag̣a!/
wisg̣ag̣ : /wisg̣aq/ robin
r̲e̲ʼwisg̣ag̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /wiwasg̣aqʼaˑk/ d. little robins
wisg̣ag̣m snʼoLs : /wisg̣ag̣am snʼoLas/ robin’s nest
wising 3Sn snake (possibly a sp. of Eutaenia, or Thamnophis elegans or Thamnophis sirtalis). Informants gave this as “black snake,” but it seems to be a generic term also.
wising : /wisink/ snake
r̲e̲wising\ʼaˑkʼ : /wiwsinkʼaˑk/ d. little snakes
r̲e̲wisingʔmʼč : /wiwsinkʔamʼč/ d. big old snakes
wisingm : /wisingam/ snake’s. Or wisingʔm : /wisinkʔam/ in apparent free variation.
wisingʔm čʼipʼs : /wisinkʔam čʼipʼas/ sp. of mustard plant (“snake’s-mustard”)
wisingm dinws : /wisingam dinwas/ “Snake’s-Lying-in-Water” (place name)
witgatg 3S-n sp. of hawk. Called “bird hawk” by the informants.
witgatgys : /witgatgis/ bird hawk
witʼ 7S-v extend in a grove
witʼčnʼa : /witčnʼa/ extends along in a strip (as a grove of trees)
witʼčnʼdk : /witčantk/ extended (as a grove)
witʼčys : /witčis/ grove of trees
witʼLWn̲a : /witʼlWa/ extends along the top in a grove
witʼLWn̲ys : /witʼlWis/ grove along the top

449
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
witʼliˑga : /witʼliˑga/ grove extends along the bank
witʼqweˑLa : /witqweˑLa/ extends down a slope
witʼtʼleˑg̣i : /wittʼleˑg̣i/ (grove, spinney) extends over a mountain
witʼwa : /witʼwa/ extends into water, flat place
witʼwqiˑwa : /witʼoˑqiˑwa/ extends out onto a plain
witʼWasga : /witWasga/ extends out away from (as a branch or spur away from a mountain)
witʼeˑm 3Sn black bear (Euarctos americanus altifrontalis Elliot)
witʼeˑm : /witʼeˑm/ black bear
r̲e̲witʼeˑm\ʼaˑkʼ : /wiwtʼeˑmʼaˑk/ d. little black bears
witʼeˑmʔmksi : /witʼeˑmʔamksi/ “Bear’s-Place” (place name)
wiyaˑ 3Sn (?) [unknown meaning]. Possibly a proper name. Only in:
wiyaˑlm nteys : /wiyaˑlam nteys/ “Wiyaˑ’s-Bow” (a constellation; location and description unknown)
wiˑ see owiˑ be in a line, row
wiˑ see owiˑ take home first, do first (before some other action)
wiˑčʼig 7Sv be selfish, stingy
wiˑčʼiga : /wiˑčʼiga/ is selfish, stingy
wiˑčʼigs : /wiˑčʼiks/ stingy person, miser
meYsm lolb wiˑčʼigs : /meYsam lolp wiˑčʼiks/ “Stingy-With-Trout’s-Eyes” (man’s proper name)
wk 24sv by, because of, in order to, from. See Sec. 381.
gᵛebgwabgwk : /gepgwapgok/ in order to come
/ʔapʔota ʔan honks gepgwapgok./ I promised him (I) would come.
gmočwk : /gmočoˑk/ because of being old
/g̣esga ʔan geys, gmočoˑk./ I can’t go, because of being old.
loykʼwk : /loykʼok/ in order to pick berries, to pick berries
/hoˑt sa ʔa hasatʼwaˑYa loykʼok ʔiwam./ They are helping each other pick huckleberries.
pʼań̲wabgwk : /pʼawapgok/ in order to eat
/čoy honkt čʼičkʼaˑyʼa loˑq mnaˑlʼam loloqsdat pʼawapgok./ Then they each boil their seeds over the fire in order to eat.
pʼań̲s\ʼa̲lča̲wk : /pʼasʔalčok/ in order to go get food
/goniˑ ʔan sdilančisamni tawn, pʼasʔalčok./ I feel like driving up there to town, to get something to eat.
sʔawiˑgwk : /sʔawiˑgok/ from anger, because of being angry
/sʔawiˑgok hok sa gembli./ They returned because, they were angry.

450
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sinʼamstn̲wk : /sinʼamstnok/ because of being frightened
/diqdiqʼa ʔa gew sdaynas, sinʼamstnok./ My heart beat fast from fright.
sqoWwk : /sqoWoˑk/ because of being spring
/sqoWoˑk qdoˑča./ Because it’s spring, it rains.
Idiomatically in:
/dwaˑ [subject, etc.] waq giwk ة/ why?
/dwaˑ sa waq giwk genaˑ?/ Why did they go?
/qʼay ni sʔaywakta dwaˑ waq giwk./ I don’t know why.
/dwaˑ hak hoˑt hiswaqs waq giwk gatbambli?/ Why indeed did that man return?
wl see wal cover, put on top; on top
wlal 3Sn cottonwood tree (Populus angustifolia). LK stated that the inner bark of this tree was made into a kind of cloth in aboriginal times. Other informants stated that some part of the inner bark was gathered as food (cf. {stabl\ʼ} 7Sv).
wlal : /wlal/ cottonwood tree
r̲r̲e̲wlal\ʼaˑkʼ : /wlawlʔaˑk/ d. little cottonwoods
r̲r̲e̲wlal\ʼaˑks : /wlawlʔaˑks/ “Little-Cottonwoods-Place.” Same as next below:
wlalksi : /wlalksi/ “Cottonwood-Place” (place name)
wlalm : /wlalam/ cottonwood species
wlan 7S-v follow a leader, go in a group or gang
wlančnʼa : /wlančnʼa/ go along in a group
wlankanga : /wlankanga/ go around in a group together
se̲wlankangs : /sawlankanks/ follower (of a leader), member of a gang or group
wlaq 7S-v [unknown meaning]. Only in:
r̲r̲e̲wlaqčys : /wlawlaqčis/ blue racer snake. Or:
r̲r̲e̲wlaqkangs : /wlawlaqkanks/ blue racer snake
wle 7S-v run (few; four-legged animal)
wlečnʼa : /wlečnʼa/ few run along; four-legged animal runs along
wlečʼn̲a : /wlečʼa/ few, four-legged animal just ran off
wlekanga : /wlekanga/ few, four-legged animal run around here and there
wleqweˑLa : /wleqweˑLa/ few, four-legged animal run down a hill
wler̲yamna : /wleyyamna/ few, four-legged animal run around aimlessly
wleYn̲čʼn̲a : /wleYančʼa/ few, four-legged animal run along the edge of a cliff, along a bank

451
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wlelg̣ 7Sv arrange, put in order (as a pile of scattered objs.). May contain {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to a stop, to the ground.”
wlelg̣a : /wlelg̣a/ arranges, puts scattered objs. into some order
wlelg̣bli : /wlelqbli/ rearranges, puts in order again
wlepʼl\ʼ 7Sv lightning; strike (lightning)
wlepʼl\ʼa : /wleplʼa/ lightning strikes
wlepʼl\ʼdamna : /wlepʼaldamna/ lightning keeps striking
wlepʼl\ʼs : /wlepʼals/ lightning
wlepʼl\ʼtn̲a : /wlepʼalta/ lightning strikes at, hits an obj.
wlepʼl\ʼtn̲dk : /wlepʼaltantk/ “Lightning-Struck-on” (basketry design: Barrett, Plate 3)
wličʼ 7S-v go zigzag (as a serpent, sliding log)
wličʼdiˑla : /wličdiˑla/ goes underneath zigzag
wličʼdg̣i : /wličtg̣i/ goes down zigzag (as a log down a chute)
wličʼkanga : /wličkanga/ goes around zigzag (as a snake)
r̲r̲e̲wličʼkanga : /wliwlačkanga/ d. go around zigzag
wličʼyg̣i : /wličʼiˑg̣i/ goes over zigzag
wlo 3Sn fishnet or fishtrap of willows
wlo : /wlo/ fishnet or fishtrap
wlo ksᵛikLs : /wlo ksikLas/ “Fishnet-Stands-on” (place name). Use of {ksᵛ} 4S-v “act on a living obj.” here?
wloq 7S-v pout, have naturally protruding lips. Form and meaning dubious. Only in:
wloqwʼeˑtʼa : /wloqwʼeˑtʼa/ has protruding lips (“hangdown-lips”—PO)
r̲r̲e̲wloqwʼeˑtʼbga : /wloˑlaqwʼeˑtʼapga/ d. have protruding lips
wloˑ 7S-v blow (breeze). Cf. {wi} 4S-v “blow (wind)” and {wič} 4S-v “blow (snow, blizzard).” Only in:
wloˑtn̲a : /wloˑta/ (breeze) blows against something
wLetʼ 7S-v spread eagle, lie flat on the back with arms and legs outstretched
wLetʼbga : /wLetpga/ is lying flat on the back
r̲r̲e̲wLetʼbga : /wLewLatpga/ d. are lying flat
wLetʼlʼg̣a : /wLetʼlg̣a/ lies down on the back
sne̲wLetʼlʼg̣ia : /snewLatʼlg̣a/ spread eagles someone
wLetʼwl : /wLetʼwal/ lies spread eagled on top of
wLičʼ 7Sv shake out (as a blanket, garments)
wLičʼa : /wLičʼa/ shakes out (a blanket, etc.)
r̲r̲e̲wLičʼa : /wLiwlčʼa/ d. shake out
wLiw 7S-v fan. May contain {w} 4S-v “act with a long instrument.”
wLiwbqʼoˑla : /wLiwpqʼoˑla/ fans someone’s face
r̲r̲e̲wLiwbqʼoˑla : /wLiwLoˑpqʼoˑla/ d. fan someone’s face

452
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
se̲wLiwbqʼoˑla : /siwLoˑpqʼoˑla/ fans one’s own face
wLiwkslʼa : /wLiwkslʼa/ fans a fire
wLiwYeˑni̲ʼa : /wLiwYeˑnʼa/ fans someone. Use of {oyeˑni̲ʼ} 10sv “inside” here?
se̲wLiwYeˑni̲ʼa : /siwLoˑYeˑnʼa/ fans oneself
se̲wLiwYeˑni̲ʼoˑts : /siwLoˑYeˑnʼoˑts/ fan
wlʼaks 7S-v lap (as a dog)
wlʼaksr̲bqʼa : /wlʼaksbapqʼa/ laps the face
wlʼaksdgl : /wlʼakstgal/ laps up (as a cat laps up milk)
r̲r̲e̲wlʼaksdgl : /wlʼawlʼakstgal/ d. lap up
wlʼakskanga : /wlʼakskanga/ laps around here and there (as a dog laps up spatters of spilled grease)
wlʼaksliˑna : /wlʼaksliˑna/ laps off the edge
wlʼaksr̲wʼaˑlʼa : /wlʼaksoˑwʼaˑlʼa/ laps around the end of
wlʼiˑč 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
wlʼiˑč : /wlʼiˑč/ place name
wlʼiˑq 7Sv be limber (as a wand, willow switch). Cf. also {kčaˑkʼ} 7Sv with apparently the same meaning.
wlʼiˑqʼa : /wlʼiˑqʼa/ is, becomes limber
wlʼiˑqʼdk : /wlʼiˑqʼatk/ limber
r̲r̲e̲wlʼiˑqʼdk : /wlʼiwlʼiˑqʼatk/ d. limber
wnag 3Sn son
wnag : /wnak/ son
r̲r̲e̲wnag : /wnawnak/ sons
wnaga : /wnaga/ son [o]
/sleʔa ʔan honklʼam wnaga./ I saw his son.
r̲r̲e̲wnaga : /wnawnga/ sons [o]
/noˑ ʔa gew wnawnga hasʔiˑwakta somʼalwʼas./ I’m teaching my sons to write.
wnaga̲lbga : /wnagalpga/ considers someone to be one’s son
wnaga̲ldga : /wnagaltga/ been to see one’s son
wnaga̲ldk : /wnagaltk/ having a son
r̲r̲e̲wnaga̲ldk : /wnawngaltk/ having sons
se̲wnaga̲ldk : /sawngaltk/ related to one another as parent and son
wnagm : /wnagam/ son’s
/geˑ ʔa gew wnagam waˑtʼi./ This is my son’s knife.
wnay 3Sn small fish, minnow (sp.)
wnay : /wnay/ minnow (sp.)
wneq 7Sv be gluttonous
wneqa : /wneqa/ is gluttonous, greedy for food

453
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wneqys : /wneqiˑs/ glutton, gourmand
wnʼa̲ see awnʼa̲ propped up against
wog̣ 7Sv cache (as food, supplies)
wog̣a : /wog̣a/ caches (food, etc.)
r̲e̲wog̣a : /woˑg̣a/ d. cache
wog̣kʼys : /woqkʼis/ cache
wog̣sdi : /woqsdi/ “Cache-Place” (place name)
wok 3S-n pond lily: “wokas” (Nymphaea polysepala; Gatschet gives “Nuphar advena”). The parched seeds of this plant provided the major source of cereal food in aboriginal times. For a description of wokas preparation, see Texts 22, 23, and 24 and also Coville (1897 and 1902), Gatschet (1890), and Spier (1930).
woks : /wokas/ “wokas,” pond lily seeds
woks\ʼa̲la : /wokslʼa/ gathers wokas
woksa̲lča̲a : /woksalča/ goes to gather wokas
woksa̲ldga : /woksaltga/ been gathering wokas
woksa̲lks : /woksalks/ “Wokas-Gathering-Place” (place name: Little Wokas Bay)
woksʔm : /woksʔam/ the wok as plant, species
wokseˑmʼi : /wokseˑmʼi/ wokas season (usually beginning about the first or second week in August)
woln̲ 7Sv ask (a question)
woln̲a : /wola/ asks
r̲e̲woln̲a : /woˑla/ d. ask
se̲woln̲a : /soˑla/ asks oneself, each other
woln̲damna : /wolandamna/ keeps asking questions
wolnr̲tn̲nʼa : /wolanttanʔa/ keeps asking at, pesters someone with questions
woln̲wabg : /wolanwapk/ will ask
woln̲ys : /woliˑs/ question
r̲e̲ʼwoln̲ys : /wowʼalnis/ questioner, one who habitually asks questions
wolqʼ 7Sv loan
wolqʼa : /wolqʼa/ loans
r̲e̲ʼwolqʼa : /wowʼalqʼa/ d. loan
se̲ʼwolqʼa : /sowʼalqʼa/ loan to each other
wolqʼlgi : /wolqʼalgi/ comes to loan
r̲e̲ʼwolqʼys : /wowʼalqʼis/ moneylender
wolwan 3S-n cedar. Gatschet gives “redwood: Sequoia sempervirens”(?).
wolwans : /wolwans/ cedar

454
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
womiˑ 7Sv bury. Apparently has the same meaning as {pʼnan̲} 7Sv, q.v.
womiˑ : /womiˑ/ buries
r̲e̲womiˑ : /woˑmiˑ/ d. bury
womiˑbli : /womiˑbli/ buries again
womiˑdga : /womiˑtga/ been burying
womiˑdiˑla : /womiˑdiˑla/ buries underneath; idiom: have someone keep one’s possessions for one
/hoˑt nis daˑla mna womiˑdiˑla./ He had me keep his money (for him).
womiˑiˑa : /womiˑya/ buries for someone
womiˑkanga : /womiˑkanga/ buries around here and there
womiˑlʼg̣a : /womiˑlg̣a/ buries (for later)
won 3Sn elk (Cervus canadensis)
won : /won/ elk
r̲e̲won\ʼaˑkʼ : /woˑnʼaˑk/ d. little elk
wonib sne
woniˑb 2Sa four. Also wonib. See Sec. 721.
woniˑb : /woniˑp/ four
/noˑ ʔa woniˑp sʔedoˑ./ I counted four.
/tewnʼipʼant woniˑp/ fourteen
r̲e̲woniˑb : /woˑniˑp/ four at a time
/noˑ ʔa sʔewanʔa skodas, woˑniˑp./ I gave out blankets, four at a time.
wonibnʼi : /wonipnʼi/ four (days, years, etc.); four times
/wonipnʼi ʔan laˑm bonwa./ I have drunk liquor four times
/wonipnʼi tewnʼipʼant woniˑp/ forty-four
/wonipnʼi ʔan waytas mʼaˑsʔa./ I was sick for four days.
wonibnʼiks : /wonipnʼiks/ Thursday
woniˑb\ʼaˑs : /woniˑpʼaˑs/ in four places
/noˑ ʔa honks woniˑpʼaˑs qmag̣a./ I looked for him in four places.
woniˑb\ʼokʼ : /woniˑpʼok/ all four
/woniˑpʼok ʔans sleʔaˑ./ All four saw me.
woniˑba : /woniˑba/ four [o]
/hoˑt ʔa woniˑba weweˑʔas gitk./ He has four children.
woniˑbi : /woniˑbi/ four [n]
/woniˑbi ʔa hihaswaqs wawʼaˑpga./ Four men are sitting.
r̲e̲woniˑbi : /woˑniˑbi/ four at a time [n]
/woˑniˑbi ʔa sa kikankyamna./ They marched around it four at a time.

455
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wonǰ 3Sn canoe. With {ʔm} 7sn [collective], this denotes the sp. of fir from which canoes were most often made.
wonǰ : /wonč/ canoe, dugout
r̲e̲ʼwonǰ\ʼaˑkʼ : /wowʼančʼaˑk/ d. little canoes
wonǰ\ʼa̲la : /wončlʼa/ makes, gets a canoe
wonǰa̲ldk : /wonǰaltk/ having a canoe
wonǰm : /wonǰam/ fir (sp.)
woN 7Sv finish
woNa : /woNa/ finishes
/woNa ʔan beqsas./ I finished grinding,
/woNa ʔan honks hespeˑwas./ I finished bathing him
woNwk : /woNoˑk/ on finishing, because of finishing
/čoy sa honk ʔat woNoˑk honk, čoy sa sdilliˑnča sa honk naˑnok./ And then having finished that, they dipped it all to one side. (Texts, 22.28)
wos 7Sv fear
wosa : /wosa/ fears, is afraid
r̲e̲wosa : /woˑsa/ d. fear
sne̲wosa : /snoˑsa/ frightens someone
wosas : /wosas/ fear
wosaspči : /wosaspči/ dangerous (“like-fear”)
wotʼ 7Sv eat up
wotʼa : /wotʼa/ eats up
r̲e̲wotʼa : /woˑtʼa/ d. eat up
r̲e̲wotʼys : /woˑtʼis/ habitual eater-up
woy 3S-n the “inside-outside” gesture in the handgame, indicating that the marked bones are in the pattern xoxo or oxox (the difference is made by gesturing sharply to the left or to the right)
woys : /woys/ the “inside-outside” gesture
woy 7S-v forbid, warn, prohibit. Form and meaning uncertain. Only in:
r̲e̲woytn̲bga : /wowiˑtampga/ keeps telling someone not to do something, warns. See Texts, 4.68.
woyg̣ang 3S-n green; grass
woyg̣angs : /woyg̣anks/ green; grass
/geˑ ʔa woyg̣anks lačʼas./ This is a green house.
woˑʼ 7Sv howl (as a wolf). Cf. also {waˑʼ} 7Sv “howl (as a mad dog).”
woˑʼa : /woˑʔa/ howls (as a wolf)
r̲e̲ʼwoˑʼwabg : /wowʼoˑwapk/ d. will howl
woˑlgi see oˑlgi gather together
wqa 3Sn fishpole. Cf. also : /swʼewoˑts/ ({swʼᵛ} 4S-v “shake”).
wqa : /wqa/ fishpole

456
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wqa\ʼaˑkʼ : /wqaʔaˑk/ little fishpole
wqam 3Sn plant (Sium cicutaefolium Gmel.). This is a marsh plant, similar to the wild parsnip. Its stalk is soft, while that of the wild parsnip is ribbed and stiff.
wqam : /wqam/ plant (sp.)
wqapqʼ 7Sv flap the wings
wqapqʼa : /wqapqʼa/ flaps the wings (BL)
se̲wqapqʼa : /sawqapqʼa/ flaps the wings (PO—with the same meaning as the last above)
wqeplʼg̣ 3S-n summer house. This was a semipermanent construction (in contrast to the: /sdinʼaˑʔas/ “wickiup,” which was only a temporary campsite shelter). For a description, see Gatschet (1890) and Spier (1930). May contain {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the earth, to a stop,” but there are no related verbal forms.
wqeplʼg̣s : /wqeplʼaqs/ summer house
r̲r̲e̲wqeplʼg̣kʼa : /wqewqaplʼaqkʼa/ d. little summer houses
wqiw 7Sv 10sv extend out onto a plain, flat place. Also owqiˑw and wqiˑw.
wqiwa : /wqiwa/ extends out onto a plain (as a spur of mountains)
g̣oˑsʔm wqiws : /g̣oˑsʔam wqiws/ “Tree’s-Extending-out” (place name)
čʼlᵉwqiˑwbga : /čʼliwqiˑwapga/ (willows) hang out in a clump over the water. Possibly čʼlᵉiwwqiˑwbga?
dᵉlowqiˑwa : /deloˑqiˑwa/ looks far out across a plain
gᵛowqiˑwa : /goˑqiˑwa/ is going out onto a plain: idiom: runs away from home
gᵛowqiˑwbga : /goˑqiˑwapga/ is extending out over a flat place, over liquid (as a tree hangs out over water)
witʼwqiˑwa : /witʼoˑqiˑwa/ extends out onto a plain, over water
wqiˑw sle
wqʼa 3S-n quartz
wqʼas : /wqʼas/ quartz
wso 3Sn chest (of a person, animal)
wso : /wso/ chest
wsoʼaˑkʼ : /wsoʔaˑk/ little chest
wtʼamʼ 7Sv put on a lid, cover
wtʼamʼa : /wtʼamʼa/ puts a lid on, covers (a basket, pot, etc.)
r̲r̲e̲wtʼamʼa : /wtʼawtmʼa/ d. cover
wtʼamʼbli : /wtʼambli/ puts a lid back on
wtʼamʼoˑla : /wtʼamʼoˑla/ takes a lid off
wtʼamʼs : /wtʼamʼs/ lid, top

457
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wtʼamʼs\ʼa̲liˑa : /wtʼamʼslʼiˑya/ makes, gets a lid for someone
wy see oy giving a single obj.
wyʼa 3S-n mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana, Doug.). Cf. Modoc {qʼwiˑl} 3Sn which seems to be the same animal.
wyʼas : /wyʼas/ mountain sheep
wyʼg̣ see iwyʼg̣ into a container, receptacle
W
Wag\ʼ 7Sv steam
r̲é̲r̲Wag\ʼa : /WakWakʼa/ steams
sne̲r̲é̲r̲Wag\ʼa : /snaWakWakʼa/ steams something
r̲é̲r̲Wag\ʼs : /WakWaks/ steam
r̲é̲r̲Wag\ʼyeˑga : /WakWagyeˑga/ starts to steam
Wal 3S-n cliff, precipice
Walys : /Waliˑs/ cliff, precipice
Walyˑkʼ : /Waliˑk/ little cliff
Wal 4S-v sound, converse, make a noise
Waldga : /Waltga/ been chatting, conversing
Waldgs : /Waldaks/ conversation, talk
Waldgsg̣eˑni : /Waldaksg̣eˑni/ talking-place, parley-ground, council ground
Walpʼaqtn̲a : /Walpʼaqta/ echoes
Waltn̲a : /Walta/ makes noise
r̲e̲Waltn̲a : /WaWalta/ d. make noise
sne̲Waltn̲a : /snaWalta/ causes someone to make a noise; plays an instrument
Walwi : /Walwi/ (sound, rumor) spreads
sne̲Walwis : /snaWalwis/ snake rattles
Walyg̣i : /Waliˑg̣i/ tattles, tells a secret
Walyg̣is : /Waliˑg̣is/ tattletale
Wallwi 7Sv be bright-colored
Wallwi : /Wallwi/ is bright-colored (as a garment)
Wallwidk : /Wallwitk/ bright-colored
Wasg see oWasg away from, off
Waˑ 7-Sv swallow (?). Only in:
sniWaˑčnʼa : /sniWaˑčnʼa/ swallows an obj.
sniWaˑdgl : /sniWaˑtgal/ swallows a bite and gets up, “grabs a snack”
sniWaˑdglksi : /sniWaˑtgalksi/ “Eat-First-Place” (place name)

458
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
Weˑg̣ 3S-n mallard duck (Anas boschas). Onomatopoetic: its cry is /Weˑq Weˑq Weˑqeˑqeˑq!/. See Texts, 4.363.
Weˑg̣s : /Weˑqs/ mallard duck
r̲e̲Weˑg̣kʼa : /WeWeˑqkʼa/ d. little mallards
Weˑg̣sginʼa : /Weˑqsginʼa/ sp. of duck similar to a teal
Wič 7S-v be stiff (as hair, bristles)
Wiˑčdgi : /Wiˑčtgi/ becomes stiff
r̲e̲Wiˑčdgi : /WiWiˑčtgi/ d. become stiff
sne̲Wiˑčdgi : /sniWiˑčtgi/ makes something stiff
r̲é̲r̲Wičlʼi : /WičWičlʼi/ stiff
Witʼ 7Sv flop (as a fish)
r̲é̲r̲Witʼa : /WitWitʼa/ flops
r̲é̲r̲Witʼkanga : /WitWitkanga/ flops around
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲Witʼkanga : /WiWatWitkanga/ d. flop around
sne̲r̲é̲r̲Witʼkanga : /sniWatWitkanga/ makes something flop around
r̲é̲r̲Witʼlʼi : /WitWitlʼi/ floppy
Wiˑ 22sv almost, used to, nearly. This morpheme indicates that the action of the verb was begun but was not successful or not completed. Cf. {a̲ksg} 20sv “almost, came close to doing accidentally” which indicates that the action of the verb was never begun but only almost begun. Before {s} 24sv [noun ending], {Wiˑ} has the meaning “state or action now past but whose traces or effects remain.” This usage is similar in meaning to {w} 22sv [past noun], q.v.
ʔeččoʼWiˑa : /ʔeččoWiˑya/ almost sneezed
giWiˑdk : /giWiˑtk/ used to be
/geˑ ʔa honklʼam lačʼas giWiˑtk./ This used to be his house.
g̣wᵛoga̲Wiˑa : /g̣wokWiˑya/ almost bit (tried but failed)
haYkangWiˑa : /haYkankWiˑya/ almost succeeded in tracking someone
lolʼalbgWiˑs : /lolʼalbakWiˑs/ signs of pl. lying down (“pl.-lying-trace”)
ntoptn̲Wiˑa : /ntoptanWiˑya/ almost choked on a mouthful
pečlʼg̣Wiˑs : /pečlʼaqWiˑs/ footprint
sʔawiˑgWiˑa : /sʔawiˑkWiˑya/ almost became angry
sgeˑn̲iˑWiˑa : /sgeˑniˑWiˑya/ almost bought for someone
wen̲lʼg̣bliWiˑs : /welʔaqbliWiˑs/ scar (“returning-from-being-worn-down-traces”)
yᵛpadg̣Wiˑa : /yapatqWiˑya/ almost mashed something flat with the feet

459
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
Wiˑl 3Sn wheel. From English.
Wiˑl : /Wiˑl/ wheel
r̲e̲Wiˑl\ʼaˑkʼ : /WiWiˑlʼaˑk/ d. little wheels
wʼ
wʼa 3S-n coyote (Canis latrans). Cf. also {kʼolyʼaˑ} 3Sn with the same meaning (apparently a borrowed word).
wʼas : /wʼas/ coyote
wʼakʼa : /wʼakʼa/ little coyote
r̲e̲wʼakʼa : /wʼawkʼa/ d. little coyotes; name of a cat’s cradle figure
wʼakʼmʼč : /wʼakʼamʼč/ big old coyote
r̲e̲wʼakʼmʼč : /wʼawkʼamʼč/ d. big old coyotes
wʼas paLlʼg̣s : /wʼas paLʔaqs/ sp. of coyote (Gatschet gives “Vulpes velox”)
wʼagin 3-S-n red-headed woodpecker
r̲é̲r̲wʼagins : /wʼakwʼagins/ red-headed woodpecker
wʼalqʼačga 3Sn fisher (Mustela pennantii)
wʼalqʼačga : /wʼalqʼačga/ fisher
r̲e̲wʼalqʼačgaʼaˑkʼ : /wʼawʼalqʼačgaʔaˑk/ d. little fishers
wʼan 3Sn red fox. Gatschet lists this as “silver fox,” but the author’s informants uniformly gave it as “red fox” and gave silver fox as /heyhey/.
wʼan : /wʼan/ red fox
r̲e̲wʼan\ʼaˑkʼ : /wʼawnʼaˑk/ d. little red foxes
wʼan peˑtʼs : /wʼan peˑtʼas/ sp. of red fox
wʼawʼaˑq 3S-n ear. Apparently r̲e̲wʼaˑq or r̲e̲ʼwaˑq, but no distributive or intensive meaning. Moreover {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive] occurs before this form.
wʼawʼaˑqs : /wʼawʼaˑqs/ ear
wʼawʼaˑqkʼa : /wʼawʼaˑqkʼa/ little ear
r̲e̲wʼawʼaˑqkʼa : /wʼawʔaˑqkʼa/ d. little ears
r̲e̲wʼawʼaˑqkʼalmksi : /wʼawʔaˑqkʼalamksi/ “Little-Ears’-Place” (place name)
r̲e̲wʼawʼaˑqs : /wʼawʔaˑqs/ d. ears
wʼaˑlʼ see awʼaˑlʼ on the end
wʼaˑY see awʼaˑY waiting for, helping
wʼetʼ 7S-v throw a load, mass of objs. Also intransitive: load, mass of objs. fall.

460
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wʼetʼ (continued)
wʼetʼbli : /wʼetbli/ overturns a load, mass of objs.
wʼetʼčnʼa : /wʼetčnʼa/ throws a mass, load, away
swʼetʼčnʼa : /swʼetčnʼa/ makes a mass, load, fall; shakes off a mass (as leaves from a tree)
wʼetʼdga : /wʼettga/ throws a load, mass, out of a container. (intr. also)
wʼetʼdg̣a : /wʼettg̣a/ throws apart a load, mass; idiom: cleans a fish (by inserting the thumb back of the head and ripping down the back from head to tail. The backbone and innards could then be extracted in a single mass and disposed of)
wʼetʼg̣oga : /wʼetg̣oga/ throws a load, mass, into a container (as potatoes into a sack). (intr. also)
wʼetʼǰqʼa : /wʼetčqa/ throws a load, mass, onto and squashes or covers. (intr. also)
wʼetʼkanga : /wʼetkanga/ throws pl. objs. around here and there (as a load in the back of a jouncing truck). (intr. also)
swʼetʼkanga : /swʼetkanga/ throws a load, mass, around
wʼetʼliˑna : /wʼetʼliˑna/ throws a load. mass. off of the edge. off of a vehicle. (intr. also)
wʼetʼLa̲a : /wʼetLa/ throws a load, mass, onto a surface, onto a vehicle, onto the floor. (intr. also)
wʼetʼlʼaˑlʼa : /wʼetlʼaˑlʼa/ throws a load, mass, into the fire. (intr. also)
swʼetʼlʼaˑlʼa : /swʼetlʼaˑlʼa/ throws a load, mass, into the fire. Different from the last above?
wʼetʼlʼg̣a : /wʼetʼlg̣a/ throws a load, mass, down on the ground. (intr. also)
swʼetʼlʼg̣a : /swʼetʼlg̣a/ tears down a load, mass
wʼetʼqn̲a : /wʼetqa/ throws a load, mass, outside, out. (intr. also)
wʼetʼwi : /wʼetʼwi/ throws and spreads out a load, mass. (intr. also)
wʼetʼr̲wi : /wʼetʼoˑwi/ spreads out a substance all around. (intr. also)
wʼetʼwl : /wʼetʼwal/ throws a load. mass. on top of. (intr. also)
wʼetʼYeˑni̲ʼa : /wʼetYeˑnʼa/ throws a load, mass, inside
swʼetʼYeˑni̲ʼa : /swʼetYeˑnʼa/ makes a load, mass, fall around inside (as pebbles in a box)
wʼetʼYn̲lʼg̣a : /wʼetYallg̣a/ throws a load. mass, down alongside. (intr. also)
se̲wʼetʼYn̲lʼg̣a : /sewʼatYallg̣a/ adds to a pile for oneself

461
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wʼeˑ 2Sre1 first, before some other action
/hak hay stabačkʼik wʼeˑ!/ Let me wash first!
/noˑqtgi wʼeˑ!/ Let it get done first!
/lolplʼa wʼeˑ ʔa lobiˑ./ First he made eyes. (Texts, 2.45)
/slakʼaˑyiwapk wʼeˑ gen./ I’ll hang this (clothlike obj.) up first.
/gen wʼeˑ ni delčanwapk, lopyʼa gen nqottist./ I’ll look at this first, before it scorches on.
wʼeˑtʼ see owʼeˑtʼ over the edge, draped off the edge
wʼičʼ 7Sv be breathless. hold the breath
wʼičʼa : /wʼičʼa/ is breathless (from laughing, etc.); holds the breath
r̲e̲wʼičʼa : /wʼiwčʼa/ d. are breathless; d. hold the breath
wʼin 7S-v lie on the stomach. With {s} 3pv [transitive], this morpheme has the meaning “act with the body, put the body (on, under, against, etc.).”
wʼinbga : /wʼimpga/ is lying on the stomach
r̲e̲wʼinbga : /wʼiwʼampga/ d. are lying on the stomach
swʼinčnʼa : /swʼinčnʼa/ leans the body on as one goes
swʼinčnʼbga : /swʼinčampga/ is leaning the body against (as one leans back in an armchair)
swʼinr̲r̲é̲čʼwa̲a : /swʼinčʼwačʼwa/ shakes the body forward and backward
wʼindiˑla : /wʼindiˑla/ lies on the stomach underneath
r̲e̲wʼindiˑla : /wʼiwʼandiˑla/ d. lie on their stomachs underneath
swʼindiˑla : /swʼindiˑla/ puts the body underneath
wʼinǰqʼa : /wʼinčqʼa/ lies on the stomach on and covers. Also recorded: /wʼinsqʼa/.
swʼinkanga : /swʼinkanga/ rocks the body to and fro
swʼinkangoˑts : /swʼinkangoˑts/ rocking chair
swʼinkangoˑtkʼiˑkʼ : /swʼinkangoˑtkʼiˑk/ little rocking chair
wʼinlpeʼa : /wʼillpeʔa/ rolls in the snow (as part of a power quest). See lpeʼ.
wʼinLa̲a : /wʼilha/ lies flat on the stomach on a surface, on a vehicle, on the floor
wʼinLWn̲čʼn̲a : /wʼillWančʼa/ lies on the stomach on top of; slides down on the stomach
wʼinlʼg̣a : /wʼillg̣a/ lies down on the stomach
he̲swʼinlʼg̣a : /hiswʼallg̣a/ lays someone down on the stomach
wʼinqaˑyi̲ʼa : /wʼinqaˑyʼa/ lies on the stomach in the bushes, grass
swʼinqn̲bga : /swʼinqampga/ has the body out; is leaning out, through
wʼintn̲a : /wʼinta/ hangs onto, lies on the stomach and holds on

462
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sne̲wʼintn̲a : /sniwʼanta/ makes someone hang onto
swʼintn̲a : /swʼinta/ puts the body on, against
swʼinyg̣i : /swʼiniˑg̣i/ puts the body over; raises oneself up over
wʼig̣ 3-S-n magpie (Pica hudsonica)
r̲é̲r̲wʼig̣s : /wʼiqwʼiqs/ magpie; name of a cat’s cradle figure
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲wʼig̣kʼa : /wʼiwʼaqwʼiqkʼa/ d. little magpies
wʼiˑn see awʼiˑn among; into mud or snow
wʼiˑWi 3Sn cattail burr. Also swʼiˑWi in apparent free variation.
wʼiˑWi : /wʼiˑWi/ cattail burr. Or swʼiˑWi : /swʼiˑWi/.
y
y 4sn [kinship vocative]. Also iˑsga in one form. See Sec. 441.
kʼisyb! : /kʼisiˑp!/ Mommy!
qʼoliˑsga! : /qʼoliˑsga!/ Granny! Grandchild!
tisyb! : /tisiˑp!/ Daddy!
y 23sv 5sn [noun formant]. See Secs. 371 and 442.
čʼaˑsys : /čʼaˑsis/ skunk
čʼaˑsyʔmʼč : /čʼaˑsiʔamʼč/ big old skunk
r̲e̲čʼaˑsyˑkʼ : /čʼačʼaˑsiˑk/ d. little skunks
gᵛen̲ys : /geys/ (the) going; to go
/g̣esga ʔan geys./ I can’t go.
r̲e̲gᵛen̲ys : /gegnis/ habitual goer
lmen̲ys : /lmeys/ thunder; to thunder
r̲r̲e̲lmen̲ys : /lmelmnis/ habitual thunderer; the thunderbird
r̲r̲e̲lmen̲yˑkʼ : /lmelmniˑk/ little thunderer
qʼawʼys : /qʼawʼiˑs/ snail
r̲r̲e̲sʔawiˑgys : /sʔaswiˑgis/ one who is habitually angry
tʼomoˑlys : /tʼomoˑlis/ barrel
waqys : /waqiˑs/ ladder
Walys : /Waliˑs/ cliff, precipice
y see oy giving a single obj.
yᵛ 4S-v act with the foot, feet. Some forms seem to have no reference to action by the feet but seem to have a more general meaning; “act violently on.”
yᵛačqʼaˑqʼa : /yačqʼaˑqʼa/ strangles someone, chokes violently
r̲e̲ʼyᵛačqʼaˑqʼa : /yayʼačqʼaˑqʼa/ d. choke, strangle
yᵛawskanga : /yawskanga/ gropes around with the feet, shuffles along blindly

463
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
yᵛ (continued)
yᵛr̲é̲r̲baleˑʼa : /yabalbaleˑʔa/ flaps the wings, flutters
yᵛr̲é̲r̲baleˑʼs : /yabalbaleˑʔas/ small sp. of butterfly
yᵛčloqʼa : /yočlqʼa/ slips, feet slip. See čloqʼ.
yᵛčʼiqʼa : /yičqʼa/ squashes by pressure with the feet, weight, rubbing. See čʼiqʼ.
yᵛčʼosqʼa : /yočʼasqʼa/ steps on, mashes flat
yᵛgatʼa : /yaktʼa/ cuts in two, breaks in two with the foot, feet. See gattʼ.
yᵛiwbaˑtn̲a : /yiwbaˑta/ pushes up against
r̲e̲ʼyᵛiwbaˑtn̲a : /yiyʼoˑbaˑta/ d. push up against
yᵛiwčnʼa : /yiwčnʼa/ pushes along
yᵛiwg̣oga : /yiwg̣oga/ pushes into a container
r̲e̲se̲ʼyᵛiwg̣ogbli : /sisyʼoˑg̣okbli/ d. push back into a container on oneself, for oneself. (Texts, 13.93)
yᵛiwqn̲a : /yiwqa/ pushes out, through, outside
yᵛiwteˑga : /yiwteˑga/ pushes deep into
yᵛiwtn̲a : /yiwta/ pushes against, holds against
se̲ʼyᵛiwtn̲a : /siyʼoˑta/ holds against oneself
yᵛiwwa : /yiwwa/ pushes into water with the feet
yᵛiwwanga : /yiwwanga/ pushes over (as a tree, pole)
yᵛkawʼa : /yakwʼa/ kicks someone on a sore place
se̲ʼyᵛkawʼa : /sayʼakwʼa/ kicks oneself on a sore spot
yᵛkekʼa : /yekkʼa/ kicks, pushes on the back. See kekʼ.
yᵛkʼal\ʼa : /yaklʼa/ cuts someone’s foot. See kʼal\ʼ.
yᵛpadg̣a : /yapatg̣a/ mashes flat with the foot, feet. See padg̣.
yᵛpʼakʼa : /yapkʼa/ breaks a brittle obj. with the foot, feet. See pʼakʼ.
yᵛqewi̲ʼa : /yeqwʼa/ steps on and breaks, breaks something over a knee, over a rock (?). See qewi̲ʼ.
yᵛqʼočʼa : /yoqčʼa/ bends out of shape with the foot. See qʼočʼ.
yᵛqʼosliˑna : /yoqʼasliˑna/ sprains someone’s foot. See qʼos.
yᵛtewi̲ʼa : /yetwʼa/ steps on and breaks a surface (as ice). See tewi̲ʼ.
yᵛtitʼa : /yittʼa/ squeezes open a bulbous round obj. (as a boil)
yᵛtʼabkʼa : /yatʼapkʼa/ mashes up something sticky with the feet (as soft mud)
yᵛtʼeli̲ʼa : /yetlʼa/ squashes with the foot (with a single swift motion). See tʼeli̲ʼ.
yᵛtʼeLqʼa : /yetʼaLqʼa/ steps on and flattens (as one squashes an insect)

464
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ya 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
yaʼaˑkʼ : /yaʔaˑk/ place name
yadiˑ 3S-n “spirit rock.” RD stated that there used to be several of these on the Klamath Marsh almost in a straight line across the Marsh. They were rough columns of stone about four feet high and painted (or naturally colored?) a dark reddish brown. They were evil beings turned to stone by Crow’s laughter. These stones have now been destroyed to make a road across the Marsh.
yadiˑs : /yadiˑs/ “spirit stone,” evil being
r̲e̲yadiˑs : /yaydiˑs/ d. “spirit stones”
yags interjection. No certain meaning or analysis available from the present corpus. Only in:
yags dwaˑ! : /yaks dwaˑ!/ Oh my goodness! This expresses perplexity or irritation.
yahʔ see ayahʔ hiding, concealing
yahiˑ 3Sn type of bead. These were small and white (made of bone?)
yahiˑ : /yahiˑ/ type of small bead
yak see ʼokʼ. [inclusive]
yaksa 3Sn cane. Only BL gave this form. Other informants knew it but preferred: /heksg̣is/.
yaksa : /yaksa/ cane
r̲e̲ʼyaksaʼaˑkʼ : /yayʼaksa ʔaˑk/ d. little canes
yal 7S-v be clear (as water)
yaˑldgi : /yaˑltgi/ becomes clear
r̲e̲ʼyaˑldgi : /yayʼaˑltgi/ d. become clear
r̲é̲r̲yallʼi : /yalyalʔi/ clear
r̲é̲r̲yallʼant : /yalyalʔant/ “Where-It-Is-Clear” (place name: Spring Creek)
yal 8sv 8sn speaking the language of the preceding noun
basdinyalank : /basdinyalank/ in English
/basdinyalank ʔams ni swiniˑwapk./ I’ll sing for you in English.
maqlag̣syalank : /maqlaqsyalank/ in Klamath (“in-Indian”)
/naˑt daˑts maqlaqsyalank hemkanga./ We however speak in Klamath.
maqlag̣syals : /maqlaqsyals/ in Klamath
/g̣esga ʔan maqlaqsyals./ I can’t (speak) in Klamath.
moˑwa̲twaˑsyalank : /moˑwatwaˑsyalank/ in the Pit River language
/dam ʔi moˑwatwaˑsyalank hemkangat?/ Can you speak in the Pit River language?
yalqm 3Sn storm, thunderhead

465
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
yalqm : /yalqam/ storm, thunderhead
/yalqam giwapk./ It will storm.
yalqmʼa̲la : /yalqmʼala/ is storming, a storm is in the offing
yaml 3Sn pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus). From Modoc; cf. Klamath {koml} 3Sn.
yaml : /yamal/ pelican
yamn 3S-n bead (generic term), string of beads
yamns : /yamnas/ bead(s)
r̲e̲ʼyamnkʼa : /yayʼamnkʼa/ d. little beads
yamn see oyamn around, carrying or holding an obj.
yan 3S-n plant (Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.). This plant was similar to “ipos” ({g̣eˑ} 3S-n) and was eaten in much the same way.
yans : /yans/ plant (sp.)
yan 7S-v act upon a few nonround objs., long objs.
yanbaˑtn̲a : /yambaˑta/ leans a few nonround objs. against. (intr. also)
yandiˑla : /yandiˑla/ puts a few nonround objs. underneath. (intr. also)
yang̣oga : /yang̣oga/ puts a few nonround objs. into a container (as arrows into a quiver, flowers into a vase). (intr. also)
yankanga : /yankanga/ carries a few nonround objs. around here and there (as a bunch of poles)
yanLa̲a : /yalha/ puts a few nonround objs. down upon, upon a vehicle, surface (intr. also); few non round objs. above a decade (in counting; see Sec. 1031).
yanwl : /yanwal/ puts a few nonround objs. on top. (intr. also)
yany : /yaniˑ/ gives a few non round objs.
r̲e̲ʼyanyangat! : /yayʼanyangat!/ pl. please give d. nonround objs.!
yan see yanaˑ below, down below
yanal 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
yanaldi : /yanaldi/ place name: Agency Hill
yanaˑ 2Sl below, down below. Also yan. See Sec. 821.
yanaˑ : /yanaˑ/ down below
/geˑ dak nen ginaˑt yanaˑ./ That, however, is down over this way.
yant\ʼiˑt : /yantʼiˑt/ down below
/mbosaksawaˑs yantʼiˑt maqlaqsas gaˑʔaˑk sʔottʼiˑya./ Below Chiloquin he made it for the people long ago. (Texts. 26.1)
yantant : /yantant/ below, down below

466
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/noˑ ʔa mis yantant čiˑya./ I live down below you (i.e., on lower terrain, lower on a slope).
/čoy sa gen qʼay dadaˑ wotʼoˑyg̣i git yantant, kyem ة/ And they never caught them below here, fish … (Texts, 15.75)
yaNWaˑ 2Sra weakly
yaNWaˑ : /yaNWaˑ/ weakly
/yaNWaˑ lis ʔans sdaynas gitk./ I have a weak heart. (“Weakly my heart being!”)
yaNWaˑni : /yaNWaˑni/ weak one, weak
/hoˑt ʔa moˑ yaNWaˑni hiswaqs./ He’s a very weak man.
r̲e̲ʼyaNWaˑni : /yayʼaNWaˑni/ d. weak ones
yaNWaˑnʼs : /yaNWaˑnʼs/ weak one [o]. Or yaNWaˑyʼeˑnʼs : /yaNWaˑyʼeˑnʼs/ .
/yaNWaˑyʼeˑnʼs ʔa noˑ sliwapk./ I’ll shoot the weak one.
yawg̣ 7Sv give medicine; medicine
yawg̣a : /yawg̣a/ gives medicine to someone
r̲e̲ʼyawg̣a : /yayʼoˑg̣a/ d. give medicine
se̲ʼyawg̣a : /sayʼoˑg̣a/ takes medicine oneself
yawg̣s : /yawqs/ medicine
yawg̣sa̲lks : /yawqsalks/ “Medicine-Getting-Place”: a rock where consumptives spat in order to gain a cure. Also called ʔoqsoʼsʔm sloqʼtn̲ys : /ʔoqsosʔam sloqtis/ “Cough’s-Spitting-on.”
yawg̣smeˑn : /yawqsmeˑn/ doctor (white man’s doctor)
yawk 2Sl next door, neighboring
yawk : /yawk/ next door
/yawk ʔan genwapk./ I’m going next door.
yawkkniˑ : /yawkkniˑ/ neighbor, people next door
yawqʼl 3Sn bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus)
yawqʼl : /yawqʼal/ bald eagle
yawqʼl\ʼaˑkʼ : /yawqlʼaˑk/ little bald eagle
yawqʼlmksi : /yawqʼlamksi/ “Bald-Eagle’s-Place” (place name)
yaˑ 3S-n willow (Salix, sp.). Willow shoots were used in basketry, and the larger burden baskets were woven entirely of willow withes.
yaˑs : /yaˑs/ willow(s)
r̲e̲ʼyaˑkʼa : /yayʼaˑkʼa/ d. little willows
r̲e̲ʼyaˑkʼa liwykiˑns : /yayʼaˑkʼa liwiˑkiˑns/ “Little-Willows-in-a-Group-on-the-Edge” (place name)
r̲e̲ʼyaˑkʼar̲r̲ksi : /yayʼaˑkʼaksaksi/ “Little-Willows-Place” (place name)

467
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
yaˑs ksᵛawʼaˑlʼs : /yaˑs ksawʼaˑlʼs/ “Willow-on-the-End” (place name). Use of {ksᵛ} 4S-v “act on a live obj.”?
yaˑs ksᵛelwys : /yaˑs kselwis/ “Willow-Beside-the-Edge” (place name). Use of {ksᵛ} 4S-v “act on a live obj.”.?
yaˑ interjection oh! Often with voice qualifiers and extra vowel length.
yaˑ : /yaˑ/ Oh!
yaˑdg see ayaˑdg avoiding, out of the way
yaˑhʔ 3-S-n proper name; Yayʼahyaˑhʔas. This myth character is said to be an old man who runs along the hillside shouting : /yayʼahyʼaˑˑˑ! yayʼahyʼaˑˑˑ!/. He has one leg shorter than the other, and this he uses to advantage in chasing his victims along the slope, keeping the short leg on the uphill side. He appears in a myth recorded by Curtin (1912). Prompted by this myth, BL recalled the details above but could not tell the myth. Only in:
r̲e̲ʼr̲é̲r̲yaˑhʔs : /yayʼahyaˑhʔas/ proper name: Yayʼahyaˑhʔas
yaˑma̲ 7Sv blow from the north; north
yaˑma̲a : /yaˑma/ blows from the north
yaˑma̲kniˑ : /yaˑmakniˑ/ northern people. This term is applied to all of the Columbia River tribes.
yaˑma̲kstʼa : /yaˑmakstʼa/ on the north side. Recorded a few times as /yaˑmokstʼa/ (?).
yaˑma̲s : /yaˑmas/ north wind
yaˑma̲t : /yaˑmat/ north
yaˑma̲tdalʼ : /yaˑmatdalʼ/ toward the north
yaˑma̲tdalʼkniˑ : /yaˑmatdalʼkniˑ/ from the north
yaˑmi̲ʼ admire, appreciate an obj. or person
yaˑmi̲ʼa : /yaˑmʼa/ admires (something, someone)
r̲e̲ʼyaˑmi̲ʼa : /yayʼaˑmʼa/ d. admire
se̲ʼyaˑmi̲ʼa : /sayʼaˑmʼa/ admires oneself, each other
se̲ʼyaˑmi̲ʼdk : /sayʼaˑmitk/ one who admires himself (or herself)
yaˑmi̲ʼiˑa : /yaˑmʼiˑya/ admires something for someone (as one might admire a fine suit for one’s son)
yaˑmi̲ʼs : /yaˑmis/ admiration; to admire
/g̣esga ʔan honks yaˑmis./ I can’t admire him.
yaˑnWa 3sd which of two. See Sec. 630. Only in:
kayaˑnWa : /kayaˑnWa/ which of two?
/kayaˑnWa ʔi sanʼaˑWawli?/ Which one (of two) do you want?
r̲e̲kayaˑnWa : /kakyaˑnWa/ d. which of two?
/kakyaˑnWa ʔi sanʼaˑWawli?/ Which ones (of two choices) do you want?

468
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
yaˑnWaʼ 7Sv be gloomy. Possibly cf. {yaNWaˑ} 2Sra “weakly.” Only in:
se̲ʼyaˑnWaʼa : /sayʼaˑnWaʔa/ is gloomy
yb see a̲b [kinship suffix]
yebn̲ 7Sv dig a hole
yebn̲a : /yeba/ digs, scrapes out a hole
r̲e̲yebn̲a : /yeyba/ d. dig
yebn̲dgi : /yebantgi/ wants someone to dig
yebn̲diˑla : /yebandiˑla/ digs underneath
yebn̲kanga : /yebankanga/ digs here and there; idiom: shuffles the feet, struggles to go but can’t
yebn̲r̲kyamna : /yebankkakyamna/ digs all around some central obj.
yebn̲oˑla : /yebnoˑla/ finishes digging
yebn̲oˑts : /yebnoˑts/ elkhorn adze (“digger”)
yebn̲oˑtkʼiˑkʼ : /yebnoˑtkʼiˑk/ little elkhorn adze
yebn̲oˑtkʼyakʼd̲atga : /yebnoˑtkʼyakkʼatga/ with a little elkhorn adze
yebn̲tqʼaga : /yebantqʼaga/ digs something up
yebn̲ys : /yebiˑs/ (the) digging; to dig
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔa hoˑt gida yebiˑs./ He wants to dig here.
yečʼeˑlʼ 7Sv masturbate
yečʼeˑlʼa : /yečʼeˑlʼa/ masturbates someone
se̲yečʼeˑlʼa : /seyčʼeˑlʼa/ masturbates oneself
r̲e̲se̲yečʼeˑlʼa : /sesiˑčʼeˑlʼa/ d. masturbate
yeq 7Sv celebrate, rejoice; howl (as a coyote). Only in:
yeqa : /yeqa/ celebrates, rejoices; (coyote) howls; idiom: offends someone in mourning by being jovial
yeywi 7Sv be proud of, value highly. Also yeˑywi in apparent free variation.
yeywi : /yeywi/ is proud of, values highly. Or yeˑywi : /yeˑywi/.
r̲e̲ʼyeˑywi : /yeyʼeˑywi/ d. are proud of. No form with yeywi was recorded.
se̲ʼyeywi : /seyʼiˑwi/ is proud of oneself, each other. Or se̲ʼyeˑywi : /seyʼeˑywi/.
yeˑg 17sv starting, beginning. Cf. also {oyeˑg} 11sv “up, raising.” See Sec. 363.
g̣eyeˑgbli : /g̣eyeˑkbli/ starts to grow back
ken̲yeˑga : /kenyeˑga/ starts to snow
ksiwlʼg̣yeˑgsi : /ksiwlʼag̣yeˑksi/ while … starting to dance
/ksiwlʼag̣yeˑksi ʔans, hoˑt snaWalta bambam./ While I started to dance, he played the drum.
lᵛtʼasčnʼyeˑga : /latʼasčanyeˑga/ starts to iron (clothes)

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ngatʼyeˑgkangyeˑga : /ngatʼyeˑkkangyeˑga/ starts to jump up and down here and there
r̲é̲r̲tʼiw\ʼyeˑga : /tʼiwtʼiwyeˑga/ starts to tremble, shiver
yeˑg see oyeˑg up, raising, lifting
yeˑg̣i see oyg̣i up, above, over
yeˑn 3Sn mullet (Catostomus labiatus Gird.)
yeˑn : /yeˑn/ mullet (sp.)
r̲e̲ʼyeˑn\ʼaˑkʼ : /yeyʼeˑnʼaˑk/ d. little mullets (sp.)
yeˑni̲ʼ see oyeˑni̲ʼ inside, action inside
yeˑwa̲ 7Sv blow from the south-east; south-east. RD felt that this was properly “east,” but Mr. Pompey contrasted it with {loby} 2Sl “before, first, in front,” which occurs in several constructions with the meaning “east.”
yeˑwa̲a : /yeˑwa/ blows from the south-east
yeˑwa̲kstʼa : /yeˑwakstʼa/ on the south-east side
yeˑwa̲s : /yeˑwas/ south-east wind
yeˑwa̲t : /yeˑwat/ south-east
yeˑywi see yeywi be proud of, value highly
yg̣ see oyg̣i up, above, over
yg̣ag see oyg̣ag out of water
yg̣i see oyg̣i up, above, over
ykag see oykag escaping
ykiˑn see oykiˑn out of fire, out of water, to the edge, in a line
yo 7S-v pity, be pitiful (?). Only in;
yor̲dga : /yotdatga/ longs for, feels sad when someone goes away
yolʼg̣a : /yolʼg̣a/ pities someone
se̲ʼyolʼg̣a : /soyʼalg̣a/ pities oneself, each other
r̲e̲ʼyolʼg̣wk : /yoyʼalg̣ok/ because of taking pity
/ʔat ʔams ni satʼwaˑYa, yoyʼalg̣ok, maˑms ʔi qʼay satʼwaˑYdaksči./ Now I am helping you, taking pity, even though you are not worth helping. (Texts, 16.56)
r̲e̲ʼyolʼg̣sči : /yoyʼalqsči/ poor, pitiful
yohoˑ 3Sn buffalo (Bos americanus)
yohoˑ : /yohoˑ/ buffalo
r̲e̲ʼyohoˑʼaˑkʼ : /yoyʼahwʼaˑk/ d. little buffaloes. RD also gave r̲e̲yohoˑʼaˑkʼ : /yoyhoˑʔaˑk/.
yoqma 3Sn digging stick. With {ʔm} 7sn [collective], this denotes the tree from which these were most commonly made. This form may be Modoc, since the common Klamath term for this is: /ʔamda/, q.v.
yoqma : /yoqma/ digging stick

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
yoqmalm : /yoqmalam/ mountain mahogany
ys 4sn [kinship plural]. Also s. See Sec. 44l.
bʔaˑnysa̲b : /pʔaˑnisap/ woman’s elder brothers [n]
bʔaˑnysa : /pʔaˑnisa/ woman’s elder brothers [o]
bʔaˑnysm : /pʔaˑnisam/ woman’s elder brothers’
bʔomǰysa̲b : /pʔomǰisap/ cousins [n]
bqʼolysa̲b : /pqʼoliˑsap/ grandmothers (mother’s mothers); grandchildren [n]
btisysa̲b : /ptisiˑsap/ fathers [n]
btisysa : /ptisiˑsa/ fathers [o]
btisysm : /ptisiˑsam/ fathers’
btodsa̲b : /ptotsap/ daughters-in-law [n]
ywi̲ʼ see oywi̲ʼ action upon pl.
ywwi see aywwi spreading out
yWiˑlg̣ 10sv [unknown meaning]. Only in:
mʼolwʼyWiˑlg̣ang! : /mʼolwʼayWiˑlg̣ank!/ Get ready! (exact meaning uncertain)
Y
Ya see oYn̲ alongside. along a mountainside, riverbank
Yakʼ 7Sv whimper, sob; hiccough
r̲é̲r̲Yakʼa : /YakYakʼa/ whimpers, sobs
Yakʼčʼn̲a : /Yakčʼa/ hiccoughs
r̲e̲Yakʼčʼn̲a : /YaYakčʼa/ d. hiccough
Yatb 10sv three-sided, ending in a dead end. An allomorph with an initial vowel is likely but was not elicited. Only in:
ginYatbys : /ginYatbis/ box canyon, a three-sided space ending in a dead end
Yeˑni̲ʼ see oyeˑni̲ʼ inside, action inside
Yn̲ see oYn̲ alongside, along a mountainside, riverbank
Yog̣ 3-S-n armpit
r̲e̲r̲Yog̣s : /YoqYaqs/ armpit. An early recording from the Pompeys is either incorrectly written or has an unexplainable w:
/wYoqYaqs/ .
yʼ
yʼa 2Sre2 [dubitative:] wonder, perhaps. With {bas} 2Srp6 “wonder…?,”

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
	this item has an added connotation of sarcasm and disapproval.
/ʔi yʼa nen lmena?/ Is that you thundering? (Texts, 13.16)
/hok yʼa?/ Is it? (Texts, 38.80)
/ʔaMkʼa Naˑs beˑn yʼa hoččnʼa, hiˑtdalʼ./ Perhaps somebody else is running, towards there. (Texts, 39.6)
/geˑ hiswaqs dwaˑ—ptisap yʼa, wag̣eˑnha bloksip./ This man is something—perhaps the father, or possibly the grandfather. (Texts, 39.17)
/ʔisalqʼi ʔakyʼa gen ʔilg̣a./ Perhaps he is planting corn. (Texts, 39.27)
/geˑ basyʼa qʼa bobanwis!/ Isn’t he an awful drinker!
/dwaˑ basyʼa geˑ stilčipga./ Wonder what this one is coming to tell.
yʼagi 3Sn burden basket. This was woven of coarse willows and was carried on the back by a strap passed over the shoulders. (Barrett, p. 274)
yʼagi : /yʼagi/ burden basket
r̲e̲yʼagiʼaˑkʼ : /yʼayʼakyʼaˑk/ d. little burden baskets
yʼam 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
yʼamsiˑ : /yʼamsiˑ/ place name: Yamsay
yʼamsiˑni : /yʼamsiˑni/ one from Yamsay
yʼaM 7S-v forget. Only with {dgi} 8sv “turn, become.”
yʼaMdgi : /yʼaMtgi/ forgets
r̲e̲yʼaMdgi : /yʼayʼaMtgi/ d. forget
sne̲yʼaMdgi : /snayʼaMtgi/ makes someone forget
yʼaMdgiank : /yʼaMdagyank/ having forgotten
yʼaMdgiWiˑa : /yʼaMtgiWiˑya/ almost forgot
yʼaMkʼ 7Sv be lazy
yʼaMkʼa : /yʼaMkʼa/ is lazy
sne̲yʼaMkʼa : /snayʼaMkʼa/ makes someone lazy
yʼaMkʼs : /yʼaMkʼas/ lazy person, laziness
yʼan see yʼeˑnʼ [nonnominative theme formant]
yʼas 4sd [nonnominative plural]. Also yʼes in apparent free variation. See Sec. 623.
geˑyʼasm : /geˑyʼasam/ their (proximate)
/geˑ ʔa geˑyʼasam wonč./ This is their canoe.
geˑyʼasmksi : /geˑyʼasamksi/ their place
geˑyʼasmkstʼa : /geˑyʼasamkstʼa/ on their side
hongyʼasm : /honkyʼasam/ their (remote)
hongyʼass : /honkyʼas/ them [o]
/honkyʼas ni lwela./ I slew them.

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲e̲kayʼasm : /kakyʼasam/ some people’s, whose?
/kakyʼasam ʔa geˑ weweˑ ʔas?/ Whose children are these?
r̲e̲kayʼass : /kakyʼas/ some people, whom ([o])
neˑyʼasm : /neˑyʼasam/ their (absent)
neˑyʼass : /neˑyʼas/ them (absent) [o]
yʼasg̣ see ayʼasg̣ on the male genitals, in front of the loins
yʼaynʼa 3Sn mountain
yʼayna : /yʼaynʼa/ mountain
yʼaynʼaʼaˑkʼ : /yʼaynʼaʔaˑk/ little mountain
yʼaynʼaʼaˑkʼs : /yʼaynʼaʔaˑks/ “Little-Mountain-Place” (place name)
r̲e̲yʼaynʼaʼaˑkʼ : /yʼaʔiˑnʼaʔaˑk/ d. little mountains. A misrecording for */yʼayʼiˑnʼaʔaˑk/?
yʼaynʼaks : /yʼaynʼaks/ “Mountain-Place” (place name: Yainax)
yʼaynʼatiˑ weg̣etʼs : /yʼaynʼatiˑ weg̣etʼas/ tree frog (Hyla regilla) (“frog-from-the-mountain”)
yʼaˑY see ayʼaˑY in front of, ahead of, over this way
yʼes see yʼas [nonnominative plural]
yʼeˑnʼ 4sn 7sd 6sa 5sl [nonnominative theme formant]. Also ʼan, ʼeˑnʼ, an, eˑnʼ, n, and yʼan. See Secs. 441, 623, 731, and 832.
domeˑnʼm : /domeˑnʼam/ many’s, of many
domeˑnʼs : /domeˑnʼs/ many [o]
domant : /domant/ in many
domantga : /domantga/ with many. See dom.
g̣eˑlant : /g̣eˑlant/ on the ground
g̣eˑlantga : /g̣eˑlantga/ on foot. See g̣eˑla and Secs. 441 and 731.
naˑnok\ʼeˑnʼm : /naˑnokʼeˑnʼam/ all’s, of all
naˑnok\ʼant : /naˑnokʼant/ in all. See naˑnok.
tewnʼipʼant : /tewnʼipʼant/ on ten
/tewnʼipʼant Naˑs/ eleven (“on-ten, one”). See tewnʼip.
wenniˑyʼantga : /wenniˑyʼantga/ with a different one
yaNWaˑyʼeˑnʼm : /yaNWaˑyʼeˑnʼam/ weak one’s
yaNWaˑyʼeˑnʼs : /yaNWaˑyʼeˑnʼs/ weak one [o]
yʼoqʼ 7Sv itch
r̲é̲ˑr̲yʼoqʼa : /yʼoˑqyʼoqʼa/ itches
yʼoˑqʼdgi : /yʼoˑqtgi/ becomes itchy
sne̲yʼoˑqʼdgi : /snoyʼoˑqtgi/ makes one itch
yʼoqʼ 7-Sv cut the hair, shave
ʔᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /ʔoyʼoˑqʼa/ shaves someone

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲e̲ʔᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /ʔoˑyʼoˑqʼa/ d. shave someone
se̲ʔᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /soˑyʼoˑqʼa/ shaves oneself
r̲e̲se̲ʔᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /sosoˑyʼoˑqʼa/ d. shave themselves, each other
se̲ʔᵛyʼoˑqʼoˑts : /soˑyʼoˑqʼoˑts/ razor
pᵛyʼoqʼsga : /poyʼaqsga/ pulls off a hair
pᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /poyʼoˑqʼa/ pulls pl. hairs
se̲pᵛyʼoˑqʼoˑts : /sopyʼoˑqʼoˑts/ tweezers
qdᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /qdoyʼoˑqʼa/ cuts someone’s hair
r̲r̲e̲qdᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /qdoqtyʼoˑqʼa/ d. cut someone’s hair
se̲qdᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /soqtyʼoˑqʼa/ cuts one’s own, each other’s, hair
qdᵛyʼoˑqʼča̲a : /qdoyʼoˑqča/ goes to get the hair cut
r̲e̲se̲qdᵛyʼoˑqʼkʼys : /sosaqtyʼoˑqkʼis/ barbershop
r̲r̲e̲qdᵛyʼoˑqʼys : /qdoqtyʼoˑqʼis/ barber
yʼoˑ 4S-v shoot a bow and arrow, gun, pl. times
yʼoˑčabga : /yʼoˑčapga/ shoots and finishes (all one’s cartridges)
yʼoˑčnʼa : /yʼoˑčnʼa/ shoots pl. times as one goes along
se̲yʼoˑdang̣a : /soyʼoˑdang̣a/ shoot pl. times together; idiom: bring a project to a successful end together
yʼoˑdiˑla : /yʼoˑdiˑla/ shoots pl. times underneath
yʼoˑdtʼa : /yʼoˑttʼa/ shoots pl. times
yʼoˑdi! : /yʼoˑdi!/ shoot pl. times!
yʼoˑdiča̲a : /yʼoˑdiča/ goes to shoot pl. times
yʼoˑdidga : /yʼoˑditga/ been shooting pl. times
yʼoˑdilgi : /yʼoˑdilgi/ comes to shoot
yʼoˑdis : /yʼoˑdis/ the shooting (pl. times); to shoot pl. times
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan yʼoˑdis./ I want to shoot (pl. times—target practice).
yʼoˑdtʼat! : /yʼoˑttʼat!/ pl. shoot pl. times!
r̲e̲yʼoˑdtʼys : /yʼoyʼoˑttʼis/ habitual shooter, marksman
se̲yʼoˑLWn̲ys : /soyʼoˑLWis/ skunk (“shooter-along-his-own-back”—a nickname)
yʼoˑlʼg̣a : /yʼoˑlg̣a/ shoots down to the ground, doesn’t shoot far
se̲yʼoˑlʼg̣a : /soyʼoˑlg̣a/ practices shooting (meaning?)
yʼoˑmni : /yʼoˑmni/ shoots up pl. times
yʼoˑmniat! : /yʼoˑmanyat!/ pl. shoot up pl. times!
yʼoˑsg̣n̲a : /yʼoˑsg̣a/ shoots through a tube pl. times; idiom: makes the “inside” gesture in the handgame, indicating that the marked bones are in the pattern oxxo.
yʼoˑtln̲čnʼa : /yʼoˑtlančnʼa/ shoots to one side

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
yʼoˑr̲tn̲nʼa : /yʼoˑttanʔa/ shoots pl. times at
se̲yʼoˑr̲tn̲nʼa : /soyʼoˑttanʔa/ shoot back and forth at each other
yʼoˑyg̣i : /yʼoˑyg̣i/ shoots over, above
yʼoˑ 2Srp4 [hortative, imperative]. Rare.
/ʔat yʼoˑ naˑt genʔa!/ Now let’s go!
/ʔat yʼoˑ naˑt babatgalnʼa!/ Now let’s get up!
yʼoˑt see oyʼoˑt trading; throwing a spear
ˑ
ˑ 6pSv [intensive, action upon pl. objs.]. See Sec. 333.
čʼlᵉtʼekʼa : /čʼletkʼa/ tears to pieces with the fingernails
čʼlᵉtʼeˑkʼa : /čʼletʼeˑkʼa/ tears all to pieces, tears pl. to pieces with the fingernails
kᵛpʼačʼa : /kapčʼa/ pokes out someone’s eye, blinds with a pointed instrument
r̲e̲kᵛpʼačʼa : /kakapčʼa/ d. poke out an eye
kᵛpʼaˑčʼa : /kapʼaˑčʼa/ pokes out pl. eyes
r̲e̲kᵛpʼaˑčʼa : /kakpʼaˑčʼa/ d. poke out pl. eyes
lᵛtitʼa : /littʼa/ cuts open a bulbous round obj. with a round obj. (as a flint knife)
lᵛtiˑtʼa : /litiˑtʼa/ cuts open pl. bulbous round objs. with a round obj.
r̲e̲lᵛtiˑtʼa : /liltiˑtʼa/ d. cut open pl. bulbous round objs. (as sacks, boils)
npʼakʼa : /mpʼakʼa/ shatters, breaks to pieces with a round instrument
npʼaˑkʼa : /mpʼaˑkʼa/ shatters pl. with a round instrument
r̲r̲e̲npʼaˑkʼa : /mpʼampʼaˑkʼa/ d. shatter pl. with a round instrument
stewi̲ʼa : /stewʼa/ breaks a surface with a sharp instrument (as ice, glass)
steˑwi̲ʼa : /steˑwʼa/ breaks pl. surfaces (or the same surface pl. times) with a sharp instrument
ˑ dgi see dgi turn, become
ˑkʼ see ʼaˑkʼ [diminutive]
ˑmo see moˑ very, much, big
ˑs see ʼaˑs place(s), in (some number) places

475
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
∅
∅ see ʔm [possessive]
∅ see a [indicative]
∅ see g [nominative plural]
∅ see i [imperative singular]
∅ see ng [demonstrative nonnominative]
∅ see s [noun formant]