300
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
pelwi 2Sl next door, neighboring, nearby
pelwi : /pelwi/ next door, nearby
pelwis : /pelwis/ one next door, neighbor
peL\ʼ 7-Sv shake all over. Only in:
swʼᵛr̲e̲r̲peL\ʼa : /swʼepaLplʼa/ shakes all over, shakes oneself (as a wet dog)
peqʼ 7Sv wear a belt (?). Meaning uncertain; only RD recalled this item (an occurrence seems to appear in Spier, p. 190).
peqʼdiˑla : /peqdiˑla/ wears a belt underneath
se̲peqʼdiˑla : /sepaqdiˑla/ wears underneath one’s own clothes
peqʼs : /peqʼas/ belt of rawhide (RD)
pew 7S-v act upon a few round objs. Cf. also {pewL} 3S-n “saddle blanket” (possibly pewLa̲).
pewdiˑla : /pewdiˑla/ puts a few round objs. underneath. (intr. also)
pewkanga : /pewkanga/ carries a few round objs. around here and there
pewLa̲a : /pewLa/ puts a few round objs. down upon, onto a vehicle (intr. also); pl. round objs. above a decade in counting (see Sec. 1031)
r̲e̲pewLa̲a : /pepoˑLa/ d. put a few round objs. down upon
pewlʼg̣a : /pewlg̣a/ puts down a few round objs.
se̲pewlʼg̣a : /sepoˑlg̣a/ puts a few round objs. down upon oneself. Used in Texts for “puts (eyes) in the back of one’s head.”
pewwl : /pewwal/ puts a few round objs. on top of. (intr. also)
r̲e̲pewwl : /pepoˑwal/ d. put a few round objs. on top
pewy : /pewiˑ/ gives a few round objs.
r̲e̲pewy : /pepwi/ d. each give a few round objs.
pewL 3S-n saddle blanket (used before the white man’s saddle became common in the Klamath area). Possibly identifiable as {pew eLa̲} “put-a-few-round-objs.-down-upon.” See the preceding entry.
pewLs : /pewLas/ saddle blanket
pewqʼy 7Sv embrace
pewqʼya : /pewqʼya/ embraces
r̲e̲pewqʼya : /pepoˑqʼya/ d. embrace
se̲pewqʼywabg : /sepoˑqʼiwapk/ will embrace each other
peˑnhi 7Sv be naked
peˑnhi : /peˑnhi/ is naked
he̲speˑnhi : /hespeˑnhi/ strips someone naked
r̲e̲peˑnhi : /pepeˑnhi/ d. are naked

301
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
peˑp 3Sn pine marten (Mustela americana)
peˑp : /peˑp/ pine marten
r̲e̲peˑp\ʼaˑkʼ : /pepeˑpʼaˑk/ d. little pine martens
peˑtʼ 3S-n [unknown meaning]. Only in:
wʼan peˑtʼs : /wʼan peˑtʼas/ sp. of red fox
peˑw 7Sv bathe
peˑwa : /peˑwa/ bathes
he̲speˑwa : /hespeˑwa/ bathes someone
r̲e̲he̲speˑwa : /hehaspeˑwa/ d. bathe someone
r̲e̲peˑwa : /pepeˑwa/ d. bathe
peˑwča̲a : /peˑwča/ goes to bathe
peˑwča̲nʼa! : /peˑwčnʼa!/ let’s go bathe!
r̲e̲peˑwkʼys : /pepeˑwkʼis/ bathing place, spa
peˑwoˑla : /peˑwoˑla/ finishes bathing
peˑws : /peˑwas/ the bathing, to bathe
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan peˑwas./ I want to bathe.
r̲e̲he̲speˑws : /hehaspeˑwas/ the bathing of d.; to bathe d.
/woNa ʔan honkyʼas hehaspeˑwas./ I finished bathing them.
pikča 3Sn picture. From English.
pikča : /pikča/ picture
r̲e̲pikčaʼaˑkʼ : /pipakčaʔaˑk/ d. little pictures
pinoˑ 7S-v overtake
pinoˑčnʼa : /pinoˑčnʼa/ catches up with someone going along
pinoˑča̲a : /pinoˑča/ goes to overtake someone
pinoˑdbn̲a : /pinoˑtba/ catches up with someone as he reaches home
pinoˑqʼya : /pinoˑqʼya/ overtakes someone on the road, in the doorway
pinoˑwa : /pinoˑwa/ catches up with someone in the water, in a flat place
pipiˑkʼ 7Sv put on, wear a bracelet. Possibly r̲e̲piˑkʼ, but no distributive or intensive meaning and no attesting forms.
pipiˑkʼa : /pipiˑkʼa/ puts on a bracelet, wears a bracelet
pipiˑkʼdk : /pipiˑkʼatk/ wearing a bracelet
pipiˑkʼs : /pipiˑks/ bracelet
pipiˑkʼkʼa : /pipiˑkkʼa/ little bracelet
plen 2S-l above, on top. Cf. also {blay} 2Sl “above.” See Sec 821.
plent : /plent/ on top
/čoy sa hon snʼogaˑ, ka hakt plent ʔambo siˑksikʼapks gin hompča dičʼaˑ gi./ And they caught even those moving on the top of the water [which] were good thus. (Texts, 15.40)

302
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
plentant : /plentant/ above, on top
/hoˑt ʔa ʔečʼas plentant g̣itLa./ He poured milk on top.
/noˑ ʔa plentant mis čiˑya./ I live above you (in an upper story).
pleya 3Sn prayer. From English.
pleya : /pleya/ prayer
pleya gi : /pleya gi/ prays
pni 3Sn wild onion (sp. of Allium). Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive].
pni : /pni/ wild onion
r̲e̲pniʼaˑkʼ : /pipnaʔaˑk/ d. little wild onions
pniw 7S-v blow (breath)
pniwbčʼa : /pniwpčʼa/ blows out (a candle, light)
r̲r̲e̲pniwbčʼa : /pnipnoˑpčʼa/ d. blowout a light
pniwkslʼa : /pniwkslʼa/ blows on a fire (to make it burn)
pniwliˑna : /pniwliˑna/ blows something off the edge (as one blows a bit of grass off one’s table, book)
pniwqn̲a : /pniwqa/ blows through, out of
r̲r̲e̲pniwqn̲bli : /pnipnoˑqambli/ d. blow something back out of
pniwsg̣n̲a : /pniwsg̣a/ blows through a tube
pniwtn̲a : /pniwta/ blows on
pniwtn̲nʼa : /pniwtanʔa/ blows on repeatedly
se̲pniwr̲tn̲nʼa : /sipnoˑttanʔa/ keeps blowing on oneself (as on one’s hands in cold weather)
pniwwa : /pniwwa/ blows on liquid
poliˑ 3Sn police. From English. This could be analyzed as pol plus {y} 23sv 5sn [noun formant], but the usual allomorph of {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive] after {y} is ˑkʼ.
poliˑs : /poliˑs/ police(man)
r̲e̲poliˑkʼa : /popliˑkʼa/ d. little policemen
pom 3Sn beaver (Castor canadensis pacificus, Rhoads)
pom : /pom/ beaver
pom\ʼaˑkʼ : /pomʼaˑk/ little beaver; muskrat (the muskrat is a recent importation into the area)
r̲e̲pom\ʼaˑkʼ : /popmʼaˑk/ d. little beavers; d. muskrats
pop 3S-n cattail (Typha latifolia?). The roots of this plant were eaten, and the stalks were used in basketry.
pops : /popas/ cattail(s)

303
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
popsʔm : /popsʔam/ the cattail plant, species
popwʼeg 3S-n horned toad
popwʼegs : /popwʼeks/ horned toad
popʼ 7+Sv have a nosebleed, make the nose bleed
popʼa : /popʼa/ has a nosebleed
čʼlᵉpopʼa : /čʼloppʼa/ makes someone’s nose bleed by pinching, scratching
ktpopʼa : /kpopʼa/ hits and bloodies someone’s nose
se̲ktpoˑpʼa : /sokpoˑpʼa/ bloody each other’s noses
wpopʼa : /wpopʼa/ hits with a long instrument and bloodies someone’s nose
poqʼoˑ 3Sn bucket. This was originally a tightly woven basket covered with pitch. An empty bucket is still treated as a “cloth-like obj.” in the semantic system.
poqʼoˑ : /poqʼoˑ/ bucket
poqʼoˑʼaˑkʼ : /poqʼoˑʔaˑk/ little bucket
r̲e̲poqʼoˑʼaˑkʼ : /popaqwʼaˑk/ d. little buckets
poqʼoˑnkas : /poqʼoˑnkas/ “Bucket-Belly” (man’s proper name)
posl 7Sv hatch an egg. Possibly pos plus {ʼa̲l} 8sv 8sn “do what the preceding noun says.” The recording is an early one and was never checked.
posla : /posla/ hatches an egg
r̲e̲posla : /popasla/ d. hatch an egg
priˑča 3Sn preacher. From English. No form was elicited from the oldest informants.
priˑča : /priˑča/ preacher
ps see aps on coals, roasting
pse 3Sn daytime. Cf. also {psekst} 3Sn “noon.”
pse : /pse/ daytime
pse r̲e̲gᵛen̲ys : /pse gegnis/ Venus (“Daytime-Goer”)
r̲r̲e̲pselolbd̲atga : /psepsa lolpbatga/ with daytime eyes (Texts, 1.124)
psekst 3Sn noon. Cf. also preceding entry.
psekst : /psekst/ noon
/psekst banʼi/ until noon
/psekst ginʼapga./ It’s almost noon.
/psekst giwlank ni gembliwapk./ After noon I’ll go back.
psewdi 3S-n humans of the myth age. These were contemporary with the great myth heroes and culture transformers, and for them such transformers as Gmokʼamʼč, Sqel, etc. prepared a safe environment by slaying monsters, teaching food-gathering techniques, and giving social

304
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
	laws. Cf. also r̲e̲gaˑwaˑs (under gaˑ) with much the same meaning. Only in:
psewdiwaˑs : /psewdiwaˑs/ humans of the myth age
psi 3S-n nose
psis : /psis/ nose
r̲r̲e̲psikʼa : /psipskʼa/ d. little noses
psikʼmʼč : /psikʼamʼč/ big old nose
čaqʼpsis : /čaqpsis/ “Sharp-Nose” (man’s proper name). Possibly with juncture: /čaq psis/?
psin 3Sn night
psin : /psin/ night
/ʔonaˑ ʔan psin honkyʼas sleʔaˑ./ I saw them yesterday night.
/mboˑsant psin gis/ tomorrow night
/Naˑs psin gis ni gida čiˑwapk./ I’ll stay here for one night.
psin r̲e̲damnoń̲wys : /psin dadamnowis/ “Night-Wanderer” (man’s proper name)
psinks : /psinks/ night, nighttime. With {ksi} 10sn “place”?
/čoy naˑt ʔa slomtanwapk, naˑnok psinks./ And we will go torch-hunting, every night. (Texts, 4.93)
/tewnʼip psinks giwlank čoy ni honks lakčʼwapk./ After five nights have passed, I will cut off her head. (Texts, 4.95)
/čoy daˑts honk ʔat, beˑn Naˑyʼentga psinkstga gena./ And then however, they went on another night. (Texts, 4.103)
ptneˑg̣i see aptneˑg̣i on top of a full load
pʼ
pʼačʼ 7+Sv 10sv be blind, put out an eye, be hidden, out of sight, out (like a light). Also abčʼ and bčʼ. See Sec. 334.
pʼačʼa : /pʼačʼa/ eye, water-filled obj. bursts
r̲e̲pʼaˑčʼa : /pʼapʼaˑčʼa/ is blind, are blind. There is no further occurrence of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] before this to denote distributive being blind.
r̲e̲pʼaˑčʼdk : /pʼapʼaˑčʼatk/ blind
r̲e̲pʼaˑčʼaˑkʼidk : /pʼapʼaˑčʼaˑkʼitk/ little blind person
r̲e̲pʼaˑčʼnʼapgdk : /pʼapʼaˑčnʼapgatk/ almost blind

305
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kᵛpʼačʼa : /kapčʼa/ pokes out someone’s eye with a pointed instrument
kᵛpʼaˑčʼa : /kapʼaˑčʼa/ pokes out pl. eyes
r̲e̲kᵛpʼaˑčʼa : /kakpʼaˑčʼa/ d. poke out pl. eyes
se̲kᵛpʼaˑčʼa : /sakpʼaˑčʼa/ pokes out one’s own eyes, each other’s eyes
ktpʼačʼa : /kpʼačʼa/ hits in the eye
pniwbčʼa : /pniwpčʼa/ blows out (a candle, light)
slᵉabčʼa : /slapčʼa/ covers with a clothlike obj. so as to hide an obj.
spʼačʼa : /spʼačʼa/ stabs in the eye
/sʔabas spʼačʼa/ stabs the sun in the eye. Term for spearing the : /sokʼokkʼos/ ball with the needle. See sokʼokkʼo.
pʼag̣ 7Sv smoke a pipe, cigarette
pʼag̣a : /pʼag̣a/ smokes a pipe, cigarette
r̲e̲pʼag̣a : /pʼapg̣a/ d. smoke
sne̲pʼag̣a : /snapg̣a/ makes someone smoke
pʼag̣oˑla : /pʼag̣oˑla/ finishes a pipe, cigarette
pʼag̣s : /pʼaqs/ pipe, cigarette
r̲e̲pʼag̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /pʼapqʼaˑk/ d. little pipes
pʼakʼ 7+Sv break a brittle obj. to pieces, shatter, smash
pʼakʼa : /pʼakʼa/ smashes, shatters (intr.)
pʼakʼsga : /pʼaksga/ chips off (as flint, glass) (intr.)
pʼaˑkʼa : /pʼaˑkʼa/ pl. shatter
npʼakʼa : /mpʼakʼa/ breaks to pieces with a round instrument
npʼakʼlʼg̣a : /mpʼakʼlg̣a/ shatters a round obj. on the ground
npʼakʼsga : /mpʼaksga/ knocks off chips with a round instrument
npʼaˑkʼa : /mpʼaˑkʼa/ breaks, shatters pl.
r̲r̲e̲npʼaˑkʼa : /mpʼampʼaˑkʼa/ d. break pl.
wpʼakʼa : /wpʼakʼa/ smashes with a long instrument
r̲r̲e̲wpʼakʼsga : /wpʼawpʼaksga/ d. chip bits off of
r̲r̲e̲wpʼaˑkʼa : /wpʼawpʼaˑkʼa/ d. smash pl. with long instruments
yᵛpʼakʼa : /yapkʼa/ smashes a brittle obj. with the feet
yᵛpʼaˑkʼa : /yapʼaˑkʼa/ breaks up pl. objs. with the feet
pʼall 7Sv steal. Possibly (historically?) {pʼań̲} 7Sv “eat” plus {all} 20sv [pejorative].
pʼalla : /pʼalla/ steals
r̲e̲pʼalla : /pʼapʼalla/ d. steal
se̲pʼalla : /sapʼalla/ steal from each other; idiom: commit adultery

306
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
pʼalla̲ksga : /pʼallaksga/ almost stole
pʼalliˑa : /pʼalliˑya/ steals for someone
r̲e̲pʼallys : /pʼapʼallis/ thief
pʼaLa 3Sn basket tray. This was used to parch wokas: the wokas seeds were placed in this tray together with burning coals and dexterously tossed until the outer shells of the wokas seeds were parched. These trays average about twelve to fifteen inches in diameter.
pʼaLa : /pʼaLa/ basket tray
r̲e̲pʼaLaʼaˑkʼ : /pʼapLaʔaˑk/ d. little basket trays
pʼań̲ 7Sv eat
pʼań̲ : /pʼan/ eats
sne̲pʼań̲ : /snapʼan/ makes somebody eat
pʼań̲! : /pʼa!/ eat!
pʼań̲at! : /pʼaˑt!/ pl. eat!
pʼań̲a̲t : /pʼat/ can eat
pʼań̲ča̲a : /pʼača/ goes to eat
pʼań̲ča̲bli : /pʼačabli/ goes back to eat
pʼań̲ča̲nʼa! : /pʼačnʼa!/ let’s go eat!
pʼań̲čnʼa : /pʼačnʼa/ goes along eating
pʼań̲čʼn̲a : /pʼačʼa/ just ate
sne̲pʼań̲čʼn̲a : /snapčʼa/ puts the taste of too-rich or too-sweet food out of one’s mouth by eating something else
pʼań̲dga : /pʼatga/ been eating
pʼań̲diˑla : /pʼadiˑla/ eats underneath; idiom: eats food stored in a cache
pʼań̲kʼys : /pʼakʼiˑs/ eating
g̣leˑčʼ pʼań̲kʼys : /g̣leˑč pʼakʼiˑs/ “Clam-Eating” (place name). Also recorded /g̣leˑčpʼakʼiˑs/.
sang̣s pʼań̲kʼys : /sanqs pʼakʼiˑs/ watermelon (“eating-raw”). Also recorded without juncture: /sanqspʼakʼiˑs/.
saˑdm pʼań̲kʼys : /saˑdam pʼakʼiˑs/ cascara willow (chidam) (“Paiutes’-food”)
tlag̣s pʼań̲kʼys : /tlaqs pʼakʼiˑs/ “Mullet-Eating” (place name)
pʼań̲lgi : /pʼalgi/ comes to eat
pʼań̲nʼa! : /pʼanʼa!/ let’s eat!
pʼań̲oˑla : /pʼawoˑla/ or /pʼawla/ finishes eating
pʼań̲oˑta : /pʼawoˑta/ eats with (some instrument), while eating
pʼań̲oˑts : /pʼawoˑts/ eating instrument (applied to the white man’s eating utensils)
pʼań̲s : /pʼas/ food
pʼań̲s\ʼa̲la : /pʼaslʼa/ gets food

307
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
pʼań̲ (continued)
pʼań̲\ʼa̲lča̲a : /pʼasʔalča/ goes to get food
pʼań̲s\ʼa̲lčisamni : /pʼasʔalčisamni/ feels like going to get food
pʼań̲s\ʼa̲ls : /pʼasʔals/ to eat
/qʼelyʼak hoˑt dwaˑ pʼasʔals./ He has nothing to eat
pʼań̲wa : /pʼawa/ pastures, feeds (as cattle)
pʼań̲wča̲a : /pʼawča/ goes to pasture
pʼań̲wabg : /pʼawapk/ will eat
pʼań̲yeˑga : /pʼayeˑga/ starts eating
pʼań̲yeˑni̲ʼa : /pʼayeˑnʼa/ eats inside; idiom: eats food stored for the winter for the first time in the season. This was the occasion for a celebration.
r̲e̲pʼań̲ys : /pʼapʼiˑs/ habitual eater
wač\ʼaˑkʼ r̲e̲pʼań̲ys : /wačʼaˑk pʼapʼiˑs/ Montana Indians (“dog-eater(s)”). The informants were not sure which tribe was meant.
pʼaq 7-Sv echo. Only in:
Walpʼaqtn̲a : /Walpʼaqta/ echoes
pʼaw 3S-n diaphragm, solar plexus
pʼaws : /pʼaws/ diaphragm, solar plexus
pʼaws nᵛkekʼs : /pʼaws nekkʼas/ “Diaphragm-Burnt-Through” (place name: Mount Harrison). See kekʼ.
pʼays 7Sv be cloudy
pʼaysa : /pʼaysa/ is cloudy
pʼaysoˑla : /pʼaysoˑla/ is finished being cloudy; the sky is clearing
pʼayss : /pʼaysas/ cloud
r̲e̲pʼayskʼa : /pʼapʼiˑskʼa/ d. little clouds
pʼaˑkt 3S-n nephew, niece (man’s brother’s child). This can also be expressed by the reciprocal term for “uncle (father’s brother)”; see {seˑy} .
pʼaˑktys : /pʼaˑktis/ nephew, niece
pʼaˑktysa̲b : /pʼaˑktisap/ nephews, nieces
pʼelqʼ 7Sv lick, Cf. also {bel} 7S-v “act with the tongue. ”
pʼelqʼa : /pʼelqʼa/ licks
pʼelqʼa̲t : /pʼelqʼat/ can lick
pʼelqʼr̲bqʼa : /pʼelqbapqʼa/ licks someone’s face
pʼelqʼi! : /pʼelqʼi!/ lick (it)!
pʼelqʼsga : /pʼelqsga/ licks off
pʼelqʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /pʼelqʼattanʔa/ licks at something repeatedly

308
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
pʼelqʼYeˑni̲ʼa : /pʼelqYeˑnʼa/ licks inside
r̲e̲pʼelqʼYeˑni̲ʼa : /pʼepalqYeˑnʼa/ d. lick inside
pʼeqʼ 7-Sv 10sv act on the face, on the face. Also abqʼ, bg̣, and bqʼ. See Sec. 334.
ʔibqʼa : /ʔipqʼa/ puts pl. objs. on the face
se̲ʔibqʼa : /siʔapqʼa/ puts pl. objs. on one’s own face, on each other’s face
ʔibqʼoˑla : /ʔipqʼoˑla/ wipes off someone’s face
čʼlᵉpʼeqʼa : /čʼlepqʼa/ scratches someone’s face once
čʼlᵉpʼeˑqʼa : /čʼlepʼeˑqʼa/ scratches someone’s face pl. times
se̲čʼlᵉpʼeˑqʼa : /sečʼlpʼeˑqʼa/ scratch each other’s faces
čʼoqbqʼa : /čʼoqpqʼa/ puts the buttocks in someone’s face. See čʼoq.
lᵛr̲e̲r̲pʼeqʼa : /lepʼaqpqʼa/ shakes the head from side to side (a sign of negation)
nᵉabqʼa : /napqʼa/ puts a flat obj. on someone’s face (as a handkerchief). (intr. also)
nᵉar̲bqʼa : /napbapqʼa/ keeps putting a flat obj. on someone’s face
se̲ʼnᵉabqʼa : /sanʼapqʼa/ puts a flat obj. on one’s own face
wpʼeqʼa : /wpʼeqʼa/ hits in the face with a long instrument
wpʼeˑqʼa : /wpʼeˑqʼa/ hits pl. (or pl. times) in the face with a long instrument
pʼesʔ 7-Sv wiggle. Only in:
čʼoqr̲é̲ˑr̲pʼesʔa : /čʼoqpʼeˑspʼesʔa/ wiggles the buttocks around, squirms
pʼetqʼ 7Sv blink
pʼetqʼa : /pʼetqʼa/ blinks once
sne̲pʼetqʼa : /snepʼatqʼa/ makes someone blink (as bright sunlight)
r̲é̲r̲r̲pʼetqʼa : /pʼetqpʼetqʼa/ blinks
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲r̲pʼetqʼa : /pʼepʼatqpʼetqʼa/ d. blink
pʼetʼ 7+Sv enlarge a hole, damage around the edges
pʼetʼa : /pʼetʼa/ a hole becomes larger, tears out
r̲e̲pʼetʼa : /pʼeptʼa/ d. holes tear out
nᵛpʼetʼa : /neptʼa/ burns a hole larger, burns on the side (leaving little charred spots or holes)
nᵛpʼetʼdk : /neptʼatk/ burnt larger, burnt on the side
nᵛpʼeˑtʼa : /nepʼeˑtʼa/ burns all around the edges of a hole
npʼetʼa : /mpʼetʼa/ makes a hole bigger with a round instrument, chips around the edge of a hole
npʼetʼkyoˑla : /mpʼetkʼyoˑla/ chips open a hole
npʼetʼLa̲oˑla : /mpʼetLoˑla/ strikes a glancing blow off a surface, off the top (knocking off chips)

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
npʼetʼsga : /mpʼetsga/ strikes a glancing blow off of
pʼeˑh? 3-S-n barn owl. Another informant gave “snowy owl.” Only in:
r̲é̲r̲pʼeˑhʔs : /pʼehpʼeˑhʔas/ barn owl
pʼeˑhǰiˑʼ 7Sv “play possum,” pretend to be dead. Only in:
r̲e̲pʼeˑhǰiˑʼa : /pʼepʼeˑhǰiˑʔa/ plays possum
pʼiling 7Sv secrete a sweet sap. Certain deciduous trees exude a sweetish sap from their leaves. This was gathered and eaten as candy.
pʼilinga : /pʼilinga/ secretes sweet sap
pʼilings : /pʼilinks/ sweet sap of certain trees
pʼilings\ʼa̲la : /pʼilinkslʼa/ gathers sweet sap
pʼipʼ 7-Sv strike the stomach
hod̲pʼipʼtn̲a : /hoppʼipta/ runs and hits the stomach against
wpʼipʼlʼg̣a : /wpʼipʼlg̣a/ falls hard on the stomach
wpʼipʼtn̲a : /wpʼipta/ falls on the stomach; hits on the stomach with a long instrument
r̲r̲e̲wpʼiˑpʼkanga : /wpʼiwpʼiˑpkanga/ d. fall around here striking the stomach
pʼisʔ 3S-n hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus or Stellula calliope)
pʼisʔs : /pʼisʔas/ hummingbird
r̲e̲pʼisʔkʼa : /pʼipʼaskʼa/ d. little hummingbirds
pʼisʔ 3-S-n cat. This was said to be obsolete; d. pʼoˑs.
r̲é̲r̲pʼisʔs : /pʼispʼisʔas/ cat
pʼiwg̣ 3S-n foot rags. These were rags wrapped around the feet in lieu of shoes.
pʼiwg̣s : /pʼiwqs/ foot rags
pʼleˑg̣i see etʼleˑg̣i over a mountain, into the next room
pʼloˑqʼ 7Sv smear pitch on the head. This was a sign of mourning.
pʼloˑqʼa : /pʼloˑqʼa/ smears pitch on someone’s head, face
se̲pʼloˑqʼdk : /sopʼloˑqʼatk/ having one’s head smeared with pitch
pʼnan̲ 7Sv bury. Apparently synonymous with {womiˑ}.
pʼnan̲a : /pʼnana/ buries
r̲r̲e̲pʼnan̲a : /pʼnapʼna/ d. bury
pʼnan̲! : /pʼnan!/ bury!
pʼnan̲iˑa : /pʼnaniˑya/ buries for someone
pʼnan̲ksi : /pʼnanksi/ “Burying-Place” (place name)
pʼnan̲ys : /pʼnays/ the burying; to bury
/g̣esga hoˑt hon pʼnays./ He can’t bury it.
pʼoqang 3S-n dandruff. BL gave this form; PO gave mpʼoqang.
pʼoqangs : /pʼoqanks/ dandruff. Or mpʼoqangs : /mpʼoqanks/.

310
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
pʼosqʼ 7-Sv crush into shape, squeeze lightly
dᵛpʼosqʼa : /dopʼasqʼa/ squeezes lightly with the hands, tests a fruit by gently squeezing
r̲e̲dᵛpʼosqʼa : /dotpʼasqʼa/ d. squeeze gently
npʼosqʼa : /mpʼosqʼa/ crushes something down lightly with a round instrument (as dried fish); crushes something into shape; irons clothes lightly
r̲r̲e̲npʼosqʼa : /mpʼompʼasqʼa/ d. crush lightly, etc.
pʼotʼ 7Sv be winded, out of breath
pʼotʼa : /pʼotʼa/ is winded, out of breath
r̲é̲r̲lep pʼoteˑˑˑ! : /leplep pʼotʼeˑˑˑ!/ “Two-in-smother!” (The name of the game-and also its tag-line-played by the Fawns upon the little Grizzly Bears in retaliation for the death of their mother; see Texts, 1.78 and also Note 5.)
pʼoˑkʼ 7-Sv between the legs. Meaning and class membership dubious. Only in:
ʔᵛpʼoˑkʼa : /ʔopʼoˑkʼa/ hits between the legs with a long obj.
pʼoˑkʼ 7-Sv put on warpaint. Exact meaning and class membership dubious. Only in:
lᵛpʼoˑkʼa : /lopʼoˑkʼa/ puts warpaint on someone
se̲lᵛpʼoˑkʼa : /solpʼoˑkʼa/ puts warpaint on oneself
pʼoˑs 3S-n cat. From English. Cf. also {pʼisʔ} 3-S-n “cat.”
pʼoˑsys : /pʼoˑsis/ cat
r̲e̲pʼoˑsykʼ : /pʼopʼoˑsiˑk/ d. little cats, kittens
q
qʔi 3S-n rattlesnake (Crotalus confluentus—or anyone of three similar varieties)
qʔis : /qʔis/ rattlesnake
qʔikʼa : /qʔikʼa/ little rattlesnake
qʔis yᵛgatʼs : /qʔis yaktʼas/ “Rattlesnake-Cut-in-Two” (place name)
qa 4S-v act upon a heavy obj., upon a pronged obj. (such as a chair, various types of fishtraps, etc.)
qabaˑtn̲a : /qabaˑta/ sets something heavy up against, sets a pronged obj. against. (intr. also)
he̲sqabaˑtn̲a : /hasqbaˑta/ causes someone to put a heavy or pronged obj. up against

311
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
qa (continued)
sne̲qabaˑtn̲a : /snaqbaˑta/ causes someone to put a heavy or pronged obj. up against. Given as the same as the last above (?).
he̲sqačʼaˑy\ʼa : /hasqčʼaˑya/ picks one’s teeth. (N.B. a toothpick is treated as a pronged obj.). See čʼay.
sqačʼoˑli̲ʼa : /sqačʼoˑlʼa/ comes off easily (as a ripe berry from its stem). See čʼoli̲ʼ.
qadbn̲bli : /qatbambli/ arrives back with a heavy or pronged obj.
qadgl : /qatgal/ lifts a heavy or pronged obj., puts a heavy or pronged obj. on the back. (intr. also)
sqadgl : /sqatgal/ lifts a heavy or pronged obj. (as one pulls up a tree stump)
qadiˑla : /qadiˑla/ puts a heavy or pronged obj. under. (intr. also)
qakLa : /qakLa/ puts a heavy or pronged obj. down on, onto a vehicle. (intr. also)
qakLs : /qakLas/ saddle
qaltba : /qaltba/ pushes a heavy or pronged obj. a way from against (as a chair away from a wall)
qalʼg̣a : /qalg̣a/ sets a heavy or pronged obj. down; fishes with a pronged fish spear
qalʼg̣s : /qalqs/ pronged fish spear
qaqn̲a : /qaqa/ takes a heavy or pronged obj. outside
sqatqʼaga : /sqatqʼaga/ pulls a heavy or pronged obj. up out of (as a tree by the roots)
weq sqatqʼags : /weq sqatqʼaks/ “Limbs-Stick-out-of-Water” (place name)
qawa : /qawa/ puts a heavy or pronged obj. into water, flat place. (intr. also)
sqawa : /sqawa/ causes a heavy or pronged obj. to sink in water
qawčʼn̲a : /qawčʼa/ just sank a heavy or pronged obj. in water; idiom: puts down a sack of fish guts and rocks to trap crawfish
qawanga : /qawanga/ pulls a heavy or pronged obj. over (as a stump)
qawl : /qawal/ puts a heavy or pronged obj. on top of. (intr. also)
qaWasga : /qaWasga/ takes a heavy or pronged obj. away
qačgal 3Sn tobacco (Nicotiana)
qačgal : /qačgal/ tobacco

312
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qačʼn 3Sn pitch-wood. Specially gathered and used to start fires.
qačʼn : /qačʼan/ pitch-wood
qačʼn\ʼa̲la : /qačnʼala/ gathers pitch-wood
qadak 2Sra truly, surely
qadak : /qadak/ truly, surely
/qadak ʔis sʔabiˑ!/ Tell me truly!
/čoy honk ʔat qadak hak gotg̣i honk, gempči hok g̣oqʼaˑk./ Now then sure enough he went down, to a little river like this. (Texts, 13.80)
qadakʼiˑ 3S-n Wintu (people and place). PO thought this might have something to do with “truthfulness”; cf. the preceding entry.
qadakʼiˑwaˑs : /qadakʼiˑwaˑs/ Wintu
qaǰiˑʼ 3-S-n siftings (bits of shell, chaff, and debris left over from sifting wokas or seeds). Only in:
r̲e̲qaǰiˑʼs : /qaqǰiˑʔas/ siftings
qal 3S-n tightness (?). Possibly a Residue stem, but seems to be morphologically a noun.
qals : /qals/ tightness
/qals gi ʔa geˑ./ This is tight
/qals ʔa g̣legankة/ having become tight…
qalla 3Sn water-storage basket. These were tightly woven pitch-covered baskets imported from the Pit River people. The name is also said to be foreign.
qalla : /qalla/ water-storage basket
qaL 3S-n drawers, underpants (woman’s)
qaLys : /qaLiˑ s/ drawers, underpants
r̲e̲qaLyˑkʼ : /qaqLiˑk/ d. little underpants
qam 7S-v come off easily (as a berry from the stem). Meaning and form dubious. Only in:
r̲e̲he̲sqamoˑla : /hahasqmoˑla/ comes off easily
r̲e̲he̲sqamoˑlsʔm : /hahasqmoˑlsʔam/ thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus Nutt.). Cf. also čʼoli̲ʼ.
qaml 3S-n dried fish
qamls : /qamals/ dried fish
qamls\ʼa̲la : /qamalslʼa/ dries fish
r̲e̲qamlslʼis : /qaqmalslʼis/ sp. of insect. This is a flat, black, and shiny insect that lives in dried fish.
qampg̣ 7Sv overflow (as a river, sack, box)
qampg̣a : /qampg̣a/ overflows
qap 7S-v be silent, absent
r̲é̲r̲qapdgibga : /qapqaptgipga/ is silent, absent

313
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲é̲r̲qaplʼi : /qapqaplʼi/ silent, absent
qaqaˑč 3Sn tripe, cow’s inner intestines. Possibly r̲e̲qaˑč, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
qaqaˑč : /qaqaˑč/ tripe
qaqiˑʔg̣ 3S-n whirlwind. PO gave this form; BL gave qaqYag̣. Some occurrence of r̲e̲ seems probable here, but no certain morphophonemic shape can be postulated.
qaqiˑʔg̣s : /qaqiˑʔaqs/ whirlwind (PO). Or qaqYag̣s : /qaqYaqs/ (BL).
qaqnʼoˑlʼ 3S-n armor shirt. This was made of elkhide. Possibly r̲e̲qanoˑlʼ,but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
qaqnʼoˑlʼs : /qaqnʼoˑlʼs/ elkhide armor shirt
qaqYag̣ see qaqiˑʔg̣ whirlwind
qaqʼoˑ 3Sn bone
qaqʼoˑ : /qaqʼoˑ/ bone; type of small bead
r̲e̲qaqʼoˑʼaˑkʼ : /qaqaqwʼaˑk/ d. little bones
qaqʼoˑ bil : /qaqoˑ bil/ only bones, bony
qas 7S-v be reddish-gold, roan-colored. Also qaˑs. See Sec. 334.
r̲é̲ˑr̲qaˑs : /qaˑsqaˑs/ sp. of beetle. This insect has tan and gold stripes.
qaˑsdgi : /qaˑstgi/ turns reddish-gold, roan
r̲é̲ˑr̲qaslʼi : /qaˑsqaslʼi/ roan-colored
qatʼ 7-Sv clear forest, cut down brush
wqatʼčnʼa : /wqatčnʼa/ goes along breaking down brush with a long instrument
wqatʼčibga : /wqatčipga/ comes along cutting down brush
wqatʼlʼg̣a : /wqatʼlg̣a/ clears forest, cuts down brush
wqatʼlʼg̣ča̲wabg : /wqatlʼaqčwapk/ will go to cut down brush
wqatʼlʼg̣iˑa : /wqatʼlg̣iˑya/ clears brush for someone
wqatʼlʼg̣lgiiˑa : /wqatlʼag̣lgiˑya/ comes to cut down brush for someone
wqatʼlʼg̣oˑla : /wqatʼlg̣oˑla/ finishes clearing forest
wqatʼwanga : /wqatʼwanga/ knocks down brush, forest
qawčʼi 3Sn wokas juice. The liquid that remains after wokas is boiled is kept and drunk separately. It is said to be especially nutritious.
qawčʼi : /qawčʼi/ wokas juice
qawdoˑgiˑ 3S-n bird (sp.). This is a dark brown, white-breasted prairie bird about 7 inches high. It builds nests on the ground. Onomatopoetic: its cry is /qawdoˑgiˑˑˑ! qaw qaw qawdoˑgiˑˑˑ!/. In

314
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
	the Texts the cry of the Qawdoˑgiˑs brothers is /qawdoˑgiˑs sgoč sgoč, qawdoˑgiˑs sgoč sgoč!/; cf. Texts, 11.28.
qawdoˑgiˑs : /qawdoˑgiˑs/ sp. bird
r̲e̲qawdoˑgiˑkʼa : /qaqoˑdoˑgiˑkʼa/ d. little birds (sp.)
qawdoˑgiˑsm čiˑs : /qawdoˑgiˑsam čiˑs/ “Bird’s-Home” (place name: a plain south of Fort Klamath and the locale of Text 11)
qawkʼat 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable. Said to be named after a mythological figure, but the informants were not sure.
qawkʼat : /qawkʼat/ place name
qaW 7S-v be hard, dry, desiccated
qaˑWdgi : /qaˑWtgi/ becomes hard (as bread)
sne̲qaˑWdgi : /snaqaˑWtgi/ makes hard, hardens
r̲é̲r̲qaWlʼi : /qaWqaWlʼi/ hard, dry, desiccated
qayqmʼ 7Sv not recognize someone
qayqmʼa : /qayqmʼa/ does not recognize someone
se̲qayqmʼa : /saqiˑqmʼa/ do not recognize each other
qaˑčʼ 7-Sv scrabble, scratch
čʼlᵉqaˑčʼa : /čʼlaqaˑčʼa/ scratches, scrabbles
se̲čʼlᵉqaˑčʼa : /sačʼlqaˑčʼa/ scratch each other, oneself
čʼlᵉqaˑčʼčnʼa : /čʼlaqaˑččnʼa/ scrabbles at, clutches at as one goes (as when someone being dragged along the ground clutches at something to stop himself)
čʼlᵉqaˑčʼkanga : /čʼlaqaˑčkanga/ scrabbles around
qaˑs see qas be roan-colored
qaˑsi̲ʼ 7Sv suspect (someone of plotting, a crime, etc.)
qaˑsi̲ʼa : /qaˑsʔa/ suspects
qaˑsi̲ʼs : /qaˑsis/ suspicion; to suspect
qaˑsi̲ʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /qaˑsittanʔa/ suspects someone
se̲qaˑsi̲ʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /saqaˑsittanʔa/ suspect each other
qaˑsi̲ʼyeˑga : /qaˑsiyeˑga/ starts to suspect
qaˑyi̲ʼ see aqaˑyi̲ʼ in the brush, woods; in the hair
qbᵛ 4S-v act with the mouth, suck, spit. Cf. also {qbi} 4S-v “hold in the mouth.” See Sec. 331.
qbᵛapsa̲a : /qbapsa/ tastes something. See apsa̲.
qbᵛčʼoˑsa : /qbočʼoˑsa/ sucks on something (as candy). See čʼoˑs.
qbᵛečʼčʼn̲a : /qbeččʼa/ just sucked out of, sucks dry
qbᵛečʼčʼn̲ank : /qbeččʼnank/ having sucked dry
qbᵛedw : /qbedoˑ/ tastes something. See edw.
qbᵛLeˑčnʼa : /qbeLeˑčnʼa/ spits out something. See Leˑ.
qbᵛiwčibga : /qbiwčipga/ brings something out of the mouth (as a shaman does); sucks the breast

315
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
qbᵛiwdgl : /qbiwtgal/ brings something out of the mouth (as a shaman does: during the curing ceremony the shaman sucks at the diseased person’s body in various places and eventually may bring some small object out of his mouth. This is the disease. The object may be a feather, a stone, a frog, etc.)
qbᵛiwqn̲a : /qbiwqa/ sucks out a disease (as a shaman does; cf. above)
qbᵛnoˑkʼa : /qbonoˑkʼa/ tastes by just touching the tongue to something. See noˑkʼ.
qbᵛočʼčnʼa : /qboččnʼa/ spits out (as tobacco juice)
qbᵛočʼLa̲a : /qbočLa/ spits on the floor, on a surface
qbᵛočʼlʼg̣a : /qbočʼlg̣a/ spits on the ground
qbᵛočʼtn̲a : /qbočta/ spits at, onto
se̲qbᵛočʼtn̲a : /soqbačta/ spit at each other (as cats). See očʼ.
qbᵛočʼisga : /qbočʼisga/ sucks out, makes a smacking or kissing noise with the lips
qbᵛotn̲a : /qbota/ puts the mouth on, against. See otn̲.
qbᵛoyamna : /qboyamna/ has something in the mouth (clear inside the mouth, as a piece of candy). Cf. qbir̲yamna : /qbiyyamna/ “holds, carries in the mouth so that an end protrudes (as a dog carrying a bone).”
qbᵛor̲yamna : /qboyyamna/ is holding something in the mouth
r̲r̲e̲qbᵛor̲yamna : /qboqbiˑyamna/ d. hold something in the mouth
qba 3Sn poker (for the fire)
qba : /qba/ poker
r̲r̲e̲qbaʼaˑkʼ : /qbaqbaʔaˑk/ d. little pokers
qbaqʼ 7Sv braid the hair into a single braid. Cf. also {weqtʼ} 7Sv “braid into pl. braids.”
qbaqʼa : /qbaqʼa/ braids someone’s hair into a single braid
r̲r̲e̲qbaqʼa : /qbaqpqʼa/ d. braid someone’s hair
se̲qbaqʼa : /saqpqʼa/ braids one’s own hair
qbaqʼi! : /qbaqʼi!/ braid someone’s hair!
se̲qbaqʼwys : /saqbaqʼwis/ a single braid
qbatʼy 7Sv wrap the legs around, hold between the legs
qbatʼya : /qbatʼya/ wraps the legs around, holds something between the legs
qbatʼyoˑla : /qbatʼyoˑla/ unwraps the legs from around something
r̲r̲e̲qbatʼywabg : /qbaqptʼiˑwapk/ d. will wrap their legs around something

316
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qbel 3Sn tail
qbel : /qbel/ tail
r̲r̲e̲qbel\ʼaˑkʼ : /qbeqplʼaˑk/ d. little tails
qbel\ʼa̲liˑa : /qbelʔiˑya/ makes a tail for someone
qbeˑw see tbeˑw order, command
qbi 4S-v hold in the mouth (so that one or more ends project). Cf. also {qbᵛ} “act with the mouth, suck, spit.” See Sec. 331.
qbičʼn̲a : /qbičʼa/ just carried away in the mouth
qbidn̲a : /qbitba/ carries home in the mouth (as a dog brings home a bone)
qbir̲yamna : /qbiyyamna/ holds, carries in the mouth (as a dog with a bone, someone with a pipe in his mouth). Cf. qbᵛoyamna : /qboyamna/ “holds inside the mouth (as a piece of candy).”
r̲r̲e̲qbir̲yamna : /qbiqbiˑyamna/ d. hold in the mouth
qbol 7S-v be slightly nauseated (as by the taste of something too sickly sweet)
qboldgi : /qboltgi/ is slightly nauseated
qbolWi see bolWi plant (sp.)
qčing 3S-n fence. From Modoc, Cf. Klamath {waqlʼaq} 3Sn.
qčings : /qčinks/ fence
qčoˑl 3Sn star
qčoˑl : /qčoˑl/ star
r̲r̲e̲qčoˑl\ʼaˑkʼ : /qčoqčoˑlʼaˑk/ d. little stars
qčoˑlʔm : /qčoˑlʔam/ star’s
qčoˑlʔm ntʼiwlʼg̣s : /qčoˑlʔam ntʼiwlʼaqs/ “Star’s-Fall” (place name)
qčoˑlʔm saˑykʼa : /qčoˑlʔam saˑykʼa/ “Star’s-Plain” (place name: LaPine)
qčʼik 3Sn canoe paddle
qčʼik : /qčʼik/ canoe paddle
r̲r̲e̲qčʼik\ʼaˑkʼ : /qčʼiqčkʼaˑk/ d. little paddles
qčʼiˑwʼ 3S-n gudgeon (large sp.). Called a “chub” by LK. The following fish, listed in descending order of size, are also considered “chubs”: {qčʼiˑwʼ}. {ndiˑlʼ}, {qʼodag} and {tʼeˑba}.
qčʼiˑwʼs : /qčʼiˑwʼas/ gudgeon (large sp.)
qdᵛ 4S-v cut
qdᵛakʼya : /qdakʼya/ cuts someone’s buttocks
qdᵛakʼyoˑla : /qdakʼyoˑla/ cuts off the bottoms (as the bottoms of carrots, stems)
qdᵛaLaˑsg̣n̲a : /qdaLaˑsg̣a/ cuts open (as a sack, bladder)
qdᵛamʼaˑčʼoˑla : /qdamʼaˑčʼoˑla/ cuts the end off of

317
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
qdᵛ (continued)
qdᵛawl : /qdawal/ cuts on top
qdᵛawldi : /qdawaldi/ “Cut-on-Top-Place” (place name)
qdᵛčʼoyi̲ʼtn̲a : /qdočʼiˑta/ cuts and blunts
se̲qdᵛedg̣a : /seqdatg̣a/ cuts in half, divides something by cutting
qdᵛgatʼa : /qdaktʼa/ cuts off a single piece, severs
qdᵛkʼačʼa : /qdakčʼa/ cuts off someone’s head, cuts the throat
qdᵛkal\ʼa : /qdaklʼa/ cuts off one obj. See kʼal\ʼ.
qdᵛolčʼa : /qdolčʼa/ cuts off pl. objs. severs; castrates. See golčʼ.
qdᵛoliˑna : /qdoliˑna/ cuts off the edge, along the edge
r̲e̲se̲qdᵛoliˑna : /sosaqdliˑna/ pares one’s fingernails (“cuts-d.-off-of-oneself-along-the-edge”)
qdᵛosga : /qdosga/ cuts off
r̲r̲e̲qdᵛosga : /qdoqdasga/ d. cut off
se̲qdᵛosga : /soqdasga/ cuts off of oneself
qdᵛoteˑga : /qdoteˑga/ cuts deep into
qdᵛoyeˑni̲ʼoˑla : /qdoyeˑnʼoˑla/ cuts out the inside of
qdᵛtitʼa : /qdittʼa/ cuts open a bulbous round obj. (as a stomach, bladder, sack of grain)
qdᵛtʼačʼa : /qdatčʼa/ cuts apart, splits
qdᵛtʼekʼa : /qdetkʼa/ cuts a bit off of, cuts a hole
qdᵛtʼeˑkʼa : /qdetʼeˑkʼa/ cuts up into bits, slices
qdᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /qdoyʼoˑqʼa/ cuts someone’s hair. See yʼoqʼ.
qday 3Sn rock, stone
qday : /qday/ rock, stone
r̲r̲e̲qday\ʼaˑkʼ : /qdaqdiˑʔaˑk/ d. little rocks, pebbles
qdayʔm skodas : /qdayʔam skodas/ moss (“rock’s-blanket”)
qdaydi : /qdaydi/ “Rock-Place” (place name)
qday ginqn̲ys : /qday ginqis/ “Hole-Through-Rocks” (place name)
qdayksi : /qdayksi/ “Rock-Place” (place name)
qdaywaˑs : /qdaywaˑs/ “Rock-Nest” (place name)
qdaˑl sne
qdaˑlo sne
qdeˑLo 3Sn sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), PO and BL gave forms with qdeˑLo, while the Pompeys gave qdaˑl and qdaˑlo.
qdeˑLo : /qdeˑLo/ sugar pine; pine nut. Or qdaˑl : /qdaˑl/.
qdeˑLoʔm : /qdeˑLoʔam/ sugar pine tree. Or qdaˑlm : /qdaˑlam/. Or (in free variation with the last, by the Pompeys) qdaˑloʔm : /qdaˑloʔam/.
qdog 3S-n cattail root. This was gathered and eaten, and a kind of bread was made from it; cf. slʼeps.

318
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qdogs : /qdoks/ cattail root
qdoˑč 7Sv rain
qdoˑča : /qdoˑča/ rains
sne̲qdoˑča : /snoqdoˑča/ makes it rain
qdoˑčlʼg̣a : /qdoˑčlg̣a/ rain falls hard
qdoˑčs : /qdoˑčas/ rain
qdoˑčyeˑga : /qdoˑčyeˑga/ starts to rain
qen 3-Sn grey squirrel (Sciursus fossor)
r̲e̲r̲qen : /qenqan/ grey squirrel
qetʼ 7-Sv clean off, scrape off, trample down
sqetʼa : /sqetʼa/ scrapes with a sharp instrument
r̲r̲e̲sqetʼa : /sqesqtʼa/ d. scrape
sqetʼLa̲oˑla : /sqetLoˑla/ scrapes off the surface of
sqetʼsga : /sqetsga/ scrapes off
wqetʼlʼg̣a : /wqetʼlg̣a/ tramples down (with a long instrument?)
wqetʼsga : /wqetsga/ cleans off, scrapes off with a long instrument
qewi̲ʼ 7+Sv break, break an obj. in two, fracture
qewi̲ʼa : /qewʼa/ breaks in two (intr.)
qewi̲ʼLa̲oˑla : /qewLoˑla/ breaks off the surface of, breaks off (as a tree limb)
qewi̲ʼmʼaˑčʼoˑla : /qewmʼaˑčʼoˑla/ breaks off the end
qeˑwi̲ʼdk : /qeˑwitk/ pl. broken, destroyed
g̣wᵛqewi̲ʼa : /g̣weqwʼa/ breaks by biting
g̣wᵛqewi̲ʼtn̲a : /g̣weqoˑta/ breaks by biting on (as one breaks a tooth on a rock)
ktqewi̲ʼa : /tqewʼa/ breaks with a blow, kick
ktqeˑwi̲ʼa : /tqeˑwʼa/ breaks pl.
r̲r̲e̲ktqeˑwi̲ʼa : /tqetqeˑwʼa/ d. break pl.
lᵛqewi̲ʼa : /leqwʼa/ breaks a round obj.
lᵛqeˑwi̲ʼa : /leqeˑwʼa/ breaks pl.
r̲e̲lᵛqeˑwi̲ʼa : /lelqeˑwʼa/ d. break pl.
nqewi̲ʼa : /nqewʼa/ breaks with a round instrument
nqewi̲ʼtn̲a : /nqewta/ breaks on, against
mbastga nqewi̲ʼYabgs : /mbastga nqewYapks/ “Breaking-Through-with-Rocks” (name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7)
nqeˑwi̲ʼa : /nqeˑwʼa/ breaks pl.
r̲r̲e̲nqeˑwi̲ʼa : /nqenqeˑwʼa/ d. break pl.
wqewi̲ʼa : /wqewʼa/ breaks with a long instrument
wqewi̲ʼYabga : /wqewYapga/ breaks with a long instrument along the side of a hill (as one goes along breaking down brush with a stick)

319
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wqeˑwi̲ʼa : /wqeˑwʼa/ breaks pl.
yᵛqewi̲ʼa : /yeqwʼa/ steps on and breaks, breaks something over the knee, over a rock (?)
yᵛqewi̲ʼalla : /yeqwʼalla/ breaks something all to pieces, irretrievably
yᵛqewi̲ʼa̲stga : /yeqoˑstga/ tried to break
yᵛqeˑwi̲ʼa : /yeqeˑwʼa/ breaks pl.
r̲e̲yᵛqeˑwi̲ʼa : /yeyqeˑwʼa/ d. break pl.
qeY\ʼ 7Sv be rocky, rough terrain, sandy, gravelly. Also qeˑY\ʼ in apparent free variation. See Sec. 334.
r̲é̲ˑr̲qeY\ʼa : /qeˑYqeyʼa/ is rough, sandy, rocky
r̲é̲r̲qeY\ʼlʼi : /qeYqeYlʼi/ rough, rocky, gravelly, sandy. Or r̲é̲ˑr̲qeˑY\ʼlʼi : /qeˑYqeˑYlʼi/.
r̲é̲ˑr̲qeˑY\ʼlʼant : /qeˑYqeˑYlʼant/ “Where-It-Is-Rough” (place name)
qeˑmt 3Sn back (of a person, animal)
qeˑmt : /qeˑmat/ back
r̲e̲qeˑmt\ʼaˑkʼ : /qeqeˑmtʼaˑk/ d. little backs
qeˑmtant : /qeˑmtant/ at the back, behind
qeˑq 7S-v run away, flee
qeˑqčnʼa : /qeˑqčnʼa/ runs away, flees
r̲e̲qeˑqčnʼa : /qeqeˑqčnʼa/ d. flee
qeˑqdiˑla : /qeˑqdiˑla/ runs under; idiom: runs to someone for protection
qeˑqkanga : /qeˑqkanga/ flees here and there
qeˑqlčʼwy : /qeˑqlačʼwi/ flees right up to (runs away from someone and runs right up to someone else for aid)
qeˑqLy : /qeˑqLi/ flees inside, into the house
qeˑqwa : /qeˑqwa/ flees into water, flat place
r̲e̲qeˑqwi : /qeqeˑqwi/ d. flee and spread out, run off in all directions
qeˑs 3-S-n son-in-law (daughter’s husband). This is the same as wg̣oˑbgs : /wg̣oˑbaks/; cf. wg̣oˑ
bqeˑsyb : /pqeˑsip/ son-in-law
bqeˑsa̲llgi : /pqeˑsallgi/ comes to see one’s son-in-law
bqeˑsysa̲b : /pqeˑsisap/ sons-in-law
qeˑY\ʼ see qeY\ʼ be rocky, rough terrain, sandy, gravelly
qi 3S-n salmon spear
qis : /qis/ salmon spear
qi 3S-n evening. Occurs only in one construction and possibly identifiable with {qi} 3S-n “salmon spear”; “time for spearing salmon” since

320
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
	the best time to spear salmon might be the early evening. Only in:
qiseˑmʼi : /qiseˑmʼi/ evening
qi 7S-v swim underwater. Possibly d. {qi} 3S-n “salmon spear”?
qibln̲čʼn̲a : /qiblančʼa/ swims downstream
qičʼn̲a : /qičʼa/ swims along underwater, just swam away
qidg̣i : /qitg̣i/ swims down to the bottom; swims downstream (?)
qidiˑla : /qidiˑla/ swims underneath (an underwater ledge)
qimni : /qimni/ swims up, upstream
se̲qipbeˑli̲ʼa : /siqapbeˑlʼa/ swims back and forth underwater
qir̲yamna : /qiyyamna/ swims around underwater
r̲e̲qir̲yamna : /qiqiˑyamna/ d. swim around underwater
qičʼ 7-Sv pound up into a compact mass, Only in:
wqičʼa : /wqičʼa/ pounds up into a compact mass with a long instrument (as dried fish)
qil\ʼ 7Sv glare, stare at angrily
r̲é̲ˑr̲qil\ʼa : /qiˑlqilʼa/ glares, stares angrily
r̲é̲ˑr̲qil\ʼbga : /qiˑlqilpga/ is glaring at
r̲e̲r̲é̲ˑr̲qil\ʼbga : /qiqiˑlqilpga/ d. glare at
r̲é̲ˑr̲qil\ʼbg! : /qiˑlqilbak!/ glare!
qiliˑw 3S-n red-headed woodpecker (small sp.). Probably onomatopoetic but not elicited. Only in:
qiliˑws : /qiliˑwas/ red-headed woodpecker
qiLoˑ 3S-n anger, meanness
qiLoˑs : /qiLoˑs/ anger, meanness; the large vertebrae at the base of the neck between the shoulders (possibly a loan translation from the local English idiom, in which this is also called a person’s “meanness”?)
/qʼa ʔan qiLoˑs./ I (am) terribly mean.
/qʼa ʔan qiLoˑs seˑwʼa./ I act terribly mean.
qiw 7Sv smart (as eyes, lips from chapping)
qiwa : /qiwa/ smarts
sne̲qiwa : /sniqwa/ makes (someone’s eyes, lips, etc.) smart
qiWkʼ 7Sv speak roughly to, snarl at, be angry with
qiWkʼa : /qiWkʼa/ snarls at, speaks roughly to
r̲e̲qiWkʼa : /qiqoˑhkʼa/ d. snarl at, are angry with
se̲qiWkʼa : /siqoˑhkʼa/ snarl at each other, are angry with one another
qiˑʔa 3Sn lizard (sp.?)
qiˑʔa : /qiˑ ʔa/ lizard
r̲e̲qiˑʔaʼaˑkʼ : /qiqiˑʔaʔaˑk/ d. little lizards

321
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
qiˑʔa gitʼLa̲s : /qiˑʔa gitLas/ “Lizards-Poured-out-on” (place name: Williamson River Church)
qiˑč 3S-n fin
qiˑčs : /qiˑčas/ fin
qla 3S-n uncured hide (usually buckskin unless otherwise specified)
qlas : /qlas/ uncured hide
qlakʼa : /qlakʼa/ little hide
qlakʼmʼč : /qlakʼamʼč/ big old hide
qlaLʔań̲ 7Sv hail. Also qlaLeˑ. See Sec. 334.
qlaLʔań̲ : /qlaLʔan/ hails
qlaLeˑwabg : /qlaLeˑwapk/ will hail
qlaLeˑs : /qlaLeˑs/ hail
qlaLeˑyeˑga : /qlaLeˑyeˑga/ starts to hail
qlaLeˑ sle
qlanʼa sne
qlanʼe 3Sn root (sp. unknown). Also qlanʼa (AC only). This was a long whitish root, described as “like macaroni” in shape. The plant grows in semiarid country and has a blue flower. Cooked, it is said to be very sweet.
qlanʼe : /qlanʼe/ root (sp.), Or qlanʼa : /qlanʼa/.
qlanʼeˑʼaˑkʼ : /qlanʼeʔaˑk/ little root (sp.)
qli 3S-n acorn; oak tree (with {ʔm} 7sn [collective]). The species of oak denoted by this term could not be ascertained.
qlis : /qlis/ acorn
qlism : /qlisam/ oak tree
qliń̲ 7Sv choke on something in the throat (as a fish bone)
qliń̲ : /qlin/ chokes on something
r̲r̲e̲qliń̲ : /qliqlan/ d. choke
sne̲qliń̲ : /sniqlan/ causes someone to choke
qliw 7S-v act on a handful of liquid, Also a portmanteau qliW ({r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] plus {qliw}). See Sec. 334.
qliwčnʼa : /qliwčnʼa/ splashes a handful of liquid on as one goes along; carries a handful of liquid along
qliwlʼaˑlʼa : /qliwlʼaˑlʼa/ sprinkles a handful of liquid on a fire; sprinkles a handful of water on hot rocks in a sweathouse
qliWlʼaˑlʼa : /qliwlʼaˑlʼa/ d. sprinkle a handful on a fire
qliwqaˑyi̲ʼa : /qliwqaˑyʼa/ sprinkles a handful of liquid in the bushes, in the hair (as hair tonic)
se̲qliwqaˑyi̲ʼdk : /siqloˑqaˑyitk/ having liquid on one’s hair
qliwtn̲nʼa : /qliwtanʔa/ splashes a handful of liquid on
qliwr̲tn̲nʼa : /qliwttanʔa/ splashes a handful of liquid hard against, repeatedly against

322
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qliwwl : /qliwwal/ puts a handful of liquid on top of; baptizes
se̲qliwwl : /siqloˑwal/ puts a handful of liquid on oneself, each other
qliwwllʼg̣a : /qliwwallg̣a/ throws a handful of liquid up
qliW sle
qliˑpa 3Sn mink (Lutreola vison energumenos, Bangs; Gatschet gives “Putorius vison”)
qliˑpa : /qliˑpa/ mink
r̲r̲e̲qliˑpaʼaˑkʼ : /qliqliˑpaʔaˑk/ d. little mink
qlo 3Sn root (sp. unknown). This is a round root which grows in damp ground. It was eaten roasted but was said to be tough and not very delicious.
qlo : /qlo/ root (sp.)
qma 3Sn basket hat. Also qmaleˑq 3S-n in apparent free variation. This was worn by both men and women in the old days but later mostly by women, Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive].
qma : /qma/ basket hat, Or qmaleˑqs : /qmaleˑqs/.
r̲e̲qmaʼaˑkʼ : /qaqmaʔaˑk/ d. little basket hats
qmag̣ 7Sv search, look for. Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive].
qmag̣a : /qmag̣a/ looks for, searches
r̲e̲qmag̣a : /qaqmg̣a/ d. search
qmag̣bga : /qmaqpga/ is looking for
qmag̣kanga : /qmaqkanga/ looks around for
qmag̣r̲kyamna : /qmaqkakyamna/ looks for something all around some central obj.
qmag̣Yeˑni̲ʼa : /qmaqYeˑna/ looks for inside
qmaleˑq see qma basket hat
qmeˑs 7S-v fade away (sound). Possibly qmes plus ˑdgi. Cf. also the next entry. Only in:
qmeˑsdgi : /qmeˑstgi/ (sound) fades away (as an echo, the reverberation of a bell, etc.)
qmeˑW 7S-v stop gradually (as waves, reverberations, wind). Possibly qmeW plus ˑdgi. Cf. the preceding entry.
qmeˑWdgi : /qmeˑWtgi/ stops gradually
r̲r̲e̲qmeˑWdgi : /qmeqmeˑWtgi/ d. stop gradually
qnaˑwat see g̣naˑwat reed (sp.)
qnewčʼi 3Sn outer bark
qnewčʼi : /qnewčʼi/ outer bark
qnewčʼiʼa̲la : /qnewčyʼala/ gathers bark (for fuel)

323
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
qniyʼ 7Sv have an erection. Occurs either with r̲r̲e̲ or r̲e̲ allomorphs of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive].
qniyʼa : /qniyʼa/ has an erection
r̲r̲e̲qniyʼa : /qniqnyʼa/ d. have an erection. Or r̲e̲qniyʼa : /qiqnyʼa/.
sne̲qniyʼa : /sniqnyʼa/ causes someone to have an erection
qnog̣ 3S-n rope, thread, string. Also a portmanteau qnoqq ({r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive] plus {qnog̣}). See Sec. 430.
qnog̣s : /qnoqs/ rope, thread, string
qnog̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /qnoqʼaˑk/ little rope, thread, string
qnoqq\ʼaˑkʼ : /qnoqqʼaˑk/ d. little ropes, etc.
qnoqq sle
qn̲ see eqn̲ outside, out, through
qočaˑnig 3S-n goosefoot (Chenopodium fremontii Wats.)
qočaˑnigsʔm : /qočaˑniksʔam/ goosefoot
qotaˑ 3Sn woodrat (sp. of Neotoma)
qočʼaˑ : /qočʼaˑ/ woodrat
r̲e̲qočʼaˑʼaˑkʼ : /qoqčʼaˑʔaˑk/ d. little woodrats
qodo 3Sn coccyx, base of the spine
qodo : /qodo/ coccyx
qol\ʼ 7Sv rumble (stomach)
r̲é̲ˑr̲qol\ʼa : /qoˑlqolʼa/ (stomach) rumbles, growls
qoqding 3S-n dragonfly (libellula). Most informants called this insect “mosquito-hawk.” Possibly r̲e̲qoding, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
qoqdings : /qoqdinks/ dragonfly; idiom: batchelor
qoqdingkʼa : /qoqdinkkʼa/ little dragonfly; little batchelor
r̲e̲qoqdingkʼa : /qoqaqdinkkʼa/ d. little dragonflies; d. little batchelors
qoqyʼag̣ 3S-n loon (small sp.; Gatschet gives “Sp. of red-eyed grebe: sp. of Podiceps”). Possibly r̲e̲qoyʼag̣, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
qoqyʼag̣s : /qoqyʼaqs/ loon (sp.)
r̲e̲qoqyʼag̣kʼa : /qoqaqyʼaqkʼa/ d. little loons
qoyg̣ 7Sv recognize
qoyg̣a : /qoyg̣a/ recognizes someone
he̲sqoyg̣a : /hosqiˑg̣a/ introduces someone
se̲qoyg̣a : /soqiˑg̣a/ recognize each other
se̲qoyg̣aˑʼs : /soqiˑg̣aˑʔas/ parents
se̲qoyg̣dk : /soqiˑg̣atk/ acquaintance
qoyg̣annwi : /qoyg̣nannwi/ recognizes right away

324
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qoyi̲ʼ 7-Sv thresh, mash, separate seeds from hulls
nqoyi̲ʼa : /nqoyʼa/ threshes, mashes with a round instrument
sqoyi̲ʼa : /sqoyʼa/ threshes, mashes with a sharp instrument (as one threshes wokas out of the rotting pods with a wooden paddle)
sqoyi̲ʼdga : /sqoyitga/ been mashing, threshing
sqoˑyi̲ʼa : /sqoˑyʼa/ threshes, mashes pl.
qoˑʼ 7Sv be frightened of a ghost, “bogeyman”
qoˑʼa : /qoˑʔa/ is frightened by a ghost, bogeyman
he̲sqoˑʼa : /hosqoˑʔa/ (ghost, bogeyman) frightens someone
qoˑʼs : /qoˑʔas/ bogeyman
qoˑʼs peč : /qoˑʔas peč/ “Bogeyman-Foot” (woman’s proper name)
qoˑs 7S-v act with one’s parents-in-law (woman); act with a step-father (woman?). The semantic range is uncertain.
qoˑsbga : /qoˑspga/ (woman) stays with parents-in-law
qoˑsbgs : /qoˑsbaks/ (woman’s) father-in-law
qoˑsčnʼa : /qoˑsčʼnʼa/ (woman) goes to parents-in-law
qoˑsdbn̲bli : /qoˑstbambli/ (woman) arrives back at the home of parents-in-law
qoˑslʼg̣a : /qoˑslg̣a/ stays with one’s step-father (apparently for both men and women)
qoˑslʼg̣s : /qoˑslʼaqs/ step-father
qpʼalʼ 7Sv double up a fist, pack into a ball, curl up
qpʼalʼa : /qpʼalʼa/ doubles up a fist, packs a snowball, curls up
qpʼalʼdk : /qpʼalʼatk/ doubled up, curled up, packed
qpʼalʼaˑkʼidk : /qpʼalʼaˑkʼitk/ little doubled-up one
qtan̲ 7Sv sleep. Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive].
qtan̲a : /qtana/ sleeps
r̲e̲qtan̲a : /qaqta/ d. sleep
qtan̲a̲t : /qtant/ can sleep
qtan̲bga : /qtampga/ is sleeping
qtan̲čʼn̲a : /qtančʼa/ just dropped off to sleep, fell asleep
sne̲qtan̲čʼn̲a : /snaqtančʼa/ puts someone to sleep
qtan̲čʼn̲a̲ksga : /qtančʼanksga/ almost fell asleep
qtan̲čʼn̲nannwi : /qtančʼannannwi/ dropped right off to sleep
qtan̲nʼapga : /qtanʔapga/ feels sleepy
qtan̲ys : /qtays/ sleep; to sleep
/g̣esga ʔan qtays./ I can’t sleep
qtʼaqʼ 7Sv clap the hands. Only in:
ser̲r̲e̲r̲qtʼaqʼa : /saqtʼaqqtqʼa/ claps the hands together, Recorded

325
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
	/saqtʼaqtqʼa/—either an error or an otherwise unattested morphophonemic phenomenon.
qwaˑtʼ 7Sv be hard, difficult
qwaˑtʼ : /qwaˑt/ hard, difficult
/moˑ ʔa geˑ qwaˑt./ This is very difficult.
qwaˑtʼant : /qwaˑtʼant/ on something hard, difficult
/čoy honk hoqqaˑyilg̣a qwaˑtʼant hompčant./ And he ran into thick bushes like that. (“ran-into-bushes into-(something)-hard like-that”). (Texts, 13,55)
qwaˑtʼbgs : /qwaˑtʼapks/ being difficult, hard
/čoy waq min honk giwk sʔewanwapk kʼet qwaˑtʼapks?/ And why should I give it to you (having gotten it) with so much trouble? (Texts, 12.26)
qwaˑtʼdk : /qwaˑtʼatk/ hard, difficult
/qwaˑtʼatk ʔa geˑ sʔodeˑs gempči./ This kind is hard to make.
qweˑL see eqweˑL down a hill, out of a tree
qyeˑtn̲ see aqyeˑtn̲ right beside
qyoʔg̣ sne
qyog̣ 3S-n shaman (“Indian doctor”). Also qyoʔg̣. Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive]. For the various functions of the shaman in Klamath culture, see Spier (1930). See Sec. 430.
qyog̣s : /qyoqs/ shaman
r̲e̲qyoʔg̣s : /qoqiˑʔaqs/ d. shamans
qyos 7Sv be barely audible
qyosa : /qyosa/ is barely audible (as a voice coming very faintly from the distance)
qʼ
qʼa 2Srm awfully, very, terribly
/qʼa ʔa g̣atdaks pačʼit./ It’s awfully cold now.
/qʼa nalk ʔa geˑ mʼaˑsʔa./ This one is much worse, (“awfully more sick”)
/qʼa ʔat čʼmogaˑ/ It’s terribly dark.
/qʼač ʔa sa sʔaswiˑga./ They’re very angry too.
/qʼiw qʼa čʼapʼas/ “Squeezing-the-Anus-Hard” (cat’s-cradle figure)
qʼačwʼeˑč 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable. AC stated that this was from a myth but could give no further analysis.

326
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qʼačwʼeˑč : /qʼačwʼeˑč/ place name
qʼačʼ 7-Sv make something tight, do something firmly
g̣wᵛqʼačʼa : /g̣waqčʼa/ bites tightly, firmly
swᵛqʼaˑčʼa : /swaqʼaˑčʼa/ ties something tightly
qʼaǰaym 3S-n manzanita. Only in:
qʼaǰaymʔm : /qʼaǰaymʔam/ manzanita
qʼaǰi 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable.
qʼaǰi : /qʼaǰi/ place name
qʼaǰičwʼačweˑʼ 3S-n proper name: a mythological figure. Said to mean “show-off to the ladies” or “braggart” and used as a common noun with these meanings. Analysis?
qʼaǰičwʼačweˑʼs : /qʼaǰičwʼačweˑʔas/ proper name; braggart, show-off
qʼal 7S-v be round
qʼaˑldgi : /qʼaˑltgi/ becomes round
sne̲qʼaˑldgi : /snaqʼaˑltgi/ makes something round
r̲é̲r̲qʼallʼi : /qʼalqʼalʔi/ round
qʼalǰiǰig 3S-n spider, Appears to contain an r̲e̲ sequence but not descriptively segmentable.
qʼalǰiǰigs : /qʼalǰiǰiks/ spider
qʼalǰiǰigsʔm sne̲ntʼačʼlʼg̣s : /qʼalǰiǰiksʔam snantʼačlʼaqs/ spiderweb (“spider’s-trap”)
qʼalmilmil 3Sn willow bark. Appears to contain an r̲é̲r̲ sequence but not descriptively segmentable.
qʼalmilmil : /qʼalmilmil/ willow bark
qʼalyʼa 3Sn rabbitskin blanket
qʼalyʼa : /qʼalyʼa/ rabbitskin blanket
r̲e̲qʼalyʼaʼaˑkʼ : /qʼaqʼalyʼaʔaˑk/ d. little rabbitskin blankets
qʼaL 7S-v be hurt, injured
sqʼaLdgi : /sqʼaLtgi/ is injured, becomes injured
/qʼay sanʼaˑWawli Naykstʼant hay bas sqʼaLtgi giwk./ (They) don’t want to be injured on one side. (Texts, 21.46)
qʼaLkʼl\ʼa : /qʼaLklʼa/ hurts, is injured
he̲sqʼaLkʼl\ʼa : /hasqʼaLklʼa/ injure each other
r̲e̲qʼaLkʼl\ʼa : /qʼaqʼaLklʼa/ d. are injured
sqʼaLkʼl\ʼa : /sqaLklʼa/ injures someone
qʼaLgalbli : /qʼaLgalbli/ is hurt again
qʼaLgaldk : /qʼaLgaltk/ hurt, injured
qʼaLgalWiˑs : /qʼaLgalWiˑs/ an old wound, injury
qʼalʼ 7-Sv bend, fold
lʼočqʼaˑlʼa : /lʼočqʼaˑlʼa/ bends the knee

327
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
se̲lʼočqʼaˑlʼa : /solʼačqʼaˑlʼa/ bends one’s own knee
spᵛqʼalʼlʼg̣a : /spaqʼallg̣a/ folds a cloth
r̲r̲e̲spᵛqʼalʼlʼg̣aˑ : /spaspqʼallg̣a/ d. fold a cloth
qʼambolwʼ 7Sv bud (wokas)
qʼambolwʼa : /qʼambolwʼa/ buds, is budding (wokas)
qʼambolwʼs : /qʼambolwʼas/ bud, a small unripe wokas pod
qʼapčʼa 3Sn little finger
qʼapčʼa : /qʼapčʼa/ little finger
r̲e̲qʼapčʼaʼaˑkʼ : /qʼaqʼapčʼaʔaˑk/ d. little fingers
qʼapčʼalm se̲nʼiqtn̲ys : /qʼapčʼalam sinʼaqtis/ the ring finger (“little-finger’s-one-touching”)
qʼapdo 3Sn mullet (Chasmistes brevirostris)
qʼapdo : /qʼapdo/ mullet (sp.)
qʼapdoʼaˑkʼ : /qʼapdoʔaˑk/ little mullet
r̲e̲qʼapdoʼaˑkʼ : /qʼaqʼaptwʼaˑk/ d. little mullet
qʼapdoʔmʼč : /qʼapdoʔamʼč/ big old mullet
qʼapdoʼeˑmʼi : /qʼapdoʔeˑmʼi/ mullet season
qʼaqneˑg 7Sv be dirty
qʼaqneˑga : /qʼaqneˑga/ is dirty, gets dirty
sqʼaqneˑga : /sqʼaqneˑga/ dirties something
he̲sqʼaqneˑga : /hasqʼaqneˑga/ dirties oneself
qʼaqneˑgdiˑla : /qʼaqneˑkdiˑla/ is dirty underneath
qʼaqneˑgdk : /qʼaqneˑgatk/ dirty
qʼaqneˑgwl : /qʼaqneˑgwal/ is dirty on top
qʼatyaˑwʼ 3S-n seagull (large sp.). Onomatopoetic: its cry is: /qʼatyaˑˑˑ, qʼatyaˑˑˑ, qʼatyaˑˑˑ!/.
qʼatyaˑwʼs : /qʼatyaˑwʼas/ seagull (sp.)
qʼaw\ʼ 7Sv catch a thrown obj. Also qʼawehʔ. It is possible that the latter allomorph may be analyzable as qʼaw\ʼ plus an otherwise unattested allomorph of {eˑʼ} 13sv “in a game, competition.” See Sec. 334.
qʼaw\ʼa : /qʼawʼa/ catches a thrown obj.
qʼaw\ʼ! : /qʼaw!/ catch!
qʼaw\ʼiˑa : /qʼawʼiˑya/ catches for someone
r̲e̲qʼaw\ʼiˑa : /qʼaqwʼiˑya/ d. catch for someone
qʼaw\ʼs : /qʼaws/ the catching; to catch
/g̣esga ʔan hon qʼaws./ I could not catch it.
qʼaw\ʼwabg : /qʼawwapk/ will catch
se̲qʼawehʔa : /saqʼwehʔa/ plays catch
se̲qʼawehʔkʼys : /saqʼwehkʼis/ ball court; place name at Crater Lake (Texts, 10.49)
qʼawehʔ sle

328
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qʼaW 7S-v (?) brown (?), Only in one proper name. Cf. also {kaW} 7S-v “be brown,”
qʼaWlʼi r̲e̲se̲lᵛikLs : /qʼaWlʼi sislakLas/ “Brown-Spots-Above-the-Eyes” (name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7)
qʼawʼ 3S-n snail (sp.). This is the small garden variety with a coiled shell found in damp places.
qʼawʼys : /qʼawʼiˑs/ snail (sp.)
qʼay 3Srn no, not. See Secs. 910 and 1023.
qʼay : /qʼay/ no, not
/qʼay ni sʔaywakta./ I don’t know.
/qʼay hon bonwi!/ Don’t drink that!
/ʔaMkʼa geˑ qʼay dičʼiˑ./ Maybe this is not good.
qʼay\ʼoˑ : /qʼayʼoˑ/ not yet
/qʼayʼoˑ ʔa hoˑt gatbambli./ He has not yet returned.
/dam ʔi qʼayʼoˑ qtančʼa?/ Haven’t you fallen asleep yet?
qʼaylaˑlb 7Sv put on, wear pants
qʼaylaˑlba : /qʼaylaˑlba/ puts on, wears pants
qʼaylaˑlbbli : /qʼaylaˑlapbli/ puts pants back on
se̲qʼaylaˑlbdiˑlas : /saqʼiˑlaˑlapdiˑlas/ underpants
qʼaylaˑlboˑla : /qʼaylaˑlboˑla/ takes off pants
qʼaylaˑlbs : /qʼaylaˑlaps/ pants
qʼaylaˑlb\ʼaˑkʼ : /qʼaylaˑlpʼaˑk/ little pair of pants. But note:
r̲e̲qʼaylaˑlbkʼa : /qʼaqʼiˑlaˑlapkʼa/ d. little pairs of pants
qʼayLyʼ 7Sv put on, wear a belt
qʼayLyʼa : /qʼayLyʼa/ puts on a belt, wears a belt
he̲sqʼayLyʼa : /hasqʼiˑLyʼa/ puts a belt on someone
qʼayLyʼbli : /qʼayLibli/ puts a belt back on
qʼayLyʼoˑla : /qʼayLyʼoˑla/ takes off a belt
qʼayLyʼs : /qʼayLis/ belt
qʼayLyʼˑk : /qʼayLiˑk/ little belt
r̲e̲qʼayLyʼˑk : /qʼaqʼiˑLiˑk/ d. little belts
qʼaYʔań̲ 7Sv miss a target, mark. Also qʼaYeˑ. See Sec. 334.
qʼaYʔań̲ : /qʼaYʔan/ misses a mark
r̲e̲qʼaYʔań̲ : /qʼaqʼiˑhʔan/ d. miss a mark
se̲qʼaYʔań̲ : /saqʼiˑhʔan/ miss each other
qʼaYeˑbga : /qʼaYeˑpga/ is missing a mark
sne̲qʼaYeˑwabg : /snaqYeˑwapk/ will make someone miss
qʼaYeˑ sle
qʼayʼe 3Sn intestines. Possibly cf. {sqʼayʼe} 3Sn “trout’s gills; Adam’s apple.”

329
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
qʼayʼe : /qʼayʼe/ intestines
r̲e̲qʼayʼeʼaˑkʼ : /qʼaqyʼeʔaˑk/ d. little intestines; idiom: a dumpling made of flour and water
qʼaˑh? 3-S-n great blue heron (Ardea herodias L.)
r̲é̲r̲qʼaˑhʔs : /qʼahqʼaˑhʔas/ great blue heron
r̲é̲r̲qʼaˑhʔsʔm čᵛikLs : /qʼahqʼaˑhsʔam čikLas/ “Heron-Sitting-on-Top” (place name: a mountain on the boundary of the old Reservation)
qʼaˑǰ 3-S-n female cousin (daughters of persons related as brother and sister); daughters of female cousins. This definition is from Gatschet; RD knew this term but could not explain it.
bqʼaˑǰyb : /pqʼaˑǰip/ female cousin
qʼaˑqʼ see aqʼaˑqʼ on the neck; on the lap
qʼečʼ 7-Sv pound, chip, scribble, scratch, sharpen
ʔᵛqʼečʼa : /ʔeqčʼa/ sharpens with a long obj.
ʔᵛqʼečʼs : /ʔeqčʼas/ file
ʔᵛqʼečʼsa̲lkʼys : /ʔeqčsalkʼis/ “Sharpening-Instrument” (place name)
čʼlᵉqʼečʼa : /čʼleqčʼa/ scratches once, leaving a mark
čʼlᵉqʼeˑčʼa : /čʼleqʼeˑčʼa/ scratches pl.; marks with the fingernails
lᵛqʼečʼa : /leqčʼa/ sharpens a round obj. (as a flint knife)
lᵛqʼečʼdgi : /leqčʼatgi/ wants someone to sharpen
lᵛqʼečʼs : /leqčʼas/ sharpening stone, whetstone
pᵛqʼeˑčʼa : /peqʼeˑčʼa/ pulls and leaves marks on (as one drags a heavy box across the floor)
sdᵛqʼečʼa : /sdeqčʼa/ sharpens by striking with a sharp instrument (as one chips the edge of an arrowhead)
qʼeǰoč 3Sn squirrel (sp.) This was given only by the Pompeys. Possibly onomatopoetic.
qʼeǰoč : /qʼeǰoč/ squirrel (sp.)
qʼelyʼ sne
qʼelyʼak 2Srn without, having no… Also qʼelyʼ. See Secs. 910 and 1023.
qʼelyʼak : /qʼelyʼak/ without, having no…
/hoˑt ʔa qʼelyʼak pkʼisap, qʼelyʼak ptisap./ He is without a mother (and) without a father.
/qʼelyʼak honk Las gist—kʼičkʼaˑnʼs gist ʔoˑč./ He has no feathers—being small yet. (Texts, 14.13)
/qʼelyʼak kyem ʔikʼaˑyisʔals./ (He) has no fish to hang up.
qʼelyʼant : /qʼelyʼant/ not being present
/čoy ni sikoˑyeˑkdamnwapk, qʼelyʼant maˑlʼs./ And I will keep raising myself (with this cane) while you pl. are gone. (Texts, 4.341)

330
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/gelwipga ʔa sa, qʼelyʼant nis./ They came visiting, while I was absent.
qʼeˑč 3Sn seagull (small sp.). Gatschet gives this as “a sp. of magpie: Pica melanoleus hudsonica.” The author’s informants were insistent that this is a seagull, however. Onomatopoetic: its cry is : /qʼeˑč, qʼeˑč, qʼeˑč!/.
qʼeˑč : /qʼeˑč/ seagull (sp.)
r̲e̲qʼeˑč\ʼaˑkʼ : /qʼeqʼeˑčʼaˑk/ d. little seagulls
qʼeˑčʔmʼč : /qʼeˑčʔamʼč/ big old seagull
qʼeˑgi 7Sv be absent, lacking. Cf. {qʼay} 2Srn “no, not” and {qʼelyʼak} 2Srn “without, having no…”
qʼeˑgi : /qʼeˑgi/ is absent, lacking
/qʼeˑgi lis hoˑt maˑns./ He is absent a long time.
sne̲qʼeˑgi : /sneqʼeˑgi/ loses something
qʼeˑgs 2-Sa less than ten. Probably identifiable as historically connected with the preceding entry. See Sec. 721. Only in:
Načqʼeˑgs : /Načqʼeˑks/ nine. See Naˑs.
qʼeˑLo 3Sn juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)
qʼeˑLo : /qʼeˑLo/ juniper
qʼeˑLoʔm : /qʼeˑLoʔam/ juniper tree, species
qʼeˑlʼi̲ 7Sv act silly; make a noise, rumpus
qʼeˑlʼi̲a : /qʼeˑlʼa/ acts silly; makes noise
/wʼas sitk qʼeˑlʼaˑ/ (He) makes a racket like a coyote.
/ʔi dal neneˑnʼs qʼeˑlʼa?/ Is that you making that racket?
/qʼoy qʼeˑlʼa/ acts ugly, has a tantrum
r̲e̲qʼeˑlʼi̲a : /qʼeqʼeˑlʼa/ d. make a racket
qʼeˑlʼi̲dga : /qʼeˑlʼitga/ been making a noise, acting silly
qʼeˑlʼi̲dk : /qʼeˑlʼitk/ one acting silly, a “cut-up”
r̲e̲qʼeˑlʼi̲sʔm swin̲ys : /qʼeqʼeˑlʼisʔam swiˑs/ “fun-song” (in contrast to a spirit song)
qʼiliˑǰig 3S-n diver duck. Possibly onomatopoetic.
qʼiliˑǰigs : /qʼiliˑǰiks/ diver duck
qʼiMaˑč 3Sn ant (all varieties)
qʼiMaˑč : /qʼiMaˑč/ ant
r̲e̲qʼiMaˑč\ʼaˑkʼ : /qʼiqMaˑčʼaˑk/ d. little ants
qʼiw 3Sn anus
qʼiw : /qʼiw/ anus
r̲e̲qʼiw\ʼaˑkʼ : /qʼiqwʼaˑk/ do little anuses
qʼiw qʼa čʼapʼs : /qʼiw qʼa čʼapʼas/ “Squeezing-the-Anus-Hard” (cat’s cradle figure)

331
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
qʼlamčʼ 7Sv close the eyes, Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
qʼlamčʼa : /qʼlamčʼa/ closes the eyes
r̲e̲qʼlamčʼa : /qʼaqʼlamčʼa/ d. close the eyes
qʼlamčʼbga : /qʼlamčʼapga/ has the eyes closed
qʼlamčʼoˑla : /qʼlamčʼoˑla/ opens the eyes
qʼlaˑǰ 3Sn blueberry (sp.)
qʼlaˑǰ : /qʼlaˑč/ blueberry (sp.)
r̲r̲e̲qʼlaˑǰ\ʼaˑkʼ : /qʼlaqʼlaˑčʼaˑk/ d. little blueberries
qʼlaˑǰa̲lča̲a : /qʼlaˑǰalča/ goes to pick blueberries
qʼlaˑǰksi : /qʼlaˑǰaksi/ “Blueberry-Place” (place name)
qʼlidiˑ 3S-n sandhill crane (Grus canadensis). Onomatopoetic: its cry is: /qʼlidiˑˑˑ qʼlidiˑˑˑ!/.
qʼlidiˑs : /qʼlidiˑs/ sandhill crane
qʼlidiˑkʼa : /qʼlidiˑkʼa/ little sandhill crane
qʼliq 4S-v peek, glance. Also tʼliq in apparent free variation. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only before tʼliq; but r̲r̲e̲ was recorded before qʼliq (?). See Sec. 331.
qʼliqditgoˑlbga : /qʼliqditgoˑlapga/ is peeking out from under
qʼliqdiˑla : /qʼliqdiˑla/ peeks underneath
qʼliqLy : /qʼliqLi/ peeks, glances inside
qʼliqsaqčnʼbga : /qʼliqsaqčampga/ is peeking at someone ahead
qʼliqtn̲a : /qʼliqta/ glances at
qʼliqYeˑni̲ʼa : /qʼliqYeˑnʼa/ peeks inside
r̲r̲e̲qʼliqYeˑni̲ʼa : /qʼliqʼlaqYeˑnʼa/ d. peek inside
tʼliqdiˑla : /tʼliqdiˑla/ peeks underneath
tʼliqkanga : /tʼliqkanga/ peeks around, glances here and there
r̲e̲tʼliqkanga : /tʼitʼlaqkanga/ d. peek around here and there
tʼliqtn̲a : /tʼliqta/ peeks at
se̲tʼliqtn̲a : /sitʼlaqta/ peek at each other; idiom: puts charcoal on one’s eyes to keep away snow blindness
tʼliqyg̣i : /tʼliqiˑg̣i/ peeks over, above
qʼmolmʼolʼ 7Sv bubble (as boiling liquid). Seems to contain an r̲é̲r̲ sequence, but this is not descriptively segmentable.
qʼmolmʼolʼa : /qʼmolmʼolʼa/ bubbles
qʼnačʼiˑqʼ 7Sv wink, blink, squint. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
qʼnačʼiˑqʼa : /qʼnačʼiˑqʼa/ winks, blinks, squints
r̲e̲qʼnačʼiˑqʼa : /qʼaqʼnčʼiˑqʼa/ d. wink, blink, squint
qʼnačʼiˑqʼiˑa : /qʼnačʼiˑqʼiˑya/ winks for someone (as one winks to indicate sexual interest in a woman)

332
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qʼobL\ʼ 7Sv belch
r̲é̲r̲r̲qʼobL\ʼa : /qʼobaLqʼoplʼa/ belches repeatedly
qʼobL\ʼdgi : /qʼobaLtgi/ belches, feels like belching
qʼočwʼal 3Sn gunny sack
qʼočwʼal : /qʼočwʼal/ gunny sack
qʼočwʼal\ʼaˑkʼ : /qʼočwʼalʼaˑk/ little gunny sack
qʼočʼ 7+Sv bend
qʼočʼa : /qʼočʼa/ bends (intr.)
r̲e̲qʼočʼa : /qʼoqčʼa/ d. bend
sqočʼa : /sqočʼa/ bends something
r̲r̲e̲sqʼočʼa : /sqʼosqčʼa/ d. bend something
qʼočʼbgs : /qʼočʼapks/ being bent
/qʼočʼapks psis gitk/ having a bent nose
qʼočʼdk : /qʼočʼatk/ bent
nqʼočʼa : /nqʼočʼa/ bends with a round instrument
pᵛqʼočʼa : /poqčʼa/ pulls and bends out of shape
sqʼočʼtn̲a : /sqʼočta/ bends a sharp instrument on (as the point of a knife on a rock)
yᵛqʼočʼa : /yoqčʼa/ bends with the foot, feet
yᵛqʼoˑčʼa : /yoqʼoˑčʼa/ bends pl. with the feet
qʼodag 3S-n minnow (sp.). See qʼčʼiˑwʼ.
qʼodags : /qʼodaks/ minnow
r̲e̲qʼodagkʼa : /qʼoqdakkʼa/ d. little minnows
qʼoǰing 3S-n hoof (of a quadruped)
qʼoǰings : /qʼoǰinks/ hoof
r̲e̲qʼoǰingkʼa : /qʼoqǰinkkʼa/ d. little hooves
qʼol 3-S-n grandmother (mother’s mother); reciprocal: grandchild (woman’s daughter’s child)
bqʼolyb : /pqʼoliˑp/ grandmother; grandchild
se̲bqʼola̲ldk : /sopqʼlaltk/ related to each other as grandmother-grandchild
bqʼolysa̲b : /pqʼoliˑsap/ grandmothers; grandchildren
qʼoliˑsga : /qʼoliˑsga/ Granny! Grandchild!
qʼoli̲ʼ 7-Sv bend, wad up, tangle, crumple, curl. Possibly 7+Sv but not attested.
dᵛqoˑli̲ʼa : /doqʼoˑlʼa/ crumbles between the hands
se̲dᵛqʼoˑli̲ʼa : /sotqʼoˑlʼa/ rubs the hands together
kmᵛqʼoli̲ʼlʼg̣a : /kmoqʼallg̣a/ tangles up a ropelike mass
kmᵛqʼoˑli̲ʼa : /kmoqʼoˑlʼa/ crumples, wads up into a ball
r̲e̲kmᵛqʼoˑli̲ʼa : /kokmqʼoˑlʼa/ d. crumple up, wad up
kmᵛqʼoˑli̲ʼr̲bqʼdk : /kmoqʼoˑlipbapqʼatk/ wrinkle-faced

333
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kmᵛqʼoˑli̲ʼyeˑniˑ dk : /kmoqʼoˑliyeˑnitk/ wrinkled inside
nčʼoqʼoˑli̲ʼa : /nčʼoqʼoˑlʼa/ is curly. See nčʼo.
pᵛqʼoli̲ʼlʼg̣a : /poqʼallg̣a/ pulls and bends, crumples up
spᵛqʼoli̲ʼlʼg̣a : /spoqʼallg̣a/ coils, bends (as rope)
qʼoLt 3Sn otter (Lutra canadensis pacifica, Rhoads)
qʼoLt : /qʼoLt/ otter
r̲e̲qʼoLt\ʼaˑkʼ : /qʼoqʼaltʼaˑk/ d. little otters
qʼoLtʔm waˑs : /qʼoLtʔam waˑs/ “Otter’s-Den” (place name)
qʼolʼanč sne
qʼolʼinč 3Sn knee. Also qolʼanč (BL) and sqʼolʼanč in one item. See Sec. 430.
qʼolʼinč : /qʼolʼinč/ knee. Also qʼolʼanč : /qʼolʼanč/ .
r̲e̲qʼolʼinč\ʼaˑkʼ : /qʼoqlʼinčʼaˑk/ d. little knees
r̲e̲qʼolʼančʔmʼč : /qʼoqʼlʼančʔamʼč/ big old knees; man’s proper name
g̣aˑg̣m sqʼolʼančʼa̲ltn̲dk : /g̣aˑg̣am sqʼolʼančʼaltantk/ “Crow’s-Kneed-on” (basket design: Barrett, p. 264)
qʼomi̲ʼ 7-Sv hit on the head with a blunt instrument; lop off an ear. Cf. {komi̲ʼ} 7-Sv “split the skull.”
ktqʼoˑmi̲ʼa : /tqʼoˑmʼa/ hits on the head with a fist; kicks in the head
lᵛqʼoˑmi̲ʼa : /loqʼoˑmʼa/ hits on the head with a round obj.; lops off an ear; rubs someone’s eye with charcoal to protect them from snow blindness. Possibly the latter meaning is due to a misrecording of some form connected with {lkʼom} 3Sn “charcoaL”
lᵛqʼoˑmi̲ʼdk : /loqʼoˑmitk/ struck on the head; having an ear lopped off; having put charcoal on someone’s eyes
wqʼomi̲ʼa : /wqʼomʼa/ hits on the head with a long instrument
wqʼoˑmi̲ʼa : /wqʼoˑmʼa/ hits pl. (or pl. times) on the head
se̲wqʼoˑmi̲ʼa : /soˑqʼoˑmʼa/ hits oneself, each other, on the head
qʼos 7-Sv sprain
nᵉqʼosliˑna : /neqʼasliˑna/ sprains someone’s ankle, wrist
pᵛqʼosliˑna : /poqʼasliˑna/ sprains by pulling
yᵛqʼosliˑna : /yoqʼasliˑna/ sprains someone’s foot
se̲yᵛqʼosliˑna : /soyqʼasliˑna/ sprains one’s own foot
qʼosapʼ 3S-n pocketknife. Said to be onomatopoetic: the sound of the knife snapping shut.
qʼosapʼs : /qʼosapʼas/ pocketknife
qʼotpʼ 3S-n gnat(s)
qʼotpʼs : /qʼotpʼas/ gnat(s)

334
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qʼot 7-Sv make a knot, bundle
sqʼotʼa : /sqʼotʼa/ makes a knot, bundle; ties something up
r̲r̲e̲sqʼotʼa : /sqʼosqtʼa/ d. make a knot, tie up
sqʼotʼlʼg̣a : /sqʼotʼlg̣a/ ties a knot; hobbles a horse
wqʼotʼlamna : /wqʼotʼlamna/ ties a knot behind
se̲wqʼotʼlamndk : /soˑqʼatʼlamnatk/ having (hair) knotted in back
se̲wqʼotʼliˑgdk : /soˑqʼatʼliˑgatk/ having (hair) knotted on the forehead
wqʼotʼlʼg̣a : /wqʼotʼlg̣a/ ties a knot
r̲r̲e̲wqʼotʼlʼg̣at! : /wqʼoˑqʼatʼlg̣at!/ pl. tie a knot!
se̲wqʼotʼqn̲dk : /soˑqʼatqantk/ having (hair) knotted on the crown. Use of {eqn̲} 10sv “through, out”?
wqʼotʼwas : /wqʼotʼwas/ “Knotted-in-Water” (place name: Buck Island)
wqʼotʼwl : /wqʼotʼwal/ makes a knot on top
se̲wqʼotʼwldk : /soˑqʼatʼwaltk/ having (hair) knotted on top
qʼow 3-S-n plant (sp.). This species has yellow flowers on top and grows in swampy land. The underbark was used as a poultice for swellings.
r̲e̲r̲qʼowʔm : /qʼoˑqʼwʔam/ plant (sp.)
qʼoy 2Sra badly, evilly. Also qʼoyčʼ. See Sec. 722.
qʼoy : /qʼoy/ badly, evilly
/qʼoy bilwi/ stinks
/qʼoy domnas/ noise, racket
/qʼoy g̣lega/ spoils (as food)
/qʼoy haˑwitk/ having bad breath
/qʼoy mʼaˑsʔa/ hurts, is sick; tastes bad
/qʼoy neˑpga/ happens badly, goes wrong
/qʼoy sʔottʼa/ spoils, makes something badly
/qʼoy sleˑs/ ugly, bad-looking
qʼoyčʼa : /qʼoyčʼa/ bad [o]
/hoˑt ʔans qʼoyčʼa boqs loya./ He gave me a bad camas root.
qʼoyčʼ eˑnʼm : /qʼoyčʼeˑnʼam/ bad one’s
/geˑ ʔa honklʼam newlʼaqs, qʼoyčʼeˑnʼam./ This is his plot, the bad one’s.
qʼoyčʼ\ʼeˑnʼs : /qʼoyčʼeˑnʼs/ bad one [o]
/noˑ ʔa hon sʔaywakta qʼoyčʼeˑnʼs gist./ I know she is a bad one.
qʼoyčʼi : /qʼoyčʼi/ bad [n]
/hoˑt ʔa moˑ qʼoyčʼi hiswaqs./ He is a very bad man.

335
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲e̲qʼoyčʼi : /qʼoqʼiˑčʼi/ d. bad [n]
/hoˑt sa ʔa qʼoqʼiˑčʼi hihaswaqs./ They are bad men.
qʼoyčʼkʼaˑni : /qʼoyčkʼaˑni/ little bad one
qʼoyeˑwi̲ʼa : /qʼoyeˑwʼa/ is sad. See eˑwi̲ʼ.
qʼoy\ʼ 7Sv hate; be slightly nauseated at the taste of something greasy or heavy. Cf. the preceding entry and also {qʼoˑy\ʼ} 7Sv “be disgusted, annoyed with.”
r̲é̲r̲qʼoy\ʼa : /qʼoyqʼoyʼa/ hates; is slightly nauseated
sner̲é̲r̲qʼoy\ʼa : /snoqʼiˑqʼoyʼa/ causes one to hate; makes one nauseated
qʼoyqʼaˑwʼ 3S-n lion. This is a mythological being, supposedly killed off in a “Big Winter” about a hundred years ago. One more sophisticated informant identified it as a “dinosaur.” For another similar instance, cf. {g̣iliˑli} 3Sn. Possibly contains {qʼoy} 2Sra “badly, evilly.” Only in:
qʼoyqʼaˑwʼs : /qʼoyqʼaˑwʼas/ lion (mythical animal)
qʼoyseˑwi̲ʼ 7Sv be glad, happy; rejoice. Possibly contains {eˑwi̲ʼ} 8sv “be what the preceding adverb says” with an otherwise unattested stem qʼoys. Another possible analysis might be {qʼoy} 2Sra “badly, evilly” plus {seˑwi̲ʼ} 7Sv “think something to be … ,” but this is semantically dubious.
qʼoyseˑwi̲ʼa : /qʼoyseˑ wʼa/ is glad, happy; rejoices
qʼoyseˑwi̲ʼdk : /qʼoyseˑwitk/ glad, happy
qʼoˑčʼ 7-Sv make marks on. Possibly cf. {qʼočʼ} 7+Sv “bend.” Only in:
ʔᵛqʼoˑčʼa : /ʔoqʼoˑčʼa/ makes marks on with a long obj.
qʼoˑy\ʼ 7Sv be disgusted with, annoyed with. Cf. also {qʼoy} 2Sra “badly, evilly” and also {qʼoy\ʼ} 7Sv “hate; be slightly nauseated.”
r̲é̲ˑr̲qʼoˑy\ʼa : /qʼoˑyqʼoˑyʼa/ is disgusted with, annoyed with
r̲e̲r̲é̲ˑr̲qʼoˑy\ʼa : /qʼoqʼoˑyqʼoˑyʼa/ d. are disgusted with, annoyed with
qʼoˑYeˑg 7Sv be an orphan
qʼoˑYeˑga : /qʼoˑYeˑga/ is, becomes an orphan
r̲e̲qʼoˑYeˑga : /qʼoqʼoˑYeˑga/ d. become orphans
sne̲qʼoˑYeˑga : /snoqʼoˑYeˑga/ orphans someone
qʼoˑYeˑgs : /qʼoˑYeˑks/ orphan
qʼwanqʼ 7Sv limp, be lame. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
qʼwanqʼa : /qʼwanqʼa/ limps, is lame
qʼwanqʼčnʼa : /qʼwanqčnʼa/ limps along
qʼwanqʼčibga : /qʼwanqčipga/ comes limping along
qʼwanqʼdk : /qʼwanqʼatk/ lame

336
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qʼwanqʼkanga : /qʼwanqkanga/ limps around
r̲e̲qʼwanqʼkanga : /qʼaqwanqkanga/ d. limp around
qʼwiˑl 3Sn sheep. Modoc for Klamath {wyʼa} 3S-n.
qʼwiˑl : /qʼwiˑl/ sheep
qʼy see eqʼy in the road, in the doorway
qʼya 7S-v lie on one’s side
qʼyabga : /qʼyapga/ is lying on one’s side
r̲r̲e̲qʼyabga : /qʼyaqʼyapga/ d. lie on their sides
qʼyatn̲bga : /qʼyatampga/ is lying on one’s side against; is leaning against
qʼyatʼaˑwi̲ʼbga : /qʼyatʼaˑwipga/ lies on one’s side in the sunshine
r̲
r̲ 9psv [intensive]. See Sec. 351.
ʔᵛowiˑr̲dga : /ʔowiˑtdatga/ long objs. stand in a row, line
čʼinr̲lʼg̣a : /čʼilʔalg̣a/ stoops down continuously
čʼlᵉawsr̲yʼasg̣a : /čʼlawsiˑʔasg̣a/ gropes around for someone’s genitals
qmag̣r̲kyamna : /qmaqkakyamna/ looks for all around a central obj.
snʼog̣r̲bga : /snʼoqbapga/ is grasping, holding
tgᵛor̲diˑla : /tgotdiˑla/ is standing around under
wčʼečʼr̲bqʼdk : /wčʼeˑčbapqʼatk/ sprinkle-faced: freckled
wčʼeˑčʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /wčʼeˑčʼattanʔa/ sprinkles on
wčʼeˑčʼr̲wl : /wčʼeˑčʼoˑwal/ sprinkles around on top
r̲e̲ 1pv 1pn 1pd 1pa 1pl 1pr [distributive]. Also r̲e̲ʼ and r̲r̲e̲. The meaning of this morpheme is discussed in Sec. 321. See also Secs. 42l, 671, 673, 761, 831, and 921.
r̲e̲ʔᵛen̲a : /ʔeʔa/ d. each take away a long obj.; takes away d. long objs.
r̲e̲bankanga : /babankanga/ d. wade around
r̲e̲čʼlᵉoy : /čʼečʼli/ d. each give a massive obj.; gives d. massive objs.
r̲e̲ʼlᵛadbn̲a : /lalʼatba/ d. arrive with a round obj.; arrives with d. round objs.
r̲e̲lᵛewa : /lelwa/ d. put a round obj. in water, in a flat place; puts d. round objs. in water, in a flat place. (intr. also)
r̲r̲e̲ndan : /ndandan/ three at a time
/boqs ʔa honkyʼas ndandan sʔewanʔa./ (He) gave them camas roots three at a time.

337
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲e̲qʼoyčʼi : /qʼoqʼiˑčʼi/ d. bad [n]
/hoˑt sa ʔa qʼoqʼiˑčʼi hihaswaqs./ They are bad men.
r̲r̲e̲sčidiˑla : /sčisčdiˑla/ d. put a bunch underneath; puts d. bunches under
r̲e̲tog̣iʼaˑkʼ : /totaqyʼaˑk/ d. little horns
r̲e̲wʼakʼa : /wʼawkʼa/ d. little coyotes
r̲e̲ 2pn [kinship vocative]. Also r̲e̲ʼ and r̲é̲. See Sec. 422
r̲é̲koy! : /kokoy!/ Great-uncle!
r̲e̲ʼligs : /lilʼaks/ Great-aunt!
r̲e̲ʼligʼaˑkʼ! : /lilʼakʼaˑk!/ Little Great-aunt!
r̲e̲saˑqʼs! : /sasaˑqs!/ Aunty! Nephew! Niece!
r̲e̲tʼeˑw! : /tʼetʼeˑw!/ Granny! Grandchild!
r̲e̲ʼ sle
r̲e̲ʼ see r̲e̲ [distributive]
r̲e̲r̲ see r̲é̲r̲ [intensive]
r̲é̲ see r̲e̲ [kinship vocative]
r̲é̲r̲ 6pSv 2pSn [intensive]. Also r̲e̲r̲, r̲é̲r̲é̲, r̲é̲r̲r̲ and r̲r̲e̲r̲. See Secs. 333 and 422.
r̲é̲r̲bam : /bambam/ drum
r̲e̲r̲din : /dindan/ bell
r̲é̲r̲é̲Leqʼos : /LeqoLeqos/ side (just under the shortribs)
r̲é̲r̲neL\ʼa : /neLnelʼa/ shivers (from chills, fear)
r̲e̲r̲qen : /qenqan/ grey squirrel
ser̲r̲e̲r̲qtʼaqʼa : /saqtʼaqqtqʼa/ claps the hands together. Recorded /saqtʼaqtqʼa/—either an error or an otherwise unattested morphophonemic phenomenon.
r̲é̲r̲qʼaˑhʔs : /qʼahqʼaˑhʔas/ great blue heron
r̲é̲r̲qʼoy\ʼa : /qʼoyqʼoyʼa/ hates; is nauseated
r̲é̲r̲r̲tewg̣s : /tewqtewqs/ marsh-hawk
wr̲e̲r̲čikʼa : /wčikčkʼa/ shakes out repeatedly
wr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼa : /wg̣aWqwʼa/ knocks on with a long instrument
wr̲e̲r̲tʼoqʼa : /wtʼoqtqʼa/ strikes on the head repeatedly with a long instrument
r̲r̲e̲wr̲e̲r̲tʼoqʼa : /wtʼoˑtʼaqtqʼa/ d. strike repeatedly on the head
r̲é̲r̲é̲ sle
r̲é̲r̲r̲ sle
r̲é̲ˑr̲ 6pSv 2pSn [intensive]. Also r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ and r̲r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲. See Secs. 333 and 422.
r̲é̲ˑr̲bem\ʼa : /beˑmbemʼa/ is confused, becomes confused
čʼoqr̲é̲ˑr̲pʼesʔa : /čʼoqpʼeˑspʼesʔa/ wiggles the buttocks around

338
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ltig\ʼa : /ltiˑgltikʼa/ lopes, paces, tiptoes
r̲é̲ˑr̲mos : /moˑsmos/ cow
r̲é̲ˑr̲qʼoˑy\ʼa : /qʼoˑyqʼoˑyʼa/ is disgusted with, annoyed with
r̲e̲r̲é̲ˑr̲qʼoˑy\ʼa : /qʼoqʼoˑyqʼoˑyʼa/ d. are annoyed with
r̲r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲tsg̣ews : /tsg̣eˑwtsg̣ews/ bluejay
r̲r̲ 9psv 9psn 11psn [intensive]. See Secs. 351, 454, and 456.
čᵛor̲r̲bga : /čobakpga/ sits and sits
čiˑsr̲r̲ksi : /čiˑsksaksi/ just at the house, dwelling
gᵛor̲r̲diˑla : /gotdatdiˑla/ goes around under continually
nʼiqr̲r̲wleˑqʼa : /nʼiqoˑwawleˑqʼa/ waves a hand at
qdayr̲r̲dat : /qdayyatdat/ right on the rock
snʼog̣r̲r̲bga : /snʼoqbakpga/ is continually grasping, holding
r̲r̲e̲ see r̲e̲ [distributive]
r̲r̲e̲r̲ see r̲é̲r̲ [intensive]
r̲r̲é̲ 9psv [intensive, repetitive action:] up and down, to and fro. See Sec. 351.
ʔir̲r̲é̲wnʼa̲a : /ʔiwnʼawnʼa/ pl. objs. are up against, cornered (as animals in a box canyon)
he̲sg̣ᵛer̲r̲é̲bli : /hesg̣ablibli/ turns one’s canoe back again and again
swʼinr̲r̲é̲čʼwa̲a : /swʼinčʼwačʼwa/ shakes the body forward and backward
r̲r̲é̲ʼr̲ see r̲é̲ˑr̲ [intensive]
r̲r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ see r̲é̲ˑr̲ [intensive]
s
s 4S-v act with a sharp instrument, stab
sčapʼqn̲a : /sčapqa/ separates out seeds from pods by prodding with a sharp instrument. See čapʼ.
sčeˑwi̲ʼa : /sčeˑwʼa/ stabs holes in a surface (as ice)
sčʼabkʼa : /sčʼapkʼa/ mashes up something mushy with a sharp instrument
sčʼiqʼa : /sčʼiqʼa/ squashed with a sharp instrument (as one squashes a louse with a thumbnail)
r̲r̲e̲sčʼiqʼa : /sčʼisčqʼa/ d. squash with a sharp instrument
sčʼiwʼa : /sčʼiwʼa/ stabs in the eye
sčʼoyi̲ʼtn̲a : /sčʼoyta/ stabs and blunts a sharp instrument on
sdᵛaLaˑsg̣n̲a : /sdaLaˑsg̣a/ slashes open with a sharp instrument
sdᵛobga : /sdopga/ stabs pl. times, is stabbing
he̲sdᵛobga : /hosdapga/ stabs oneself, each other, pl. times

339
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
s (continued)
sdᵛoga̲a : /sdoga/ stabs once
he̲sdᵛoga̲a : /hostga/ stabs oneself, each other, once
sdᵛqʼečʼa : /sdeqčʼa/ sharpens by striking with a sharp instrument (as one chips the edge of an arrowhead)
sr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼa : /sg̣aWqwʼa/ knocks on with a sharp instrument
skawʼa : /skawʼa/ stabs, pricks someone on a spot already sore; reopens an old wound
skekʼa : /skekʼa/ punctures, stabs a hole through the back, top of an obj. See kekʼ.
skewi̲ʼa : /skewʼa/ punctures a surface, stabs a hole through. See kewi̲ʼ.
spʼačʼa : /spʼačʼa/ stabs in the eye, blinds. See pʼačʼ.
spʼeqʼa : /spʼeqʼa/ stabs in the face
spʼeˑqʼa : /spʼeˑqʼa/ stabs pl. (or pl. times) in the face
sqetʼa : /sqetʼa/ scrapes with a sharp instrument. See qetʼ.
sqoyi̲ʼa : /sqoyʼa/ threshes, mashes with a sharp instrument (as one threshes wokas out of the rotting pods with a wooden paddle). See qoyi̲ʼ.
sqʼečʼa : /sqʼečʼa/ sharpens with a sharp instrument. Cf. also sdᵛqʼečʼa : /sdeqčʼa/ above.
sqʼeˑčʼa : /sqʼeˑčʼa/ sharpens pl.
sqʼočʼtn̲a : /sqʼočta/ bends a sharp instrument on (as the point of a knife against a rock)
stewi̲ʼa : /stewʼa/ breaks a surface with a sharp instrument (as glass, ice)
steˑwi̲ʼa : /steˑwʼa/ breaks pl.
stoyi̲ʼlʼg̣a : /stoylg̣a/ crumbles up into bits with a sharp instrument
stʼekʼlʼg̣a : /stʼekʼlg̣a/ cuts up into pieces with a sharp instrument
stʼeˑkʼa : /stʼeˑkʼa/ cuts to bits with a sharp instrument
stʼoˑyi̲ʼa : /stʼoˑyʼa/ jabs at the ground, crumbles up clods with a sharp instrument; digs a furrow
s 3pv [transitive]. See Sec. 323.
sčʼayalčnʼa : /sčʼayalčnʼa/ backs something up. See čʼayal.
sdilnbli : /sdilambli/ rolls something over. See diln.
sqadgl : /sqatgal/ pulls up a heavy or pronged obj. (as a tree stump). See qa.
sqʼočʼa : /sqʼočʼa/ bends something. See qʼočʼ.
sqʼotʼa : /sqʼotʼa/ makes a knot, bundle; ties something up. See qʼotʼ.
stončnʼa : /stončnʼa/ strings a ropelike obj. along. See ton.
swʼinkanga : /swʼinkanga/ rocks the body to and fro. See wʼin.

340
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
s 6sn 24sv 3sl. [noun formant]. Also as and ∅. See Secs. 381, 451, and 832.
čʼinkʼws : /čʼinkʼos/ “Going-Across-with-the-Fin-Showing” (place name)
doˑs : /doˑs/ there where, where. See doˑ.
gis : /gis/ being
/mboˑsant psin gis/ tomorrow night. See Sec. 1045.
gisi : /gisi/ while being
/moˑyʼeˑnʼs gisi selwal./ While (I) was grown up, (they) fought the war. See Secs. 382 and 1045.
gist : /gist/ being
/delwa damʼoˑ mʼolwʼapks gist./ (He) looked in (to see) whether it was ready yet. See Secs. 382 and 1042.
lobg̣s : /lobaqs/ chalk
loˑLbgs : /loˑLapks/ believer
loˑLbgmksi : /loˑLapgamksi/ church camp (“believer’s-place”). Here ∅.
niˑs : /niˑs/ neck
qʼawʼys : /qʼawʼiˑs/ snail
se̲qʼaylaˑlbdiˑlas : /saqʼiˑlaˑlapdiˑlas/ underpants
sʔabas : /sʔabas/ sun
skodas : /skodas/ blanket
s see ʼas [objective]
s see ksi place of
s see ys [kinship plural]
sʔ 4S-v do, work, make. Only with {odtʼ} 7-Sv “do transitively” (?)
sʔodtʼa : /sʔottʼa/ does, works, makes
sʔodeˑ! : /sʔodeˑ!/ do! make! work!
sʔodeˑa̲t : /sʔodeˑt/ can do, work, make
sʔodeˑbli : /sʔodeˑbli/ repairs, makes again
sʔodeˑnʼapga : /sʔodeˑnʼapga/ feels like working, doing
sʔodeˑs : /sʔodeˑs/ work; to do, make, work
/g̣esga ʔan hon sʔodeˑs./ I can’t make that.
sʔodeˑtn̲a : /sʔodeˑta/ works on; idiom: makes a picture; brands cattle
r̲r̲e̲sʔodeˑtn̲a : /sʔosdeˑta/ d. work on; d. make pictures, photographs
he̲sʔodeˑtn̲ys : /hosdeˑtis/ picture; photograph
he̲sʔodeˑtn̲yˑkʼ : /hosdeˑtiˑk/ little picture, photograph

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sʔodtʼiˑa : /sʔottʼiˑya/ makes for someone
r̲r̲e̲sʔodtʼiˑa : /sʔosʔattʼiˑya/ d. make for someone
sʔodtʼoˑta : /sʔottʼoˑta/ works with some instrument
sʔodtʼoˑts : /sʔottʼoˑts/ instrument, tool
r̲r̲e̲sʔodtʼys : /sʔosʔattʼis/ worker (“habitual-maker”)
ʔanko r̲r̲e̲sʔodtʼys : /ʔanko sʔosʔattʼis/ “Wood-Worker” (i.e., “woodcutter”) (cat’s cradle figure)
sʔab 7Sv tell, say
sʔaba : /sʔaba/ tells, says
sʔabapia : /sʔabaplʼa/ tells the highlights, picks out the gist of the plot
sʔabdgi : /sʔaptgi/ wants someone to tell
r̲r̲e̲sʔabg̣leˑʼa : /sʔasʔapg̣leˑʔa/ tells a myth. Only with {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive].
r̲r̲e̲sʔabg̣leˑʼs : /sʔasʔapg̣leˑʔas/ myth
sʔabiˑa : /sʔabiˑya/ tells for someone
r̲r̲e̲sʔabiˑa : /sʔasbiˑya/ d. tell for someone
he̲sʔabiˑa : /hasbiˑya/ tell each other
sʔabiˑ! : /sʔabiˑ!/ tell for!
sʔabs : /sʔaps/ the telling; to tell
/qʼay ʔan sanʼaˑWawli hon sʔaps./ I don’t want to tell that.
sʔabyeˑga : /sʔabyeˑga/ starts to tell
sʔab 3S-n sun; month. Possibly related to the preceding entry: “the teller.”
sʔabas : /sʔabas/ sun; month
/sʔabas spʼačʼa/ stabs the sun in the eye. Term for spearing the /sokʼokkʼos/ ball with the needle. See sokʼokkʼo.
/loq sʔabas slʼog̣iˑ./ The Grizzly swallows the sun. Or : /loq ʔa slʼog̣iˑ sʔabasas./ Term for an eclipse.
/sʔabas ʔa tgelg̣a./ The month is starting.
r̲r̲e̲sʔabkʼa : /sʔaspkʼa/ d. little suns
sʔaliˑn 3S-n gunwales of a canoe; fillets of a fish (the thick steaks along each side of a fish’s backbone). Possibly contains {oliˑn} 10sv “off the edge.”
sʔaliˑns : /sʔaliˑns/ gunwale; fillet of a fish
sʔaLm 3Sn fall (season)
sʔaLm : /sʔaLam/ fall
/sʔaLam niˑya/ last fall. Or /niˑya sʔaLam/.
/sʔaLam banʼi/ until fall

342
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/Naˑyʼantga sʔaLammatga/ fall before last
sʔamna 7S-v ask for, beg. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.” Possibly relatable to {ʔamna} 7S-v “cry, weep”?
sʔamnatn̲a : /sʔamnata/ asks for, begs
sʔamnatn̲ank : /sʔamnatnank/ having asked, begged
sʔawiˑg 7Sv be angry. Also ʔawiˑg (after {sne̲} 3pv [causative]). It is possible to analyze this form into {s} 3pv [transitive] plus ʔawiˑg, but neither meaning nor distribution make this seem advantageous.
sʔawiˑga : /sʔawiˑga/ is, gets angry
r̲r̲e̲sʔawiˑga : /sʔaswiˑga/ d. are angry
sne̲ʔawiˑga : /snaˑwiˑga/ makes someone angry
sʔawiˑgsʼa̲ldk : /sʔawiˑksʔaltk/ one getting angry
/qʼay ʔa geˑ sʔawiˑksʔaltk./ He doesn’t get angry.
sʔawiˑgwk : /sʔawiˑgok/ because of being angry
/sʔawiˑgok hoˑt gembli./ Being angry, he went back.
sʔawiˑgWiˑa : /sʔawiˑkWiˑya/ almost got angry
r̲r̲e̲sʔawiˑgys : /sʔaswiˑgis/ one who is habitually angry, a “sorehead”
sʔawʼaˑY 7Sv advise, give information, suggest remedies for someone’s illness. Possibly {sʔ} 4S-v “do, make, work” plus {awʼaˑY} 10sv “waiting for, helping.”
sʔawʼaˑYa : /sʔawʼaˑYa/ advises, suggests remedies, gives information
sʔaywg 7Sv learn, know
sʔaywga : /sʔayoˑga/ learns
sʔaywgalla : /sʔayoˑgalla/ imitates, mimics a bad habit
sʔaywga̲t : /sʔayoˑgat/ can learn
he̲ssʔaywga̲t : /hasʔiˑwakt/ can teach
sʔaywgs : /sʔaywaks/ a knower, knowing
/sʔaywaks ʔa hoˑt beqsas./ She knows how to grind (with a metate and muller).
sʔaywgtn̲a : /sʔaywakta/ knows
/sʔaywakta honks pʼallast./ (I) know he steals.
he̲ssʔaywgtn̲a : /hasʔiˑwakta/ teaches to
r̲e̲he̲ssʔaywgys : /hahasʔiˑwgis/ teacher
sʔaˑʼ 7Sv make someone cry
sʔaˑʼa : /sʔaˑʔa/ makes someone cry
r̲r̲e̲sʔaˑʼa : /sʔasʔaˑʔa/ d. make someone cry
sʔaˑʼwabg : /sʔaˑwapk/ will make someone cry

343
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sʔaˑMkʼ 7Sv be related
sʔaˑMkʼa : /sʔaˑMkʼa/ is related
he̲sʔaˑMkʼa : /hasʔaˑMkʼa/ are related to each other
sʔaˑMkʼaˑʼs : /sʔaˑMkʼaˑʔas/ related. In:
/le waq sʔaˑMkʼaˑʔas/ unrelated (or distantly related). Said of a person whose relationship is so distant that no term exists for it. PO gave:
/qʼay waq sʔaˑMkʼaˑʔas/ (same as above)
sʔaˑMkʼdga : /sʔaˑMaktga/ been to visit a relative
he̲sʔaˑMkʼdk : /hasʔaˑMkʼatk/ related to each other
sʔaˑMkʼlgi : /sʔaˑMakʼlgi/ comes to visit a relative
sʔaˑMkʼs : /sʔaˑMaks/ relative
r̲r̲e̲sʔaˑMkʼs : /sʔasʔaˑMaks/ d. relatives
sʔedw 7Sv count
sʔedw : /sʔedoˑ/ counts
r̲r̲e̲sʔedw : /sʔesdo/ d. count
sʔedw! : /sʔedoˑ!/ count!
sʔedwa̲t : /sʔedoˑt/ can count
sʔedwbli : /sʔedoˑbli/ counts again
sʔedwiˑa : /sʔedwiˑya/ counts for someone
sʔedws : /sʔedoˑs/ counting; to count
/čʼaˑnis ʔan sʔedoˑs./ I don’t know how to count.
sʔenw 7Sv get out of the way
sʔenwa : /sʔenwa/ gets out of someone’s way
sʔenwi! : /sʔenwi!/ get out of the way!
sʔepaqL 3S-n spot between the shoulder blades. Analyzable? Apparently the same as se̲dasdg̣ibgs : /sadastg̣ipks/; see das.
sʔepaqLys : /sʔepaqLis/ spot between the shoulder blades
sʔeqg̣ 7Sv say goodbye
sʔeqg̣a : /sʔeqg̣a/ says goodbye
r̲r̲e̲sʔeqg̣a : /sʔesʔaqg̣a/ d. say goodbye
sʔeqg̣čʼn̲a : /sʔeqqčʼa/ just said goodbye (and went off)
sʔeqg̣dga : /sʔeqg̣atga/ been saying goodbye to someone
sʔeqg̣iˑa : /sʔeqg̣iˑya/ says goodbye for someone else
sʔewanʔ 7Sv give pl. objs. Cf. {oy} 10sv “giving a single obj.”
sʔewanʔa : /sʔewanʔa/ gives pl. objs.
he̲sʔewanʔa : /heswanʔa/ give to each other
r̲r̲e̲sʔewanʔa : /sʔeswanʔa/ d. give pl. objs.
sʔewanʔbli : /sʔewanʔabli/ gives back pl. objs.
sʔewanʔi! : /sʔewanʔi!/ give pl. objs.!
r̲r̲e̲sʔewanʔys : /sʔeswanʔis/ a giver, generous person

344
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sʔeWeWʔ 7Sv stutter, mumble, be unable to enunciate properly. May contain an r̲é̲r̲ sequence, but no attesting forms.
sʔeWeWʔa : /sʔeWeWʔa/ stutters, mumbles, cannot enunciate
sʔilg 7Sv dig a well
sʔilga : /sʔilga/ digs a well
sʔilgs : /sʔilks/ well
r̲r̲e̲sʔilg\ʼaˑkʼ : /sʔisʔalkʼaˑk/ d. little wells
kʼoččʼalm sʔilgs : /kʼoččʼalam sʔilks/ “Bullhead’s-Well” (place name)
weleˑqʼ\ʼaˑkʼlm sʔilgs : /weleˑqʼaˑkʼlam sʔilks/ “Little-Old-Lady’s-Well” (place name)
sʔin̲ 7Sv have coitus
sʔin̲a : /sʔina/ has coitus
r̲r̲e̲sʔin̲a : /sʔisʔa/ d. have coitus
sʔin̲nʼapga : /sʔinʔapga/ feels like having coitus
sʔin̲ys : /sʔiˑs/ coitus; to have coitus
/g̣esga ʔa hoˑt sʔiˑs./ He cannot have coitus.
r̲r̲e̲sʔin̲ys : /sʔisʔiˑs/ one who habitually has coitus
sʔiwl 7S-v act with a lever. Possibly sʔiwal?
sʔiwlkʼyoˑla : /sʔiwalkʼyoˑla/ pries open with a lever
sʔiwllʼg̣a : /sʔiwallg̣a/ stops with a lever; idiom: puts on the brakes
sʔiwllʼg̣oˑts : /sʔiwallg̣oˑts/ brake
sʔiwltn̲a : /sʔiwalta/ guides a canoe with a paddle; steers with a lever
sʔiwlyeˑga : /sʔiwalyeˑga/ pries up with a lever
sʔo see sʔoˑ act upon a tray, plate of food
sʔolh 7Sv pillow, use for a pillow, Possibly contains {eLa̲} 13sv “onto the surface of.”
sʔolha : /sʔolha/ uses for a pillow
he̲ssʔolha : /hosʔalha/ pillows someone’s head on
sʔolhs : /sʔolhas/ pillow
sʔolilqʼ sne
sʔollqʼ 7Sv growl. Also sʔolilqʼ. See Sec. 334.
sʔollqʼa : /sʔollqʼa/ growls. Or sʔolilqʼa : /sʔolilqʼa/.
sʔollqʼoˑta : /sʔollqʼoˑta/ growls (while doing something else)
/hoˑt ʔa sʔollqʼoˑta pʼan./ He growled as he ate.
sʔollqʼs : /sʔollaqs/ growling; to growl. Or sʔolilqʼs : /sʔolilqʼas/.
/toqʼlg̣a hoˑt witʼeˑm sʔollaqs./ That bear stopped growling.
sʔollqʼtn̲nʼa : /sʔollaqtanʔa/ growls at
he̲sʔollqʼtn̲nʼa : /hosʔallaqtanʔa/ growl at each other

345
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
he̲sʔollqʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /hosʔallqʼattanʔa/ keep growling at each other
sʔop 7S-v haul a load
sʔopbaˑtn̲a : /sʔopbaˑta/ hauls up on shore
sʔopbaˑtn̲blidamna : /sʔopbaˑtamblidamna/ keeps hauling loads back over to the shore
sʔopčnʼa : /sʔopčnʼa/ hauls a load away, along
he̲sʔopčnʼa : /hosʔapčnʼa/ haul a load to each other, for each other
sʔopkanga : /sʔopkanga/ hauls a load around
sʔopLy : /sʔopLi/ hauls a load inside
sʔoppbeˑli̲ʼa : /sʔopbeˑlʼa/ hauls a load back and forth
sʔopqʼ 7Sv grunt
sʔopqʼa : /sʔopqʼa/ grunts
r̲r̲e̲sʔopqʼa : /sʔosʔapqʼa/ d. grunt
sʔoqoˑp 3Sn breastbone (of a waterfowl). These were made into spoons.
sʔoqoˑp : /sʔoqoˑp/ bird’s breastbone
sʔoys? 7Sv be thin, unhealthy, poor
sʔoysʔa : /sʔoysʔa/ is, gets thin, unhealthy, poor
he̲ssʔoysʔa : /hosʔiˑsʔa/ makes someone thin
r̲r̲e̲sʔoysʔa : /sʔosʔiˑsʔa/ d. are thin, poor
sʔoysʔdk : /sʔoysʔatk/ thin, unhealthy
sʔoysʔaˑkʼidk : /sʔoysʔaˑkʼitk/ little thin person
sʔoˑ 7S-v act upon a tray (plate of food, basket mat full of some substance, etc.). Also sʔo in a few forms in apparent free variation. See Sec. 334.
sʔowy : /sʔowiˑ/ passes out food on a tray, serves. Cf. sʔoˑwy with the same meaning.
r̲r̲e̲sʔowy : /sʔoswi/ d. serve
sʔowya̲t : /sʔowiˑt/ can serve a plate, tray
sʔoˑbčʼa : /sʔoˑpčʼa/ puts a tray out of sight
he̲sʔoˑbčʼa : /hosʔoˑpčʼa/ puts a plate, etc. out of sight behind oneself
sʔoˑbga : /sʔoˑpga/ plate, tray stands
sʔoˑčnʼa : /sʔoˑčnʼa/ takes a plate of something away, along
sʔoˑčibga : /sʔoˑčipga/ comes carrying a plate
sʔoˑdg̣a : /sʔoˑtg̣a/ takes a plate away from someone
sʔoˑdiˑla : /sʔoˑdiˑla/ puts a tray underneath: idiom: bakes in an oven. (intr. also)
sʔoˑkanga : /sʔoˑkanga/ carries a plate around
sʔoˑkʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /sʔoˑkʼaˑya/ puts a plate up high. (intr. also)

346
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sʔoˑliˑna : /sʔoˑliˑna/ takes a plate off the edge
sʔoˑLa̲a : /sʔoˑLa/ sets a tray, plate, on a surface, on the floor. (intr. also)
sʔoˑlʼaˑlʼa : /sʔoˑlʼaˑlʼa/ puts a plate on the fire; idiom: parches wokas on a parching mat. (intr. also)
sʔoˑlʼg̣a : /sʔoˑlg̣a/ sets a plate down
sʔoˑlʼg̣! : /sʔoˑlʼaq!/ set it down!
sʔoˑtʼaˑwi̲ʼa : /sʔoˑtʼaˑwʼa/ puts a plate out in the sunshine. (intr. also)
sʔoˑwl : /sʔoˑwal/ puts a plate on top of. (intr. also)
sʔoˑwy : /sʔoˑwi/ serves a plate to, gives a plate to. Cf. sʔowy with the same meaning
r̲r̲e̲sʔoˑwy : /sʔosʔoˑwi/ d. give a plate, serve
sʔoˑyahʔo : /sʔoˑyahʔa/ hides a plate
he̲sʔoˑyahʔo : /hosʔoˑyahʔa/ hides a plate behind oneself
sʔoˑg̣ 3S-n blue crane. Gatschet gives “Night heron, Nyctiardea Gardenii.” Onomatopoetic: its cry is: /sʔoˑˑq, sʔoˑˑq!/.
sʔoˑg̣s : /sʔoˑqs/ blue crane
sʔoˑg̣ʔmʼč : /sʔoˑqʔamʼč/ big old crane
r̲r̲e̲sʔoˑg̣kʼa : /sʔosʔoˑqkʼa/ d. little cranes
sa 1Sp they. This is found alone and also in syntactic constructions with the demonstratives. See Sec. 522.
sa : /sa/ they [n]
/ʔat ʔa sa gena./ Now they are going.
/čoy hok sa honk dinʼaˑ sogoˑlgi, waqt honk liwliˑgank, hoˑt sa, komal./ Now once they gathered together, as they were grouped on the bank, they, the Pelicans. (Texts, 14.4)
sam : /sam/ their
/goniˑ hay lačʼas sam, doˑkstʼa!/ That’s their house over there, across (the river)!
sas : /sas/ them [o]
/čoy sas honk ʔat pinoˑča hadakt./ Then she overtook them there. (Texts, 1.123)
/yaˑˑˑ, ʔat čik sas geˑ tpočʼaˑ./ Yaˑˑˑ, now this one is chasing them. (Texts, 39.33)
sadamniˑlg̣ 7Sv depend on someone. Analysis? May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal] and also {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the ground, to a stop.” Only in:
sadamniˑlg̣a : /sadamniˑlg̣a/ depends on someone (to perform some action, to support one’s cause)

347
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sagaˑt 3S-n [unknown meaning]. Only in a proper name. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal] and also {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.” Informants could offer no translation.
sagaˑtys : /sagaˑtis/ woman’s proper name
sag̣apǰol 7S-v play cat’s cradle. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal]. Only in:
sag̣apǰoleˑʼa : /sag̣apǰoleˑʔa/ makes a cat’s cradle figure
sag̣apǰoleˑʼs : /sag̣apǰoleˑʔas/ cat’s cradle figure
sag̣apǰoleˑʼkʼa : /sag̣apǰoleˑkʼa/ little cat’s cradle figure
sag̣oˑdg 7Sv ask for, request, May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal].
sag̣oˑdga : /sag̣oˑtga/ asks for something, requests
r̲e̲sag̣oˑdga : /sasg̣oˑtga/ d. ask for
sag̣oˑdgblidamna : /sag̣oˑdakblidamna/ keeps asking for something again, asking for the return of something
sag̣oˑdgča̲wabg : /sag̣oˑdakčwapk/ will go to ask for something
saǰaqw 7Sv wash (hands). May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal]. Cf. also {dmetčʼ} 7Sv “wash (clothes, hair),” {ǰoqʼ} 7-Sv “wash (body, dishes, fruit)” and {stabačkʼ} 7Sv “wash.” The areas of semantic reference are not clear.
saǰaqwa : /saǰaqwa/ washes the hands
he̲ssaǰaqwa : /hasǰaqwa/ washes someone’s hands, makes someone wash their hands
r̲e̲saǰaqwa : /sasǰaqwa/ d. wash the hands
saǰaqwča̲a : /saǰaqoˑča/ goes to wash the hands
sakl\ʼ 7Sv gamble (in the bone game). RD stated that the meaning of this item has been lately generalized to include gambling at cards, dice, etc.
sakl\ʼa : /saklʼa/ gambles
sakl\ʼ! : /sakal!/ gamble!
sakl\ʼča̲a : /sakalča/ goes to gamble
sakl\ʼdga : /sakaltga/ been gambling
sakl\ʼs : /sakals/ the bone game. This was similar to the handgame (cf. {nayatʼiˑya}), except that the bones were hidden under a winnowing mat. Also called the “grass game.” Cf. Dorsey (1901).
sakl\ʼyeˑga : /sakalyeˑga/ starts to gamble
sakʼamsineˑʼ 7Sv be lonesome. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal] and also {eˑʼ} 13sv “in a game, competition.” The latter is semantically dubious. Only in:
sakʼamsineˑʼa : /sakʼamsineˑʔa/ is lonesome
sakʼaˑlog 3S-n woman’s underpants. Analysis?
sakʼaˑlogs : /saˑkʼaˑloks/ woman’s underpants

348
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
salkʼy 7Sv be bashful; think of oneself as a “lady-killer.” Informants differed on the translation. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal] Only in:
salkʼya : /salkʼya/ is bashful; thinks of oneself as a “lady-killer”
samni 20sv intending to, planning to. See Sec. 366.
gᵛen̲blisamni : /gemblisamni/ intends to return
pʼań̲s\ʼa̲lčisamni : /pʼasʔalčisamni/ intends to go and get food
sbᵛtʼoˑyi̲ʼsamni : /sbotʼoˑyisamni/ intends to plow
wdomkangsamniwabg : /wdomkanksamniwapk/ will feel like swimming around
sampʼali̲ 7S-v make a mistake. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
sampʼali̲tn̲a : /sampʼalta/ makes a mistake
sampʼali̲tn̲aksga : /sampʼaltanksga/ almost made a mistake
sampʼali̲r̲tn̲nʼa : /sampʼalittanʔa/ keeps making mistakes at
saMoˑ 7S-v invite, call, ask someone to go
saMoˑlgi : /saMoˑlgi/ invites someone to come
saMoˑLy : /saMoˑLi/ calls, invites someone inside
saMoˑqn̲a : /saMoˑqa/ asks someone to go outside
sandi 3Sn Sunday. From English.
sandi : /sandi/ Sunday
sang̣ sne
sang̣i 7Sv be raw, uncooked. Also sang̣. Morphophonemics are uncertain. Only in:
sang̣ibgs : /sang̣ipks/ being raw, uncooked
/wačʼaˑk ʔa sang̣ipks čʼoleˑks dičʼeˑwʼa./ The dog likes raw meat.
sang̣idk : /sang̣itk/ raw, uncooked
sang̣spʼań̲kʼys : /sanqspʼakʼiˑs/ watermelon (“eating-raw”). Also recorded with juncture: /sanqs pʼakʼiˑs/.
sanʼaˑWawli 7Sv want, desire, wish. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal].
sanʼaˑWawli : /sanʼaˑWawli/ wants, wishes, desires
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan pʼas./ I want to eat.
/hoˑt ʔa sanʼaˑWawli geys./ He wants to go.
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan honks gentgi giwk./ I wanted him to go.
he̲sanʼaˑWawli : /hasnʼaˑWawli/ want each other
he̲sanʼaˑWawlis : /hasnʼaˑWawlis/ sweetheart (“wanted-for-oneself-one”)
he̲sanʼaˑWawliˑkʼ : /hasnʼaˑWawliˑk/ little darling
sapL 7Sv be a dish, use as a dish. May contain {eLa̲} 13sv “onto the surface of.”

349
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sapLa : /sapLa/ uses as a dish, is a dish
sapLs : /sapLas/ dish
r̲e̲sapLkʼa : /sasaplkʼa/ d. little dishes
sapLsʼa̲la : /sapLaslʼa/ makes, gets a dish
saq 7-Sv follow
delsaqčnʼa : /delsaqčnʼa/ looks at someone ahead
gᵛsaqčnʼa : /gasaqčnʼa/ follows someone
gᵛasaqdbn̲a : /gasaqtba/ follows home
gᵛsaqkanga : /gasaqkanga/ follows around
gᵛsaqlwybga : /gasaqlwipga/ follows into the fire, into the water
gᵛsaqLy : /gasaqLi/ follows inside
nqensaqčnʼa : /nqensaqčnʼa/ follows someone shouting
qʼliqsaqčnʼbga : /qʼliqsaqčampga/ is peeking at someone ahead
saqda 3Sn bone awl; sp. of sucker fish
saqda : /saqda/ bone awl; sucker fish
r̲e̲saqdaʼaˑkʼ : /sasaqdaʔaˑk/ d. little awls; d. little suckers
saqamkʼ 7Sv deny an accusation, May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal].
saqʼamkʼa : /saqʼamkʼa/ denies an accusation
r̲e̲saqʼamkʼa : /sasqʼamkʼa/ d. deny
sasalgi sne
sasalkʼy quarrel. Also sasalgi. Analysis? Possibly r̲e̲se̲lᵛakʼy—which would mean something like “d. close each other with a round obj.” No very likely semantic possibilities. Tentatively left unsegmented.
sasalkʼya : /sasalkʼya/ quarrels
sasalgiča̲a : /sasalgiča/ goes to have a quarrel
sasalgidga : /sasalgitga/ been quarreling
satma̲ 7Sv invite, call, ask to do
satma̲a : /satma/ calls, invites, asks to do
/noˑ ʔa honks sʔodeˑtgi giwk satma./ I asked him to do it.
he̲satma̲a : /hasatma/ invite each other, ask each other to do
satma̲bli : /satmabli/ asks back, invites someone to do again, come again
satʼwaˑY 7Sv help. Probably contains {awʼaˑY} 10sv “waiting for, helping.” This cannot be analyzed as containing {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal], since he̲ (allomorph of {se̲}) occurs before it. Possibly cf. also {tʼwaˑY} 7Sv “work for.”
satʼwaˑYa : /satʼwaˑYa/ helps
/hoˑt ʔa satʼwaˑYa honks g̣og̣oˑlst./ She helped her take her dress off.

350
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
he̲satʼwaˑYa : /hasatʼwaˑYa/ help each other
/hoˑt sa ʔa hasatʼwaˑYa pʼnanoˑk pʼas./ They’re helping each other bury food.
satʼwaˑYdgsči : /satʼwaˑYdaksči/ worth helping (?)
/ʔat ʔams ni satʼwaˑYa, yoyʼalg̣ok, maˑms ʔi qʼay satʼwaˑYdaksči./ Now I am helping you, taking pity, even though you are not worth helping. (Texts, 16.56)
satʼwaˑYi! : /satʼwaˑYi!/ help!
sawaˑ 3S-n minnow (large sp.)
sawaˑs : /sawaˑs/ minnow (sp.)
sawl 3S-n arrowpoint. Both laurel-leaf and double-tanged points occur in profusion archeologically. RD stated that the tanged variety was the usual type made during his lifetime.
sawls : /sawals/ arrowpoint
sawlkʼa : /sawalkʼa/ little arrowpoint
sawlsa̲ltn̲dk : /sawalsaltantk/ “Arrowpointed-on” (Basketry design: Barrett, p. 298, fig. 1). This same design is also called smʼolingsa̲ltn̲dk : /smʼolinksaltantk/ “Trout-Guts-on.”
saˑč 7Sv dance the scalp dance. Informants were not sure about the nature and significance of this dance but felt it had something to do with victory in war. The translation is RD’s.
saˑča : /saˑča/ dances the scalp dance; idiom: insults someone by coming jovially into a house of mourning
saˑd 3Sn Paiute (people and place). This refers to several Northern Paiute groups who bordered the Klamath to the East and South.
saˑd : /saˑt/ Paiute(s)
saˑdm pʼań̲kʼys : /saˑdam pʼakʼiˑs/ Cascara willow (chidam) (“Paiutes’-food”)
saˑdl\ʼ 7Sv ask someone to do, invite
saˑdl\ʼa : /saˑtlʼa/ asks someone to do
/saˑtlʼa ʔans wepLoˑlatgi giwk./ He asked me to unwrap (it).
r̲e̲saˑdl\ʼa : /sasaˑtlʼa/ d. ask someone to do
saˑdl\ʼ! : /saˑdal!/ ask (someone) to do!
saˑdl\ʼwabg : /saˑdalwapk/ will ask someone to do
saˑl 3Sn reed (Phragmites phragmites). This plant was used as a source of basket material, and its stalks also were used as arrowshafts.
saˑl : /saˑl/ reed (sp.)
r̲e̲saˑl\ʼaˑk : /sasaˑlʼaˑk/ d. little reeds
saˑlm tʼaˑys : /saˑlam tʼaˑyʼas/ type of basket (“sack-of-reeds (sp.)”)

351
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
saˑqʼ 3-S-n aunt (mother’s sister); reciprocal: niece, nephew (woman’s sister’s child). Cf. also mag̣oˑqʼ.
bsaˑqʼyb : /psaˑqʼip/ aunt; nephew, niece
bsaˑqʼa̲lbga : /psaˑqʼalpga/ considers someone to be one’s aunt (or one’s nephew, niece)
bsaˑqʼysa̲b : /psaˑqʼisap/ aunts; nephews, nieces
r̲e̲saˑqʼs! : /sasaˑqs!/ Aunty! Nephew! Niece!
saˑs 3-S-n stepmother; reciprocal: stepchild
bsaˑsyb : /psaˑsip/ stepmother; stepchild
bsaˑsysa̲b : /psaˑsisap/ stepmothers; stepchildren
saˑykʼa 3Sn plain, open space, clearing in the forest, valley
saˑykʼa : /saˑykʼa/ plain, clearing
saˑykʼaʼaˑkʼ : /saˑykʼaʔaˑk/ little plain
saˑykʼaʼaˑkʼ nᵉeqʼys : /saˑykʼa ʔaˑk neqʼiˑs/ “Little-Plain-Lying-in-the-Way” (place name)
r̲e̲saˑykʼaʼaˑkʼ : /sasaˑykʼaʔaˑk/ d. little plains, clearings
qčoˑlʔm saˑykʼa : /qčoˑlʔam saˑykʼa/ “Star’s-Plain” (place name)
sbᵛ 4S-v drag, pull. Cf. also {pᵛ} 4S-v “pull” and {spi} 4S-v “drag.”
sbᵛᵛqiˑtʼčnʼa : /sbiqiˑtčnʼa/ pulls something heavy along, leaving scrape-marks
sbᵛčʼoli̲ʼčʼiˑpʼa : /sbočʼalčʼiˑpʼa/ drags off a tubular garment. See čʼoli̲ʼ.
sbᵛLoˑpʼa : /sboLoˑpʼa/ pulls fuzz off (as off cattail burrs)
sbᵛtʼapʼqn̲a : /sbatʼapqa/ hooks a fish, drags a fish out of water
sbᵛtʼoyi̲ʼčnʼa : /sbotʼiˑčnʼa/ jerks a heavy obj. along (as a snagged log). See tʼoyi̲ʼ.
sbatʼ see ngatʼ jump
sbaˑl 3Sn clay. This is a yellowish clay found near Crater Lake. When baked, this became bright red and was used as face paint.
sbaˑl : /sbaˑl/ clay (type)
sbaˑlm : /sbaˑlam/ clay [collective]
sbaˑMi 3Sn pine needle(s)
sbaˑMi : /sbaˑMi/ pine needle(s)
sboklʼi 7Sv sweat oneself in a sweathouse
sboklʼi : /sboklʼi/ sweats in a sweathouse
sboklʼidga : /sboklʼitga/ been sweating
sboklʼis : /sboklʼis/ sweathouse
sboklʼiˑk : /sboklʼiˑk/ little sweathouse
sboklʼiˑkʼr̲r̲dat : /sboklʼiˑkkʼatdat/ in the little sweathouse
sboklʼis\ʼa̲la : /sboklʼislʼa/ builds a sweathouse

352
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sbokwʼ 3S-n special quality of wokas. The floating seeds and pulp from burst overripe pods were specially collected and processed, When parched, these seeds puffed up into popcorn-like spheres and were eaten as a treat.
sbokwʼs : /sbokwʼas/ special quality of wokas
sboˑ 7S-v act with the leg
sboˑdiˑla : /sboˑdiˑla/ puts a leg underneath. (intr. also)
sboˑkʼwa : /sboˑkʼwa/ puts a leg across. (intr. also)
sboˑkʼwiˑa : /sboˑkʼwiˑya/ puts a leg across for someone. (Texts, 1.139, 151, 153)
sboˑteˑ ga : /sboˑteˑ ga/ puts a leg deep into. (intr. also)
sboˑtʼaˑwi̲ʼa : /sboˑtʼaˑwʼa/ puts a leg out in the sunshine. (intr. also)
sboˑwa : /sboˑwa/ puts a leg into water, flat place. (intr. also)
r̲r̲e̲sboˑwa : /sbosboˑwa/ d. put a leg into water, flat place (intr. also)
sčaw 3S-n roof-post. This was a vertical beam which supported the roof of the semisubterranean winter house.
sčaws : /sčaws/ vertical roof-post
sčemis 7S-v slip and sit down hard
sčemisdg̣i : /sčemistg̣i/ sits down hard
sčemislʼg̣a : /sčemislg̣a/ sits down hard on the ground
sčemiswa : /sčemiswa/ sits down hard in water, flat place
sči 4S-v act upon a bunch of objs. (as a bunch of grapes, onions, fish strung on a stick)
sčibga : /sčipga/ bunch stands, exists. This is {sči obg a}. It is homophonous with {sči ebg a} “brings a bunch.”
sčidbn̲a : /sčitba/ arrives with a bunch, brings a bunch home
sčidg̣i : /sčitg̣i/ takes down a bunch
sčidiˑla : /sčidiˑla/ puts a bunch underneath. (intr. also)
sčiga̲a : /sčiga/ gets a bunch; idiom: strings in a bunch (as fish upon a forked willow)
sčiga̲čnʼoˑts : /sčikčnʼoˑts/ forked stick for stringing fish. The use of {čnʼ} 16sv “along, action while moving” is obscure here.
sčikLa : /sčikLa/ puts a bunch on top of, onto a vehicle. (intr. also)
sčikaˑyi̲ʼa : /sčikʼaˑyʼa/ puts a bunch up high, hangs up a bunch. (intr. also)
sčilʼg̣a : /sčilg̣a/ puts a bunch down on the ground
sčil\ʼg̣s : /sčilqs/ bottom of a basket. This is the bunch of strands tied in the middle from which the sides of the basket are built up.

353
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sčiwl : /sčiwal/ puts a bunch on top of. (intr. also)
r̲r̲e̲sčiwl : /sčisčwal/ d. put a bunch on top. (intr. also)
sčiya : /sčiya/ gives a bunch
sčir̲yamna : /sčiyyamna/ is carrying a bunch around
sčilikʼa̲ 7Sv frown, grimace
sčilikʼa̲a : /sčilikʼa/ frowns briefly, grimaces
sčilikʼa̲bga : /sčilikʼapga/ frowns
sčilikʼa̲bg! : /sčilikʼabak!/ frown!
sčilikʼa̲bgdk : /sčilikʼapgatk/ frowning, one who frowns
sčiq 7S-v bridle (?). Only with {odg̣nʼ} 10sv “into the mouth.”
sčiqdg̣nʼa : /sčiqdaqnʼa/ bridles a horse
r̲r̲e̲sčiqdg̣nʼa : /sčisčaqdaqnʼa/ d. bridle
sčiqdg̣n̲ys : /sčiqtg̣is/ bridle
sčokʼ 7S-v lean vertical objs. together (as poles)
sčokʼlʼg̣a : /sčokʼlg̣a/ leans vertical objs. together
sčokʼlg̣s : /sčoklʼaqs/ fishrack; tepee (this latter meaning has arisen only lately, according to RD)
r̲r̲e̲sčokʼlʼg̣kʼa : /sčosčaklʼaqkʼa/ d. little fishracks; d. little tepees
sčokʼwa : /sčokʼwa/ leans vertical objs. together in water, in a flat place. (intr. also)
sčokʼwl : /sčokʼwal/ leans vertical objs. together on top. (intr. also)
sčoqʼ sne
sčoqʼy 7S-v drop off (as a ripe berry). Also sčoqʼ. See Sec. 334.
r̲r̲e̲sčoqʼoˑlysʔ? : /sčosčqʼoˑlisʔam/ sp. of edible red berry
sčoqʼylʼg̣a : /sčoqʼiˑlg̣a/ drops off easily (as a berry)
sčʼikʼwal 7S-v carry someone on the shoulders
sčʼikʼwaleˑʼa : /sčʼikʼwaleˑʔa/ puts someone onto another person’s shoulders
he̲sčʼikʼwaleˑʼa : /hisčʼakʼwaleˑʔa/ carries a person on one’s own shoulders
he̲sčʼikwaleˑʼs : /hisčʼakʼwaleˑʔas/ “Carrying-on-one’s-Shoulders” (place name: Mount Thielsen)
sčʼiwaˑg 7S-v put on, wear a skirt; skirt
sčʼiwaˑgbli : /sčʼiwaˑkbli/ puts a skirt back on
sčʼiwaˑgoˑla : /sčʼiwaˑgoˑla/ takes a skirt off
sčʼiwaˑgs : /sčʼiwaˑks/ skirt
sčʼol 7S-v wade (as a duck or waterfowl, without using the wings), paddle
sčʼolčnʼa : /sčʼolčnʼa/ wades, paddles along
sčʼolr̲wa : /sčʼoloˑwa/ wades around in the water

354
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sčʼolykiˑna : /sčʼoliˑkiˑna/ wades out of water
sčʼolʼ 7Sv rise (as bubbles), bubble up
sčʼolʼa : /sčʼolʼa/ (bubbles) rise
sčʼolʼksi : /sčʼolksi/ “Bubble-up-Place” (place name)
sčʼoqʼ 7Sv be one-eyed
sčʼoqʼa : /sčʼoqʼa/ is, becomes one-eyed
r̲r̲e̲sčʼoqʼbgs : /sčʼosčqʼapks/ d. having only one eye
sčʼoqʼdk : /sčʼoqʼatk/ one-eyed
sdᵛ 4S-v act on a pipe, cigarette
sdᵛalʼaˑlʼa : /sdalʼaˑlʼa/ fills and lights a pipe
r̲r̲e̲sdᵛalʼaˑlʼa : /sdastlʼaˑlʼa/ d. fill and light pipes
sdᵛelʼg̣a : /sdelg̣a/ lays down a pipe, cigarette
r̲r̲e̲sdᵛowi : /sdosdwi/ distributes a pipe to d.
he̲sdᵛowi : /hosdwi/ pass a pipe to each other
sdᵛoya : /sdoya/ gives a pipe, cigarette
sdᵛoyang! : /sdoyank!/ please give a pipe, cigarette!
sdᵛoYn̲čʼn̲a : /sdoYančʼa/ passes a pipe along a row of people
sdaqbong 3S-n leech
sdaqbongs : /sdaqbonks/ leech
sdayn 3S-n heart
sdayns : /sdaynas/ heart
sdaynkʼa : /sdaynkʼa/ little heart
r̲r̲e̲sdaynkʼa : /sdasdiˑnkʼa/ d. little hearts
sdaynkʼmʼč : /sdaynkʼamʼč/ big old heart
sdaˑ 2Sra full
sdaˑ : /sdaˑ/ full
/wokas sdaˑ ʔa geˑ./ This is full of wokas.
r̲r̲e̲sdaˑ : /sdasdaˑ/ d. full
sdaˑ gi : /sdaˑ gi/ is full, fills. Also recorded without juncture: /sdaˑgi/.
/sdaˑgi ʔan hon maksa wokastga./ I filled that basket with wokas.
sdaˑ gibli : /sdaˑ gibli/ fills up again. Also recorded /sdaˑgibli/.
sdaˑ giliˑna : /sdaˑ giliˑna/ is full to overflowing
sdaˑ nʼep : /sdaˑ nʼep/ handful. Also recorded /sdaˑnʼep/. Also nʼep sdaˑ : /nʼep sdaˑ/, and once with a noun ending and no juncture: nʼepsdaˑʼs : /nʼepsdaˑʔas/.
sdaˑni : /sdaˑni/ a full one, full
/sdaˑni ʔa geˑ wonč./ This canoe is full.
/sdaˑni wokas/ full of wokas

355
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/g̣eˑla sdaˑni!/ (You’re) a world-full! (To say this to someone is a serious insult.)
sdaˑw 7Sv fast, go hungry
sdaˑwa : /sdaˑwa/ fasts, goes hungry
r̲r̲e̲sdaˑwa : /sdasdaˑwa/ d. go hungry
sdaˑY 7Sv wait on ahead for someone. Possibly cf. {awʼaˑY} 10sv “waiting for, helping.”
sdaˑYa : /sdaˑYa/ waits on ahead for someone
r̲r̲e̲sdaˑYa : /sdasdaˑYa/ d. wait on ahead
sdeg̣ 3S-n fingernail, claw
sdeg̣s : /sdeqs/ fingernail, claw
r̲r̲e̲sdeg̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /sdestqʼaˑk/ d. little fingernails, claws
sdela 3Sn Stella (woman’s proper name). From English. Included here because of the interesting matronymic.
sdelakʼsa̲b : /sdelaksap/ “Stella’s-Mother” (woman’s proper name)
sdeybal 3Sn stable. From English.
sdeybal : /sdeybal/ stable
sdeˑgin 3S-n 7Sv stocking; wear stocking(s). From English.
sdeˑginbli : /sdeˑgimbli/ puts stocking(s) back on
sdeˑgins : /sdeˑgins/ stocking(s)
sdgi 7-Sv [unknown meaning]. Only in:
pagsdgi : /pakstgi/ in:
/qʼa pakstgi!/ (You) bark a lot! (i.e., Be quiet!). See pag.
sdig 4Sv smell. Also sdigs. See Sec. 331.
sdiga : /sdiga/ smells, perceives an odor
he̲ssdiga : /histga/ makes someone smell
r̲r̲e̲sdiga : /sdistga/ d. smell
sdigat! : /sdigat!/ pl. smell!
sdigdgi! : /sdiktgi!/ let him smell!
sdigeˑk! : /sdigeˑk!/ let me smell!
sdigi! : /sdigi!/ smell!
he̲ssdig! : /hisdak!/ make (someone) smell!
he̲sdigr̲kʼya : /hisdakkʼakʼya/ sniff at each other’s buttocks (as dogs)
sdigs : /sdiks/ the smelling; to smell
/g̣esga ʔan sdiks./ I can’t smell (it).
sdigsčnʼa : /sdiksčnʼa/ goes along smelling (as a dog along a trail). Also recorded sdigčnʼa : /sdikčnʼa/.
sdigsdiˑla : /sdiksdiˑla/ smells underneath
sdigsr̲diˑla : /sdiksatdiˑla/ keeps smelling around underneath

356
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sdigskanga : /sdikskanga/ smells around here and there
sdigsr̲kyamna : /sdikskakyamna/ sniffs all around some central obj.
sdigr̲é̲ˑr̲soqʼa : /sdiksoˑqsoqʼa/ sniffs the wind, sniffs at a scent
sdigstn̲nʼa : /sdikstanʔa/ sniffs at something
sdigsr̲tn̲nʼa : /sdiksattanʔa/ keeps smelling at something
sdigswa : /sdikswa/ smells at liquid, water. Also recorded sdigwa : /sdigwa/.
sdigsr̲wa : /sdiksoˑwa/ keeps smelling at liquid
sdigsr̲r̲wleˑqʼa : /sdiksoˑwawleˑqʼa/ sniffs the air, smells the breeze for a scent
sdigs sle
sdiksoˑy\ʼ 3Sn 7Sv shoe; to put on, wear shoes. Said to be from English “stick-shoe,” an English-Klamath kenning term for the heavy boots worn by early white settlers.
sdiksoˑy\ʼ : /sdiksoˑy/ shoe(s)
r̲r̲e̲sdiksoˑy\ʼ\ʼaˑkʼ : /sdisdaksoˑyʼaˑk/ d. little shoes
sdiksoˑy\ʼbli : /sdiksoˑyʼabli/ puts shoe(s) back on
sdiksoˑy\ʼdk : /sdiksoˑyʼatk/ having shoe(s) on
sdiksoˑy\ʼoˑla : /sdiksoˑyʼoˑla/ takes shoe(s) off
sdil 7S-v tell, report, give news. BL gave this form; the Pompeys gave stil.
he̲sdilditgoˑla : /hisdalditgoˑla/ spoofs, tells something untrue just for fun (“tells-on-oneself-out-from-underneath”)
sdilkʼwa : /sdilkʼwa/ takes a report, news, across
sdilr̲kʼwa : /sdilkkʼakʼwa/ carries tales back and forth
sdilsga : /sdilsga/ tattles on (“tells-off-of”)
he̲sdilsga : /hisdalsga/ tells something on oneself, each other
stilča̲a : /stilča/ goes to report, tell
stilčnʼa : /stilčnʼa/ takes a report, news
stilčibga : /stilčipga/ brings a report
stildbn̲a : /stiltba/ arrives with news
stilsga : /stilsga/ tattles on. See sdilsga above.
stilsgča̲a : /stilskča/ goes to tattle on someone
sdimč 3S-n visored cap. Further description not obtained.
sdimčys : /sdimčis/ visored cap
sdimčys\ʼa̲la : /sdimčislʼa/ makes a visored cap
sdin 7S-v dip. See also {sg̣in} 7S-v “spoon out.”
sdinbln̲čʼn̲a : /sdimblančʼa/ just went dipping along downstream (as a pelican for fish)
sdinčnʼa : /sdinčnʼa/ goes along dipping

357
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sdinliˑna : /sdilliˑna/ dips off the edge, top
sdinliˑns : /sdilliˑns/ a stage in wokas manufacture
sdintqʼaga : /sdintqʼaga/ dips out, nets out (as little minnows)
sdinyeˑga : /sdinyeˑga/ dips up, nets
sdinyeˑgoˑts : /sdinyeˑgoˑts/ dip net for small fish
sdinyg̣i : /sdiniˑg̣i/ dips up, over
sdinYeˑni̲ʼa : /sdinYeˑnʼa/ dips inside; idiom: takes up a collection
sdinʼaˑʼ 7Sv build a wickiup (a summer lodge-a sort of lean-to of mats and skins)
sdinʼaˑʼa : /sdinʼaˑʔa/ builds a wickiup
sdinʼaˑʼs : /sdinaˑʔas/ wickiup
r̲r̲e̲sdinʼaˑʼkʼa : /sdistnʼaˑkʼa/ d. little lean-tos
sdinʼaˑʼwabg : /sdinʼaˑwapk/ will build a lean-to
sdipn 7S-v overturn, be upside down
sdipnbli : /sdipambli/ turns something back over
sdipndiˑla : /sdipandiˑla/ turns something upside down underneath. (intr. also)
sdipnǰqʼa : /sdipančqʼa/ turns over upon someone crushing or covering him beneath
he̲sdipnǰqʼa : /histpančqʼa/ turns over upon oneself
sdipnǰqʼoˑla : /sdipančqʼoˑla/ overturns something off of an obj. beneath
sdipnks : /sdipanks/ dishpan (“overturned-place”?—so named because “you always turn it over under the sink after you use it”)
sdipnLa̲a : /sdipalha/ turns something over upon a surface (as onto a floor, table). (intr. also)
sdipnlʼg̣a : /sdipallg̣a/ turns upside down
r̲r̲e̲sdipnlʼg̣a : /sdistpallg̣a/ d. turn upside down
sdipnlʼg̣! : /sdipalʔaq!/ turn (it) upside down!
sdipnwa : /sdipanwa/ turns upside down in water, in a flat place. (intr. also)
sdipnyg̣i : /sdipniˑg̣i/ turns upside down above, (intr. also)
sditg̣ 7Sv cheat. May contain {odg̣} 10sv “taking away from.”
sditg̣a : /sditg̣a/ cheats
he̲sditg̣a : /hisdatg̣a/ cheats oneself, each other
r̲r̲e̲sditg̣a : /sdisdatg̣a/ d. cheat
sditg̣a̲ksga : /sditg̣aksga/ almost cheated
sditg̣a̲stga : /sditg̣astga/ planned to cheat (but failed)
sditg̣i! : /sditg̣i!/ cheat!
r̲r̲e̲sditg̣ys : /sdisdatg̣is/ an habitual cheater

358
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sdiyʼa 3Sn pitch. Also sdiyʼe (conditions of variation uncertain). See Sec. 430.
sdiyʼa : /sdiyʼa/ pitch. Or sdiyʼe : /sdiyʼe/.
sdiyʼe sle
sdo 3Sn road, path
sdo : /sdo/ road, path
r̲r̲e̲sdoʼaˑkʼ : /sdosdaʔaˑk/ d. little roads
sdočʼoˑkʼ 7Sv pucker the lips. Analyzable?
sdočʼoˑkʼa : /sdočʼoˑkʼa/ puckers the lips
sdočʼoˑkʼbgdk : /sdočʼoˑkʼapgatk/ having the lips puckered
sdokʼ 7S-v lean
sdokčnʼa : /sdokčnʼa/ leans forward
sdokʼlʼg̣a : /sdokʼlg̣a/ leans down
sdokʼtn̲a : /sdokta/ leans on something, someone
sdoly 7Sv advise
sdoly : /sdoliˑ/ advises
he̲sdoly : /hosdli/ advise each other
r̲r̲e̲sdoly : /sdosdli/ d. advise
sdolyoˑla : /sdolyoˑla/ finishes advising
sdolywabg : /sdoliˑwapk/ will advise
sdolys : /sdoliˑs/ advice
sdopWi 7Sv menstruate for the first time
sdopWi : /sdopWi/ has the first menstrual period
sdopWidk : /sdopWitk/ a girl who has reached womanhood
sdoqʼ 7Sv roar with laughter
sdoqʼa : /sdoqʼa/ roars with laughter
he̲ssdoqʼa : /hostqʼa/ makes roar with laughter
sdoqʼdamna : /sdoqdamna/ keeps roaring with laughter
sdoy 7S-v pile up (as coals for roasting). Cf. also {sqoy} 7S-v “pile up, make a mound.”
sdoybaˑtn̲a : /sdoybaˑta/ piles up along the shore (as driftwood)
sdoydiˑla : /sdoydiˑla/ piles up underneath; idiom: banks a fire underneath
sdoyLa̲a : /sdoyLa/ piles up on a surface
sdoyLa̲s : /sdoyLas/ pile (given as “woodpile” by the Pompeys)
sdoylʼg̣a : /sdoylg̣a/ piles (as coals for roasting)
sdoylʼg̣s : /sdoylʼaqs/ pile of coals
sepkʼeˑčʼ 7Sv thank. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal]. No certain analysis. Only in:
sepkʼeˑčʼa : /sepkʼeˑčʼa/ thanks someone
/sepkʼeˑčʼa ʔan honks pʼasdat./ I thanked him for the food.

359
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sesadwi 7Sv sell. Possibly r̲e̲sedwi, but no distributive reference and no attesting forms.
sesadwi : /sesadwi/ sells
sesadwia̲stga : /sesadwistga/ planned to sell (but didn’t)
sesadwia̲t : /sesadwit/ can sell
sesadwibli : /sesadwibli/ sells something back again
sesadwidgi : /sesadwitgi/ wants someone to sell
/tbeˑwa ʔan honks sesadwitgi giwk./ I ordered him to sell (it).
sesadwinʼapga : /sesadwinʼapga/ feels like selling
sesadwiWiˑa : /sesadwiWiˑya/ almost sold
sesti 3Sn Shasta (place and people). From Shasta.
sesti : /sesti/ Shasta
sesti tgᵛawʼaˑlʼs : /sesti tgawʼaˑlʼs/ “Shasta-Standing-on-the-End” (place name)
seˑs 7Sv name, give a price to; mean (as a word, idea)
seˑsa : /seˑsa/ names, gives a price to
/det geˑ seˑsa?/ How much is this?
/moˑ hak seˑsa./ It costs too much.
seˑsdk : /seˑsatk/ named, priced
/dwaˑ čik hok nemʼas seˑsatk?/ What does that mean?
seˑss : /seˑsas/ name, price
/waq ʔi seˑsas gitk?/ How are you named?
seˑwi̲ʼ 7Sv think something to be
seˑwi̲ʼa : /seˑwʼa/ thinks something to be
/mʼamʼaˑsis seˑwʼa ʔa sa./ They think they are sick.
/hoˑt ʔa dwaˑ seˑwʼa./ He thinks a lot of himself.
/hoˑskanga gew hon wawčʼaˑk gi seˑwʼa./ (I) think those are my dogs
/hoˑskanga honks genwapk seˑwʼa./ (I) think he is going to go.
seˑwi̲ʼst : /seˑwist/ thinking something to be
/dam mat sa honk dadaˑ sa (Proper name) sleʔa, qiLoˑs seˑwist, ة/ Whether they had ever seen (proper name) being angry… (Texts, 38.158)
seˑy 3-S-n uncle (father’s brother); reciprocal: nephew, niece (man’s brother’s child). Cf. also {pʼaˑkt} 3S-n.
bseˑyyb : /pseˑyip/ uncle; nephew, niece
bseˑya : /pseˑya/ uncle [o]; nephew, niece [o]
bseˑya̲lbga : /pseˑyalpga/ considers someone to be one’s uncle; nephew, niece

360
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
bseˑya̲ldga : /pseˑyaltga/ been to see one’s uncle; nephew, niece
bseˑym : /pseˑyam/ uncle’s; nephew’s, niece’s
bseˑyysa̲b : /pseˑyisap/ uncles; nephews, nieces. Also recorded as r̲r̲e̲bseˑyysa̲b : /psepseˑyisap/—possibly d. pl. uncles; nephews, nieces.
se̲ 2pv 1pd 1pr [reflexive-reciprocal]. Also he̲ and se̲ʼ. See Secs. 322, 623, and 921.
se̲ʔᵛoyg̣i : /soʔiˑg̣i/ holds a long obj. over oneself
r̲e̲se̲ʔᵛoyg̣i : /sosʔiˑg̣i/ d. hold a long obj. over themselves, over each other
se̲ʔiwʼaˑYa : /siˑwʼaˑYa/ stores pl. objs. in advance for oneself (as one stores grain for the winter)
he̲sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲bem\ʼa : /hesnbeˑmbemʼa/ confuse each other
se̲čʼlᵉčaˑyi̲ʼa : /sačʼlčaˑyʼa/ scratches oneself, each other, leaving pl. scratches
se̲domna : /sodamna/ hear each other
se̲hongpči : /sohangapči/ alike
/sohangapči ʔa geˑ lalʼačkʼa./ These little houses are alike.
se̲ʼnᵉakʼčʼwy : /sanʼakčʼwi/ puts a flat obj. into one’s own tight place (as into a pocket, cupboard, corner)
he̲sʔoˑyahʔa : /hosʔoˑyahʔa/ hides a tray, plate, behind oneself, from oneself, from each other
he̲slᵉočʼiˑpʼa : /heslčʼiˑpʼa/ takes off one’s own garment
r̲e̲he̲slᵉočʼiˑpʼa : /hehaslčʼiˑpʼa/ d. take off a garment, take off each other’s garment
se̲ʼyᵛkawʼa : /sayʼakwʼa/ hurts oneself again on a place already sore
se̲ʼ sle
sg see osg off of, away from, out
sgᵛ 4S-v act with the penis
sgᵛᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲ʼa : /sgoqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ scrapes the penis around inside
sgᵛčoqtn̲a : /sgočaqta/ bends the penis on
sgᵛčʼoyi̲ʼtn̲a : /sgočʼiˑta/ blunts the penis on
sgᵛen̲a : /sgena/ takes out the penis
sgᵛeqn̲bga : /sgeqampga/ penis extends out
sgᵛoLy : /sgoLiˑ/ inserts the penis
sgatʼ see ngatʼ jump
sgaw 3Sn death camas. This plant is similar to the edible camas but is distinguishable by its white flowers (the edible variety has blue flowers). It is said to be dangerously poisonous.

361
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sgaw : /sgaw/ death camas
sgaWag 7S-v squat
sgaWagčnʼbga : /sgaWakčampga/ is squatting, sitting on one’s haunches. Use of {čnʼ} 16sv “along, action while moving” here?
sgaWagčibgbga : /sgaWakčipgapga/ is squatting facing toward
sgaWagdg̣i : /sgaWaktg̣i/ jumps down into a squatting position
sgaWagLa̲a : /sgaWakLa/ squats down on a surface, on a vehicle
sgaWaglʼg̣a : /sgaWaglg̣a/ squats down
sgeʔ 7Sv buy. Also sgeʔan̲ and sgeˑn̲. See Sec. 334.
sgeʔa : /sgeʔa/ buys
he̲sgeʔa : /heskʔa/ buy from each other
r̲r̲e̲sgeʔa : /sgeskʔa/ d. buy
sgeʔan̲a̲t : /sgeʔant/ can buy
sgeʔan̲bli : /sgeʔambli/ buys back, buys again
sgeʔan̲ča̲a : /sgeʔanča/ goes to buy
sgeʔan̲dga : /sgeʔantga/ been buying
sgeʔi! : /sgeʔi!/ buy!
sgeʔan̲nʼapga : /sgeʔanʔapga/ feels like buying
sgeʔan̲wabg : /sgeʔanwapk/ will buy
sgeʔan̲wiˑlʼg̣a : /sgeʔanwiˑlg̣a/ buys in advance (as clothing for the winter)
sgeˑn̲ank : /sgeˑnank/ having bought
sgeˑn̲at! : /sgeˑnat!/ pl. buy!
sgeˑn̲iˑa : /sgeˑniˑya/ buys for someone
r̲r̲e̲sgeˑn̲iˑa : /sgesgeˑniˑya/ d. buy for someone
sgeˑn̲ys : /sgeˑys/ the buying; to buy
/qʼay ʔan sanʼaˑWawli hon sgeˑys./ I don’t want to buy that.
sgeʔan̲ sle
sgeˑn̲ sle
sgičkč 7Sv shake something off the head (as a horse shakes his head to drive off flies). Possibly a misrecording for some form containing {čiqʼ} 7-Sv “shake out, beat out, comb.” Only in:
sgičkča : /sgičkča/ shakes something off the head
sgo 2Sd name unknown: “whatchamacallem.” Also sgoˑ. See Sec. 640.
sgo : /sgo/ “whatchamacallem.” Also recorded sgoˑ : /sgoˑ/.
/kani ʔa gatba—sgoˑ./ Somebody came—whatchamacallem.
sgolm : /sgolam/ whatchamacallem’s
sgoˑs : /sgoˑs/ whatchamacallem [o]
/hoˑt ʔa nqena sgoˑs./ He called to whatchamacallem.

362
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sgomL 7Sv be, get frosty
sgomLa : /sgomLa/ is frosty, gets frosty
sgomLs : /sgomLas/ frost
sgoyw 7S-v send someone (on an errand). Possibly d. {gᵛ} 4S-v “go.”
sgoywčnʼa : /sgoyoˑčnʼa/ sends someone along
sgoywčnʼbli : /sgoyoˑčambli/ sends someone back
sgoywlčʼwy : /sgoywalčʼwi/ sends someone right up to
sgoywqn̲a : /sgoyoˑqa/ sends someone outside
r̲r̲e̲sgoywqn̲a : /sgosgyoˑqa/ d. send someone outside
sgoywsga : /sgoyoˑsga/ sends someone off, away
sgoywtn̲a : /sgoyoˑta/ sends someone to
sgoywwqiˑwa : /sgoyoˑqiˑwa/ sends someone far out, drives someone away
sgoywWasga : /sgoyoˑWasga/ sends someone away
sgoywy : /sgoywi/ sends someone
/sgoywi ʔan honks g̣aˑyakčatgi giwk./ I sent him to look for (it)
sgoywybli : /sgoywibli/ sends someone back
sgoˑ see sgo name unknown
sg̣ᵛ 4S-v act upon a canoe, canoe
sg̣ᵛabaˑtn̲a : /sg̣abaˑta/ lands a canoe; canoes to shore
he̲ssg̣ᵛabaˑtn̲a : /hasqbaˑta/ makes someone land
r̲r̲e̲sg̣ᵛabaˑtna : /sg̣asqbaˑta/ d. land a canoe
sg̣ᵛadbn̲a : /sg̣atba/ arrives in a canoe
sg̣ᵛakʼiˑčʼa : /sg̣akʼiˑčʼa/ turns a canoe around
sg̣ᵛakʼiˑmi̲ʼa : /sg̣akʼiˑmʼa/ canoes around the edge of (as one canoes all around the edge of a lake looking for good tules)
sg̣ᵛakʼwa : /sg̣akʼwa/ canoes across
sg̣ᵛakʼwbli : /sg̣akʼoˑbli/ canoes back across
sg̣ᵛamni : /sg̣amni/ canoes upstream
sg̣ᵛebga : /sg̣epga/ brings a canoe, canoes toward
sg̣ᵛebli : /sg̣ebli/ turns a canoe back; overturns a canoe
he̲sg̣ᵛer̲r̲é̲bli : /hesg̣ablibli/ turns one’s canoe back again and again
sg̣ᵛen̲a : /sg̣ena/ takes a canoe, canoes away
sg̣ᵛeqn̲a : /sg̣eqa/ canoes through (as through a barrier of tules, out of the mouth of a river)
sg̣ᵛewkanga : /sg̣ewkanga/ canoes around here and there
sg̣ᵛobln̲a : /sg̣obla/ canoes downstream
sg̣ᵛobln̲bli : /sg̣oblambli/ canoes back downstream
sg̣ᵛodg̣i : /sg̣otg̣i/ canoes down the river (same as the last?)

363
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sg̣ᵛodg̣i! : /sg̣otg̣i!/ canoe down the river!
sg̣ᵛog̣amna : /sg̣og̣amna/ canoes upstream
sg̣ᵛotqʼaga : /sg̣otqʼaga/ dredges up a sunken canoe; sunken canoe rises to the surface
sg̣ᵛotqʼags : /sg̣otqʼaks/ “Canoe-Dredged-up” (place name)
sg̣ᵛoya : /sg̣oya/ gives a canoe
sg̣ᵛoyamna : /sg̣oyamna/ canoes around
sg̣ᵛoyamndga : /sg̣oyamnatga/ been canoeing around
sg̣ᵛoyamnkanga : /sg̣oyamnkanga/ canoes around aimlessly here and there
sg̣ᵛoykiˑna : /sg̣oykiˑna/ canoes to the edge, brings a canoe out of water
sg̣a 3Sn mortar; idiom: breast tumor
sg̣a : /sg̣a/ mortar; idiom: breast tumor
r̲r̲e̲sg̣aʼaˑkʼ : /sg̣asg̣aʔaˑk/ d. little mortars
sg̣ačoˑ 3S-n frame of willows. Tule mats were lashed to this frame to make the walls of the wickiup.
sg̣ačoˑs : /sg̣ačoˑs/ frame of willows
sg̣ačoˑsa̲ltn̲dk : /sg̣ačoˑsaltantk/ “Wall-Framed-on” (basketry design: Spier, p. 192, fig. 17j)
sg̣ag̣al 3S-n [unknown meaning]. Only in:
sg̣ag̣als čʼopʼs : /sg̣ag̣als čʼopʼas/ name of a cat’s cradle figure
sg̣apčʼlʼeˑlʼeˑk 3S-n eyelash(es). RD and BL gave this form; d. PO’s {sg̣emʼin} 3S-n.
sg̣apčʼleˑlʼeˑks : /sg̣apčʼleˑlʼeˑks/ eyelash(es)
sg̣aˑm 7Sv belittle someone, disparage
sg̣aˑma : /sg̣aˑma/ belittles someone
sg̣e 7S-v crawl backwards. Possibly sg̣ᵉ, but sufficient forms not obtained.
sg̣ečʼn̲a : /sg̣ečʼa/ just crawled backwards; idiom: gestures to the outside in the handgame (to indicate the position of the hidden bones)
sg̣eyg̣i : /sg̣eyg̣i/ crawls over backwards, out of water; crawls like a crab, crawfish
g̣oyʼalm sg̣eyg̣s : /g̣oyʼalam sg̣eyqs/ “Crawfish’s-Crawling-up” (place name)
sg̣eg̣ 3S-n inheritance, keepsake
sg̣eg̣ys : /sg̣eg̣iˑs/ inheritance, keepsake
sg̣eg̣ys\ʼa̲laˑ : /sg̣eg̣iˑslʼa/ inherits
sg̣emdg̣i 7Sv surprise, happen unexpectedly. May contain {odg̣i} 10sv “down.”
sg̣emdg̣i : /sg̣emtg̣i/ surprises, happens unexpectedly

364
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sg̣emdg̣iank : /sg̣emdag̣yank/ having happened by surprise
sg̣emʼin 3S-n eyelash(es). PO gave this form; cf. {sg̣apčʼleˑlʼeˑk} 3S-n.
sg̣emʼins : /sg̣emʼins/ eyelash(es)
sg̣iloˑlg̣ 7Sv measure, estimate. May contain {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to a stop, to the ground.”
sg̣iloˑlg̣a : /sg̣iloˑlg̣a/ measures, estimates (dimensions, amount, time, direction, etc.)
/sg̣iloˑlg̣a ʔa det ba gist./ (He) figured out how big it was.
he̲sg̣iloˑlg̣a : /hisg̣loˑlg̣a/ marks a place for oneself; idiom: blazes a trail
sg̣in 7S-v spoon out. Cf. also {sdin} 7S-v “dip.”
sg̣inLa̲a : /sg̣ilha/ spoons out onto (as onto a plate)
sg̣inlʼg̣a : /sg̣illg̣a/ spoons out onto the ground
sg̣inyg̣i : /sg̣iniˑg̣i/ spoons up (as some substance out of a deep container)
sg̣inwettʼ 7Sv swing
sg̣inwettʼa : /sg̣inwettʼa/ as someone hanging from a limb, as some suspended obj.
sg̣inwettʼs : /sg̣inwettʼas/ swing (for children)
sg̣isoˑl 7Sv wake up. May contain {oˑl} 15sv “finishing, undoing.”
sg̣isoˑla : /sg̣isoˑla/ wakes up someone. (intr. also)
r̲r̲e̲sg̣isoˑla : /sg̣isqsoˑla/ d. wake someone up. (intr. also)
sg̣n̲ see asg̣n̲ through a tube
sg̣očʼ 3S-n breastbone (human)
sg̣očʼys : /sg̣očʼiˑs/ breastbone
sg̣odg̣n̲ 7Sv swallow. Seems to contain {odg̣nʼ} 10sv “into the mouth,” but there is no identification for sg̣, nor is odg̣n̲ formally identical with the expected allomorph of {odg̣nʼ}.
sg̣odg̣n̲a : /sg̣otg̣a/ swallows
he̲ssg̣odg̣n̲a : /hosg̣atg̣a/ makes someone swallow something
r̲r̲e̲sg̣odg̣n̲a : /sg̣osg̣atg̣a/ d. swallow
sg̣odg̣n̲oˑts : /sg̣otg̣noˑts/ windpipe
sg̣odg̣n̲Wiˑa : /sg̣otg̣anWiˑya/ almost swallowed
sg̣oˑtʼig 3S-n water lizard (sp.)
sg̣oˑtʼigs : /sg̣oˑtʼiks/ water lizard
si see ksi place of
sibač 7Sv fit. Alone, this morpheme occurs as a syntactic adverb with the meaning “enough.” See Sec. 1025.
sibač : /sibač/ enough
/ʔat ni sibač bonwa./ Now I have drunk enough.

365
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/hoˑt ʔa sibač lotoˑLi ʔanko lačʼasdat./ He brought enough wood into the house.
/sibač pʼa!/Eat enough!
sibačLy : /sibačLi/ fits into, inside
/qwaˑt ʔa geˑ sibačLi, baˑksdat./ This fits in tightly, in the box.
sibačtn̲a : /sibačta/ fits on
/g̣ičg̣ič ʔans geˑ qʼaylaˑlaps sibačta./ These pants are a tight fit on me.
sidaygs 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable.
sidaygsdi : /sidayksdi/ place name (at Warmsprings )
sidyaykʼ 7Sv rejoice, be happy. Only in:
sidyaykʼa : /sidyaykʼa/ rejoices, is happy
siǰaq 7S-v be angry at, wish to have trouble with someone. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal]. Occurs only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
siǰaqtn̲a : /siǰaqta/ is angry with someone, wishes to have trouble with someone
he̲siǰaqtn̲a : /hisǰaqta/ are angry at each other
he̲siǰaqtn̲dk : /hisǰaqtantk/ angry at each other
he̲siǰaqtn̲ys : /hisǰaqtis/ anger with one another; to be angry with one another
/hoˑt ʔa honks hisǰaqtis sanʼaˑWawli./ He wants to have trouble with him.
sikʼ 7Sv move, make a motion
r̲é̲ˑr̲sikʼa : /siˑksikʼa/ moves
he̲sr̲é̲ˑr̲sikʼa : /hisiˑksikʼa/ moves something
sikʼdgi : /siktgi/ moves
/g̣eˑla siktgi/ there is an earthquake (“the earth moves”)
he̲ssikʼdgi : /hisaktgi/ causes something to move
sikʼnam 7S-v endure (pain, discomfort). May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal]. Only in:
sikʼnambga : /sikʼnampga/ endures pain, etc.; refrains from crying or showing discomfort
sikʼnambags : /sikʼnambaks/ endurance; to endure
/g̣esga ʔan sikʼnambaks mʼaˑsis./ I can’t endure sickness.
sikʼnitg 3S-n pistol. Analysis? Only in:
sikʼnitgs : /sikʼnitks/ pistol
sil\ʼ 7Sv roar (as a crowd, stampede, water)
r̲é̲ˑr̲sil\ʼa : /siˑlsilʼa/ roars. Or r̲é̲r̲sil\ʼa : /silsilʼa/.

366
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sill\ʼ 7Sv be, get sick
sill\ʼa : /silʔa/ is sick, gets sick
he̲ssill\ʼa : /hisalʔa/ makes someone sick
r̲e̲sill\ʼa : /sisalʔa/ d. get sick, are sick
sill\ʼbgs : /silalpks/ being sick
sill\ʼdga : /silaltga/ been sick
sill\ʼdk : /silaltk/ sick, a sick person
sill\ʼs : /silals/ sickness
silʼ 7-Sv bend a slender obj. Also silʼi̲. Cf. also sisiˑli̲ʼ. See Sec. 334. Only in:
dᵛsiˑlʼdk : /disiˑlʼatk/ bent, crooked. But note:
r̲e̲dᵛsiˑlʼi̲dk : /ditsiˑlʼitk/ d. bent, crooked
dᵛsilʼlʼg̣a : /disallg̣a/ bends an erect obj. down. This could also be dᵛsilʼi̲lʼg̣a.
silʼi̲ sle
sinʼams 7S-v be terrified. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal]. Occurs only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
sinʼamstn̲a : /sinʼamsta/ is terrified, afraid
sinʼamstn̲ank : /sinʼamstnank/ having become afraid
r̲e̲sinʼamstn̲ys : /sisnʼamstis/ coward
sipč 7Sv extinguish, put out a fire. Cf. also {bičg} 7Sv “go out (fire).”
sipča : /sipča/ puts out a fire
r̲e̲sipča : /sisapča/ d. put out a fire
sipča̲stga : /sipčastga/ intended to put out a fire
sisiˑl sne
sisiˑli̲ʼ 7-Sv [unknown meaning]. Possibly r̲e̲siˑli̲ʼ, but there is no easy identification since this item is unique in the corpus. Possibly cf. {silʼ} 7-Sv “bend a slender obj.” Occurs only in:
nʼepsisiˑli̲ʼa : /nʼepsisiˑlʼa/ puts on, wears a finger-ring
nʼepsisiˑli̲ʼbli : /nʼepsisiˑlibli/ puts a ring back on
nʼepsisiˑli̲ʼdk : /nʼepsisiˑlitk/ wearing a ring
nʼepsisiˑls : /nʼepsisiˑls/ finger-ring
sisoˑ 3Sn scissors. From English.
sisoˑ : /sisoˑ/ scissors
sitk 2Sre1 like, similar to
/qdoˑčok sitk qčoˑl hetgi./ The stars fell like rain.
/siˑlʼaˑk sitk bilwi./ (It) smells like a rag.
/pse sitk g̣anʼiˑ wg̣awg̣os./ The moon is like day outside.
/hoˑt ʔa pkʼisap sitk mna sleˑs./ He looks like his mother.
/hompča slʼaps wokas sitk pʼan./ (They) eat its leaves like wokas. (Texts, 38.197)

367
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/lelʼeˑwsam sitk g̣ečʼaˑ qʼelyʼak daˑts lelʼeˑwsam./ It grows like flowers, but has no flowers. (Texts, 38.188)
/ʔiˑ, lmeys sitk ʔa nen hoˑt./ Yes, it’s just like thunder. (Texts, 2.10)
siwg 7Sv kill sg. With {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive], this has the meaning “fight.”
siwga : /siwga/ kills sg.
he̲siwga : /hisoˑga/ kills oneself, each other
r̲e̲siwga : /sisoˑga/ fights
siwga̲ksga : /siwgaksga/ almost killed sg.
siwga̲stga : /siwgastga/ planned to kill sg.
siwgnʼapga : /siwknʼapga/ feels like killing sg.
r̲e̲siwgys : /sisoˑgis/ killer; fighter
siww 3S-n girl (grown: about 12 to 18 years old). Only in:
siww\ʼaˑkʼ : /siwʔaˑk/ girl (really “little girl”)
r̲e̲siww\ʼaˑkʼ : /sisoˑʔaˑk/ d. girls
siww\ʼmʼč : /siwʔamʼč/ big old girl; spinster
siwy 7Sv sift wokas with hot coals in a basket tray (a means of parching wokas)
siwy : /siwiˑ/ tosses, shakes, sifts wokas in a basket tray together with hot coals
r̲e̲siwy : /siswi/ d. sift
siwys : /siwiˑs/ wokas that has been parched by this method (but which is still unhulled)
siˑ see ksi place of
siˑd 3S-n clitoris. This is possibly siˑčʼ, since the elicitation of this form with {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive] was overlooked.
siˑds : /siˑts/ clitoris
siˑl 3Sn cloth. From Chinook Jargon (English “sail”).
siˑl : /siˑl/ cloth
siˑl\ʼaˑkʼ : /siˑlʼaˑk/ little cloth, rag
r̲e̲siˑl\ʼaˑkʼ : /sisiˑlʼaˑk/ d. little rags
siˑlhaws : /siˑlhaws/ tent (“sail-house”)
siˑlhawkʼa : /siˑlhawkʼa/ little tent
sǰim 7S-v be amazed, surprised. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
sǰimtn̲a : /sǰimta/ is amazed at, surprised at
skač 7S-v bristle, stand up straight (hair). Only in:
r̲r̲e̲skačyeˑga : /skaskačyeˑga/ (hair) bristles, stand up straight and stiff
skay interjection only in:
skay hak čʼaˑms! : /skay hak čʼaˑms!/ That’s not called for!

368
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
skaˑkʼ 7Sv hiss (snake)
skaˑkʼa : /skaˑkʼa/ (snake) hisses
skin 7S-v crawl (snake). Possibly cf. {kin} 7S-v “march.”
skinčnʼa : /skinčnʼa/ (snake) crawls along
r̲r̲e̲skinčnʼa : /skiskančnʼa/ d. snakes crawl along
skinčʼiˑpʼa : /skinčʼiˑpʼa/ (snake) crawls out of its skin (out of a tubular obj.) Or:
skinčʼiˑsqʼaga : /skinčʼiˑsqʼaga/ (snake) crawls out of its skin, sheds its skin
skinwa : /skinwa/ (snake) crawls into water, flat place
skinr̲wa : /skinoˑwa/ (snake) swims around in water
skinykiˑna : /skiniˑkiˑna/ (snake) crawls out of water, out of fire
skiy\ʼ 7Sv fart
skiy\ʼ a : /skiyʼa/ farts
he̲sskiy\ʼa : /hiskyʼa/ causes one to fart
r̲r̲e̲skiy\ʼa : /skiskyʼa/ d. fart
skiy\ʼdamna : /skiˑdamna/ keeps farting
skiy\ʼčibga : /skiˑčipga/ comes farting
skiy\ʼčibgi! : /skiˑčipgi!/ come farting! In:
/weleˑqʼaˑk skiˑčipgi!/ Little old lady come farting! If one faces toward Mount Pitt on a hot day and shouts this, a cool breeze will blow.
skiy\ʼnʼapga : /skiˑnʼapga/ feels like farting
skiy\ʼs : /skiˑs/ fart
r̲r̲e̲skiy\ʼys : /skiskyʼis/ farter; stink bug
skod 7Sv put on, wear a blanket; blanket
skoda : /skoda/ wears, puts on a blanket
he̲sskoda : /hoskda/ puts a blanket on someone
skodbli : /skotbli/ puts a blanket back on
skodoˑla : /skodoˑla/ takes off a blanket
skodas : /skodas/ blanket; idiom: amniotic sack
r̲r̲e̲skodkʼa : /skoskatkʼa/ d. little blankets
skodʔmʼč : /skotʔamʼč/ big old blanket
čʼomsʔm skodas : /čʼomsʔam skodas/ big fluffy snowflakes (“sucker’s-blanket”)
qdayʔm skodas : /qdayʔam skodas/ moss (“rock’s-blanket”)
skoˑg 7Sv be frightened of a ghost; ghost
skoˑga : /skoˑga/ is frightened of a ghost
he̲sskoˑga : /hoskoˑga/ ghost frightens someone
skoˑgs : /skoks/ ghost
skoˑgsʔm heksg̣ys : /skoˑksʔam heksg̣is/ “Ghost’s-Cane” (cat’s cradle figure)

369
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
skoˑl 3Sn school. From English
skoˑl : /skoˑl/ school
skoˑl gi : /skoˑl gi/ attends school
skoˑl giča̲a : /skoˑl giča/ goes to school
skoˑl ginʼapga : /skoˑl ginʼapga/ feels like attending school
skʼačʼ 7Sv caulk a boat (by pouring melted pitch into its seams)
skʼačʼa : /skʼačʼa/ caulks
r̲r̲e̲skʼačʼa : /skʼaskčʼa/ d. caulk
skʼačʼoˑla : /skʼačʼoˑla/ finishes caulking
skʼawang 3S-n wild parsnip (Zygadenus venosus Wats.). This poisonous plant was roasted, pulverized, and used on arrowheads as poison.
skʼawangs : /skʼawanks/ wild parsnip
skʼawangs lᵛakʼčʼwys : /skʼawanks lakčʼwis/ “Wild-Parsnips-Among-(Rocks)” (place name)
skʼayaˑčwʼ 7Sv yawn
skʼayaˑčwʼa : /skʼayaˑčwʼa/ yawns
he̲sskʼayaˑčwʼa : /haskʼyaˑčwʼa/ makes someone yawn
skʼayaˑčwʼdamna : /skʼayaˑčodamna/ keeps yawning
skʼaˑm 3Sn small of the back
skʼaˑm : /skʼaˑm/ small of the back
skʼič 7S-v be a dwarf, midget. Only with {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the earth, to a stop.”
skʼičlʼg̣a : /skʼičlg̣a/ is a midget
skʼičlʼg̣dk : /skʼičlg̣atk/ dwarf, midget
skʼičʼ 7Sv nag
skʼičʼa : /skʼičʼa/ nags someone
r̲r̲e̲skʼičʼa : /skʼiskčʼa/ d. nag
skʼičʼyeˑga : /skʼičʼyeˑga/ starts to nag
r̲r̲e̲skʼičʼys : /skʼiskčʼis/ an habitual nagger
skʼin see kʼin yellowjacket
skʼolyʼaˑ see kʼolyʼaˑ coyote
skʼoyʼa 3Sn hunchback
skʼoyʼa : /skʼoyʼa/ hunchback
sl sne
slᵉ 4S-v act upon a clothlike obj. (as a garment, piece of cloth, empty bucket, basket hat, etc.) Also sl. Cf. also {slan̲} 7Sv “act upon a mat, bedding.” See Sec. 331.
slᵉabčʼa : /slapčʼa/ puts something out of sight under a clothlike obj.: covers with a cloth. (intr. also)
slᵉabqʼa : /slapqʼa/ puts a cloth on someone’s face. (intr. also)

370
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
slᵉ (continued)
slᵉakyamna : /slakyamna/ surrounds with a clothlike obj., puts a clothlike obj. around an obj. (intr. also)
slᵉakʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /slakʼaˑyʼa/ hangs up a clothlike obj. (intr. also)
slᵉakʼčʼwy : /slakčʼwi/ puts a clothlike obj. into a tight place (as a corner, pocket, cupboard). (intr. also)
slᵉalamna : /slalamna/ drapes a clothlike obj. over someone’s back. (intr. also)
slᵉaptneˑg̣i : /slaptneˑg̣i/ puts a cloth on top of a full load; covers a full load with a clothlike obj. (intr. also)
slᵉaqaˑyi̲ʼoˑla : /slaqaˑyʼoˑla/ picks out a clothlike obj. from among bushes, from among a jumble of objs.
slᵉatʼaˑwi̲ʼa : /slatʼaˑwʼa/ puts a clothlike obj. in the sunshine. (intr. also)
slᵉawawča̲a : /slawawča/ passes a clothlike obj. from hand to hand, from person to person (as if to allow people to look at it)
slᵉawl : /slawal/ puts a clothlike obj. on top. (intr. also)
slᵉawloˑla : /slawloˑla/ takes a clothlike obj. off the top
slᵉawls : /slawals/ roof
slᵉawʼaˑlʼa : /slawʼaˑlʼa/ puts a clothlike obj. on the end. (intr. also)
slᵉayahʔa : /slayahʔa/ hides a clothlike obj.
slᵉbᵛawl : /sbawal/ clothlike obj. lies on top. See bᵛ.
slᵉdgl : /sdagal/ picks up a clothlike obj.
slᵉebga : /slepga/ brings a clothlike obj.
slᵉeliˑgčʼn̲a : /sleliˑkčʼa/ just left a clothlike obj. on the bank of a stream. Also recorded slᵉaliˑgčʼn̲a : /slaliˑkčʼa/ in apparent free variation.
slᵉeLWn̲a : /sleLWa/ puts a clothlike obj. down on top, along the top. (intr. also)
slᵉelʼg̣a : /slelg̣a/ puts down a clothlike obj.
slᵉelʼg̣čnʼiˑa : /slelg̣ačnʼiˑya/ leaves a clothlike obj. for someone as one goes along
slᵉelʼg̣i! : /slelg̣i!/ put down a clothlike obj.!
slᵉen̲a : /slena/ takes a clothlike obj. away
slᵉen̲! : /slen!/ take a clothlike obj. away!
slᵉeqn̲a : /sleqa/ takes a clothlike obj. out, through
slᵉewa : /slewa/ puts a clothlike obj. into water, into a fiat place. (intr. also)
slᵉikLa : /slekLa/ puts down a clothlike obj. on. (intr. also)
slᵉikLs : /slikLas/ floor mat
slᵉiwyʼg̣a : /slewiˑg̣a/ puts a clothlike obj. into a container. (intr. also)

371
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
slᵉ (continued)
r̲r̲e̲slᵉiwyʼg̣a : /sleslwiˑg̣a/ d. put a clothlike obj. into a container. (intr. also)
slᵉiwyʼg̣oˑlbli : /slewiˑg̣oˑlabli/ takes a clothlike obj. back out of a container
slᵉočʼiˑpʼa : /slečʼiˑpʼa/ takes off someone’s garment (tubular obj.). Or slᵉočʼpʼa : /slečpʼa/.
he̲slᵉočʼiˑpʼa : /heslčʼiˑpʼa/ takes off one’s own garment, each other’s garment. Also he̲slᵉočʼpʼa : /heslačpʼa/.
r̲e̲he̲slᵉočʼiˑpʼa : /hehaslčʼiˑpʼa/ d. take off their own, each other’s garments
slᵉodga : /sletga/ takes a clothlike obj. out of a container
slᵉodg̣a : /sletg̣a/ takes a clothlike obj. away from someone
slᵉodg̣i : /sletg̣i/ takes down a clothlike obj.
slᵉodiˑla : /slediˑla/ puts a clothlike obj. underneath. (intr. also)
slᵉoga̲ča̲a : /slekča/ goes to get a clothlike obj.
slᵉoga̲lgi : /slegalgi/ comes to get a clothlike obj.
slᵉosga : /slesga/ takes a clothlike obj. off of
he̲slᵉosga : /heslasga/ takes a clothlike obj. off of oneself, each other (as a blanket)
slᵉosn̲a : /slesa/ puts a clothlike obj. deep under water, earth. (intr. also)
slᵉotn̲a : /sleta/ attaches a clothlike obj. to; puts a cloth like obj. onto, against. (intr. also)
slᵉotn̲ys : /sletiˑs/ type of mat (used as the wall-covering of a wickiup)
slᵉotqʼaga : /sletqʼaga/ takes a clothlike obj. up out of (as one digs a garment out of mud, pulls a garment up out of water). (intr. also)
slᵉowi : /slewi/ spreads out a clothlike obj. among
r̲r̲e̲slᵉowi : /sleslwi/ distributes clothlike objs. to d.
slᵉowiˑča̲a : /slewiˑča/ takes home a clothlike obj. first (before doing something else)
slᵉowʼeˑtʼa : /slewʼeˑtʼa/ hangs, drapes a clothlike obj. off the edge, side. (intr. also)
slᵉoya : /sleya/ gives a clothlike obj.
r̲r̲e̲slᵉoy : /slesli/ d. give a clothlike obj.
slᵉoy! : /sley!/ give a clothlike obj.!
slᵉoybli : /sleybli/ gives back a clothlike obj.
slᵉor̲yamna : /sleyyamna/ is carrying, holding a clothlike obj.
slᵉoyeˑga : /sleyeˑga/ picks up a clothlike obj. (intr. also)
slᵉoyg̣i : /sleyg̣i/ puts a clothlike obj. over. (intr. also.) See oyg̣i.

372
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sliwkʼya : /sliwkʼya/ shuts with a clothlike obj. (as one closes an opening with a mat, curtain)
sliwlʼg̣a : /sliwlg̣a/ lays down a clothlike obj. (the same as slᵉelʼg̣a, but with more emphasis: “lays down a clothlike obj. with force, deliberately”)
slᵛ 4S-v act with a sawlike obj., with a toothed obj.
slᵛčaˑyi̲ʼa : /slačaˑyʼa/ saws into strips
slᵛčaˑyi̲ʼs : /slačaˑyis/ sawmill
slᵛčiˑqʼa : /sličiˑqʼa/ combs the hair
he̲sslᵛčiˑqʼa : /hislčiˑqʼa/ combs someone else’s hair; makes someone comb his hair
r̲r̲e̲slᵛčiˑqʼa : /slislčiˑqʼa/ d. comb their hair
slᵛčiˑqʼs : /sličiˑqʼs/ comb (of porcupine quills)
slᵛgatʼa : /slaktʼa/ saws off a piece
slᵛolčʼa : /slolčʼa/ saws off pl. pieces
slᵛolčʼoˑts : /slolčʼoˑts/ saw
slᵛoteˑga : /sloteˑga/ saws deep into
slačʼ 7S-v sift (through a sieve, strainer)
slačʼg̣oga : /slačg̣oga/ sifts into a container
slačʼkanga : /slačkanga/ sifts around here and there
r̲r̲e̲slačʼkanga : /slaslačkanga/ d. sift around (as miners along a stream sifting for gold)
slačʼqn̲a : /slačqa/ sifts through, sieves
slačʼqn̲oˑts : /slačqnoˑts/ sifting basket (made of willows roughly woven), sieve, collander
slačʼtn̲a : /slačta/ sifts onto; splashes onto (as grease popping onto the top of a stove)
slačʼwl : /slačʼwal/ sifts onto the top of
slačʼyg̣i : /slačʼiˑg̣i/ sifts above, over; splashes over
slan̲ 7Sv act on a mat, bedding. Cf. also {slᵉ} 4S-v “act on a clothlike obj.”
slan̲a : /slana/ spreads out a mat, bedding
slan̲bga : /slampga/ (mat, bedding) lie
slan̲bli : /slambli/ makes the bed again
slan̲diˑla : /slandiˑla/ spreads out a mat, bedding, underneath. (intr. also)
he̲slan̲diˑla : /haslandiˑla/ spreads a mat, bedding, underneath oneself
slan̲g̣oga : /slang̣oga/ spreads out a mat inside
slan̲kʼwa : /slankʼwa/ spreads a mat, bedding, across (also a matlike surface, as a bridge)

373
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
slan̲kʼws : /slankʼos/ bridge
slan̲kʼwsksi : /slankʼosksi/ “Bridge-Place” (place name: the bridge near Williamson River church)
slan̲lʼg̣a : /slallg̣a/ spreads a mat, bedding, tules, on the ground
slan̲ys : /slays/ tule mat
r̲r̲e̲slan̲y\ʼaˑkʼ : /slaslyʼaˑk/ d. little mats
slan̲ys\ʼa̲la : /slayslʼa/ makes a tule mat
slapstʼ 7Sv make a fist
slapstʼa : /slapstʼa/ makes a fist
r̲r̲e̲slapstʼa : /slaslapstʼa/ d. make a fist
slaˑl 3Sn fir tree (sp. unknown)
slaˑl : /slaˑl/ fir tree (sp.)
slaˑlm : /slaˑlam/ fir tree species
slaˑmʼi 7Sv be a widower. Also recorded slaˑmi once and never rechecked. The latest recording has mʼ.
slaˑmʼi : /slaˑmʼi/ is, becomes a widower
slaˑmʼidk : /slaˑmʼitk/ widower
slaˑyg̣ 7Sv smoke (fire)
slaˑyg̣a : /slaˑyg̣a/ (fire) smokes
he̲sslaˑyg̣a : /haslaˑyg̣a/ smokes something (as meat, as a horse over a pit-a remedy for distemper)
r̲r̲e̲slaˑyg̣a : /slaslaˑyg̣a/ d. fires smoke
slaˑyg̣s : /slaˑyaqs/ smoke
sleʔ 7Sv see. Also sleˑ. See Sec. 334.
sleʔa : /sleʔa/ sees
he̲ssleʔa : /heslʔa/ causes someone to see; show; appears (as an apparition)
r̲r̲e̲sleʔa : /sleslʔa/ d. see
sleʔalla : /sleʔalla/ peeps, sees for immoral purposes
sleʔank : /sleʔank/ having seen
sleʔa̲t : /sleʔat/ can see
sleʔi! : /sleʔi!/ see!
sleʔiˑk! : /sleʔiˑk!/ let me see!
sleˑʔoˑla : /sleʔoˑla/ finishes seeing
sleʔoˑta : /sleʔoˑta/ while seeing, on seeing
/sleʔoˑta hak honks ni qoyg̣a./ On seeing him, I recognized (him).
r̲e̲he̲ssleʔys : /hehaslʔis/ apparition
r̲r̲e̲sleʔys : /sleslʔis/ one who habitually sees
he̲ssleˑ! : /hesleˑ!/ show!
sleˑa̲stga : /sleˑstga/ planned to see

374
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sleˑbga : /sleˑpga/ is seeing
sleˑbli : /sleˑbli/ sees again
sleˑča̲a : /sleˑča/ goes to see
r̲r̲e̲sleˑča̲a : /slesleˑča/ d. go to see
sleˑdga : /sleˑtga/ been seeing
he̲ssleˑdga : /hesleˑtga/ been showing
he̲ssleˑks : /hesleˑks/ “Apparition-Place” (place name). Really “Cause-to-See-Place.”
sleˑlgi : /sleˑlgi/ comes to see
sleˑnʼa! : /sleˑnʼa!/ let’s see!
sleˑs : /sleˑs/ the seeing; to see; looking
/hoˑt ʔa dič sleˑs snʼeweˑts./ She is a good-looking woman. See Sec. 1031.
/g̣esga ʔan sleˑs./ I can’t see (it).
he̲ssleˑWiˑa : /hesleˑWiˑya/ almost showed
sleg̣ 7S-v (?) [unknown meaning]. May contain {slᵛ} 4S-v “act with a sawlike obj.” Only in:
sleg̣oˑts : /sleg̣oˑts/ axe
r̲r̲e̲sleg̣oˑtkʼiˑkʼ : /sleslg̣oˑtkʼiˑk/ d. little axes
sleleˑčʼ 3S-n nettle (Urtica holosericae). The stalks were used as cord for nets. Seems to contain an r̲e̲ sequence: sr̲e̲leˑčʼ but not descriptively segmentable; cf. {sleˑčʼ} 3S-n “nettle cord.”
sleleˑčʼsʔm : /sleleˑtsʔam/ nettle
sleˑ see sleʔ see
sleˑčʼ 3S-n nettle cord. Cf. {sleleˑčʼ} 3S-n “nettle” above.
sleˑčʼs : /sleˑts/ nettle cord
r̲r̲e̲sleˑčʼkʼa : /slesleˑčkʼa/ little nettle cords
sleˑčʼsksi : /sleˑtsksi/ “Nettle-Cord-Place” (place name)
slič 7S-v tie something
sličbga : /sličpga/ is tied to
he̲sličdang̣a : /hislačdang̣a/ ties two objs. together
sličkyamna : /sličkyamna/ ties something around the circumference of an obj.
sličkʼwa : /sličkʼwa/ ties something across
sličlʼg̣a : /sličlg̣a/ ties up (a horse, shoe, etc.)
r̲r̲e̲sličlʼg̣a : /slislačlg̣a/ d. tie something up
sličlʼg̣oˑla : /sličlg̣oˑla/ unties
he̲sličlg̣oˑla : /hislačlg̣oˑla/ unties oneself
he̲sličlʼg̣oˑts : /hislačlg̣oˑts/ lace, shoestring
sličqʼaˑqʼa : /sličqʼaˑqʼa/ ties someone by the neck
sličsga : /sličsga/ takes off a rope, unties. Recorded slitsga (?).

375
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sličtn̲a : /sličta/ ties something to (as a horse to a tree)
sličwl : /sličwal/ ties on top of (as a load on top of a wagon)
slikw 7Sv use a firedrill. Also slikwiy in one form. See Sec. 334.
slikwa : /slikwa/ makes fire with a firedrill
slikwiyoˑts : /slikwiyoˑts/ base stone for a firedrill. These are archeological items found on the Klamath Marsh. They consist of a spherical stone with a carved socket for the tinder and the drill.
slikwys : /slikwis/ firedrill. This consisted of a small bow strung with sinew and a hardwood shaft (LK suggested yew as the material), The pitchy dried tops of young pine trees formed the tinder (cf. {haˑba})
slikwiy sle
sliń̲ 7Sv shoot sg.
sliń̲ : /slin/ shoots sg.
r̲r̲e̲sliń̲ : /slislan/ d. shoot sg.
sliń̲ : /sli!/ shoot sg.!
sliń̲at! : /slaˑt!/ pl. shoot sg.!
sliń̲aksga : /sliksga/ almost shot
sliń̲a̲stga : /slistga/ planned to shoot, tried to shoot
sliń̲damna : /slidamna/ keeps shooting sg.
sliń̲dgi : /slitgi/ wants someone to shoot sg.
/ʔapʔota ʔan honks slitgiwk./ I promised to shoot him.
sliń̲iˑa : /sliyiˑya/ shoots sg. for someone
sliń̲lgi : /slilgi/ comes to shoot sg.
sliń̲nʼapga : /slinʼapga/ feels like shooting
he̲sliń̲nʼapga : /hislanʼapga/ feels like shooting oneself
sliń̲s : /slis/ shooting; to shoot
/g̣eg̣oˑ hoˑt nis slis./ He tried to shoot me.
he̲sliń̲s : /hislas/ shooting oneself, each other
/g̣esga ʔan hislas./ I can’t shoot myself.
sliń̲wl : /sliwal/ pulls the trigger. Use of {wal} 7S-v 10sv “cover, on top of” here?
sliń̲wloˑts : /sliwloˑts/ trigger
sliń̲Wiˑa : /sliWiˑya/ wounded; almost shot (i.e., shot but did not completely shoot)
slog 7Sv string (beads, fish)
sloga : /sloga/ strings (beads, fish)
slogbli : /slokbli/ restrings
slogs : /sloks/ a string of beads, fish; a constellation of three stars in a vertical line in the southern sky.
slohoˑqsg̣ 7Sv starve. Segmentable? Only in:
slohoˑqsg̣a : /slohoˑqsg̣a/ starves

376
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
slom 7S-v hunt birds with a torch. Waterfowl were hunted at night with torches from canoes on the Klamath Marsh. Only before {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
slomtn̲a : /slomta/ hunts birds with a torch
slomtn̲dga : /slomtantga/ been hunting birds with a torch
slomtn̲wabg : /slomtanwapk/ will hunt birds with a torch
sloqʼ 7S-v spit. Cf. {sloˑqʼog} 3S-n “spittle.”
sloqʼčnʼa : /sloqčnʼa/ spits as one goes along
sloqʼLa̲a : /sloqLa/ spits on a surface (as on the floor)
sloqʼtn̲a : /sloqta/ spits onto
he̲sloqʼtn̲a : /hoslaqta/ spits on oneself
ʔoqsoʼsʔm sloqʼtn̲ys : /ʔoqsosʔam sloqtis/ “Cough’s-Spitting-on” (place name: see ʔoqsoʼ)
sloqʼwa : /sloqʼwa/ spits into water, in a flat place
sloqʼyg̣i : /sloqʼiˑg̣i/ spits over
slot 3S-n wokas mush. Only in:
slotys : /slotiˑs/ wokas mush
slowaˑ 3Sn lynx (Lynx rufus)
slowaˑ : /slowaˑ/ lynx
r̲r̲e̲slowaˑʼaˑkʼ : /sloslwaˑʔaˑk/ d. little lynxes
sloˑqʼog 3S-n spittle. Cf. also {sloqʼ} 7S-v “spit.”
sloˑqʼogs : /sloˑqʼoks/ spittle
sL 10sv (?) moving, changing one’s dwelling. Meaning and morphophonemic shape dubious. Only in:
se̲ʼmesLa : /semʼasLa/ moves, changes one’s dwelling
slʼᵛ 4S-v act upon fire. Cf. {kʼlᵛ} 4S-v with the same meaning. Some of the segmentations are based upon the segmentations of {kʼlᵛ}.
slʼᵛočʼčnʼa : /slʼoččnʼa/ goes carrying a torch, fire
slʼᵛočʼdiˑla : /slʼočdiˑla/ takes a torch, fire, underneath
slʼᵛočʼga̲lgi : /slʼočgalgi/ comes to get a torch, fire
slʼᵛočʼkanga : /slʼočkanga/ carries a torch, fire, around
r̲r̲e̲slʼᵛočʼkanga : /slʼoslʼačkanga/ d. carry a torch, fire, around
slʼᵛočʼwa : /slʼočʼwa/ fishes by torchlight, “torch-fishes”
slʼᵛog̣y : /slʼog̣iˑ/ swallows fire
/loq ʔa slʼog̣iˑ sʔabasas./ The Grizzly swallows the sun. Term for an eclipse.
slʼab 7Sv bloom, blossom
slʼaba : /slʼaba/ blooms, blossoms
r̲r̲e̲slʼaba : /slʼaslba/ d. bloom
slʼabs : /slʼaps/ bloom, blossom

377
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲r̲e̲slʼabtn̲ysʔm : /slʼaslʼaptisʔam/ snowbrush
r̲r̲e̲slʼabys : /slʼaslbis/ a perennial (habitual bloomer)
slʼeps 3S-n bread of cattail root flour. May contain {aps} 10sv “on coals, roasting,”
slʼepss : /slʼepsas/ bread of cattail root flour
slʼeqʼ 7Sv rust, rot, decay
slʼeqʼa : /slʼeqʼa/ rusts, rots, decays
r̲r̲e̲slʼeqʼbgs : /slʼeslqʼapks/ d. rusted, rotten, decayed
slʼeqʼditgoˑla : /slʼeqditgoˑla/ is rusted out from beneath
slʼeqʼdiˑla : /slʼeqdiˑla/ is rusted, rotten, beneath
slʼeqʼdk : /slʼeqʼatk/ rusted, rotten, decayed
slʼeqʼtn̲a : /slʼeqta/ is rusted on
slʼeqʼtn̲nʼdk : /slʼeqtanʔatk/ a little rusted here and there, flecked with rust
slʼeqʼwl : /slʼeqʼwal/ is rusty, rotten, on top
slʼet 3Sn wildcat (sp.)
slʼet : /slʼet/ small sp. of wildcat
r̲r̲e̲slʼet\ʼaˑkʼ : /slʼesltʼaˑk/ d. little wildcats
slʼewy 7Sv be windy
slʼewy : /slʼewiˑ/ is windy, wind blows
r̲r̲e̲slʼewy : /slʼeslwi/ d. winds blow
slʼewys : /slʼewiˑs/ wind
slʼewys\ʼa̲la : /slʼewiˑslʼa/ makes a wind (said of a passing car)
slʼolg 3S-n testicle(s)
slʼolgs : /slʼolks/ testicle(s)
r̲r̲e̲slʼolg\ʼmʼč : /slʼoslʼalkʼamʼč/ big old testicles; man’s proper name
slʼoqoˑp 3S-n house-pit. These were the pits dug as the base for the semisubterranean winter house. Some of these seen by the author measure twenty feet across and are about six feet deep.
slʼoqoˑps : /slʼoqoˑps/ house-pit
slʼoqʼ 7Sv shed hair, molt
slʼoqʼa : /slʼoqʼa/ sheds, molts
slʼoqʼbgs : /slʼoqʼapks/ shedding, molting
slʼoqʼsga : /slʼoqsga/ (hair, feathers) come off, fall out
slʼotʼiˑtʼaˑʼ 3S-n tule mat roll used as a knee support for an infant on a cradleboard
slʼotʼitʼaˑʼs : /slʼotʼitʼaˑʔas/ knee support for an infant
slʼowʼiWyʼ 7Sv trot
slʼowʼiWyʼa : /slʼowʼiWyʼa/ trots
he̲sslʼowʼiWyʼa : /hoslwʼiWyʼa/ makes trot

378
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
slʼowʼiWyʼyg̣i : /slʼowʼiWyʼiˑg̣i/ trots over (as a horse over a hill)
slʼoyč 3Sn bank: a place where the water has receded leaving a dry, cracked place along the edge of a river
slʼoyč : /slʼoyč/ bank
slʼoyoˑkʼ 7Sv whistle. Also slʼoyʼakiˑkʼ. See Sec. 334.
slʼoyoˑkʼa : /slʼoyoˑkʼa/ whistles
slʼoyoˑkʼtn̲a : /slʼoyoˑkta/ whistles at someone
slʼoyʼakiˑkʼa : /slʼoyʼakiˑkʼa/ keeps whistling
slʼoyʼakiˑkʼ sle
slʼoˑg̣l\ʼ 7Sv shoot at a mark, target; practice shooting
slʼoˑg̣l\ʼa : /slʼoˑqlʼa/ shoots at a mark; practices shooting
slʼoˑg̣l\ʼ! : /slʼoˑg̣al!/ shoot!
slʼoˑg̣l\ʼat! : /slʼoˑqlʼat!/ pl. shoot!
slʼoˑg̣l\ʼča̲a : /slʼoˑg̣alča/ goes to shoot at a mark; goes to practice shooting
slʼoˑlwʼ 7Sv play a flute
slʼoˑlwʼa : /slʼoˑlwʼa/ plays a flute
r̲r̲e̲slʼoˑlwʼa : /slʼoslʼoˑlwʼa/ d. play a flute
slʼoˑlws : /slʼoˑlwas/ flute
slʼoˑlwsʔ? : /slʼoˑlosʔam/ elderberries (Sambucus glaucus). The berries were dried and stored for winter use, while the stems were used as pipestems and flutes.
r̲r̲e̲slʼoˑlWys : /slʼoslʼoˑlwis/ flute-player
smaˑy 3Sn porcupine needle(s). These were dyed red or yellow and woven into clothing or used as the design element in basketry.
smaˑy : /smaˑy/ porcupine needle(s)
smaˑya̲ldk : /smaˑyaltk/ having porcupine needles (as the design element on a basket, dress, etc.)
smaˑym : /smaˑyam/ porcupine needles [collective]
smoˑ 7S-v wrap. Morphophonemic shape dubious. Only in:
he̲smoˑwl : /hosmoˑwal/ wraps up one’s head (in a scarf, shawl, etc,)
he̲smoˑwldk : /hosmoˑwaltk/ having one’s head wrapped up
smoˑkʼ 7Sv tan a hide. This was done by soaking the hide in a mixture of deer brains and water.
smoˑkʼa : /smoˑkʼa/ tans by soaking a hide in deer brains and water
r̲r̲e̲smoˑkʼa : /smosmoˑkʼa/ d. tan a hide
smoˑlʼ 7Sv smoke a hide. Possibly cf. the last entry?
smoˑlʼa : /smoˑlʼa/ smokes a hide (giving it the desired yellowish-brown color)
hessmoˑlʼa : /hosmoˑlʼa/ causes someone to smoke a hide

379
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲r̲e̲smoˑlʼa : /smosmoˑlʼa/ d. smoke a hide
smoˑlʼiˑa : /smoˑlʼiˑya/ smokes a hide for someone
smʼaˑk see mʼaˑk body hair, pubic hair
smʼaˑWi 7Sv stop (rain, snow, storm)
smʼaˑWi : /smʼaˑWi/ (rain, snow, storm) stops
smʼoling 3S-n fish bladder or intestines
smʼolings : /smʼolinks/ fish bladder or intestines
smʼolingsa̲ltn̲dk : /smʼolinksaltantk/ “Trout-Guts-on” (basketry design: Barrett, p. 298, fig. 1). Also called sawlsa̲ltn̲dk : /sawalsaltantk/ “Arrowpointed-on.” Cf. {sawl}.
smʼoqʼy 7Sv have a mouthful
smʼoqʼya : /smʼoqʼya/ has a mouthful
smʼoqʼydk : /smʼoqʼiˑtk/ having a mouthful
r̲r̲e̲smʼoqʼydk : /smʼosmqʼitk/ d. having a mouthful
smʼoˑg̣ 3Sn mustache, beard, face hair
smʼoˑg̣ : /smʼoˑq/ mustache, beard
r̲r̲e̲smʼoˑg̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /smʼosmʼoˑqʼaˑk/ d. little mustaches, beards
smʼoˑg̣\ʼa̲la : /smʼoˑqlʼa/ grows a mustache, beard
smʼoˑg̣a̲ldk : /smʼoˑg̣altk/ having a mustache, beard
snab 7Sv parch wokas in a basket-tray. This refers to the parching, while {siwy} 7Sv refers to the peculiar sifting and tossing motion employed in parching wokas by this method.
snaba : /snaba/ parches wokas in a basket-tray
snabs : /snaps/ parched wokas
snakʼl 7Sv have brown spots on the face during pregnancy. PO called these “liver spots.” These were quite common among the Klamath women but have become less so now.
snakʼla : /snakʼla/ has brownish spots on the face
snakʼls : /snakʼals/ pregnancy spots: “liver spots”
snawč 3S-n headband. BL was not sure of this item.
snawčys : /snawčis/ headband
sney 3S-n blackjack duck (Bucephala albeola)
sneyys : /sneyiˑs/ blackjack duck
sney 7S-v camp, build a temporary campfire. Apparently synonymous with {mak} 7S-v.
sneybga : /sneypga/ is camping, has a campfire
sneybags : /sneybaks/ camp
sneydiˑla : /sneydiˑla/ camps underneath
sneyliˑga : /sneyliˑga/ camps on the bank of a stream
sneylʼg̣a : /sneylg̣a/ camps, sets up a camp
sneylʼg̣s : /sneylʼaqs/ hearth

380
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sneyqaˑyi̲ʼa : /sneyqaˑyʼa/ camps in the brush, woods
r̲r̲e̲sneyqaˑyi̲ʼa : /snesniˑqaˑyʼa/ d. camp in the brush, woods
sneytʼaˑwi̲ʼa : /sneytʼaˑwʼa/ camps in the sunshine; idiom: builds a bonfire
sneywl : /sneywal/ camps on top of
sneyykiˑna : /sneyiˑkiˑna/ camp spreads beyond the edge, away from fire, water
/pʼapʼallisam mat hok sneyiˑkiˑna./ Thieves’ (fire) spreads away from camp. Proverb
sne̲ 3pv [causative]. Also sne̲ʼ. See Sec. 3230
sne̲badgl : /snabatgal/ causes someone to get up out of bed. See ba.
r̲r̲e̲sne̲badgl : /snasnbatgal/ d. get someone up
he̲sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲bem\ʼa : /hesnbeˑmbemʼa/ fool each other
sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ǰiqʼa : /sniǰiˑqǰiqʼa/ makes someone ticklish; tickles
he̲sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ǰiqʼa : /hisnǰiˑqǰiqʼa/ tickle each other
sne̲lmen̲a : /snelma/ makes thunder
sne̲lqʼań̲ : /snalqʼan/ makes ripple, makes waves
sne̲ntolčnʼa : /snontalčnʼa/ makes flow
r̲r̲e̲sne̲ntolčnʼa : /snosnantalčnʼa/ d. makes flow
sne̲ntʼopʼlʼg̣a : /snontʼapʼlg̣a/ causes to rot
sne̲ʼwibga : /sniwʼapga/ rescues (“causes to escape”)
r̲r̲e̲sne̲wibgys : /snisnwapgis/ rescuer, saviour
sne̲r̲é̲r̲Wag\ʼa : /snaWakWakʼa/ steams something
sne̲ʼ sle
sni 4S-v eat, breakfast (?)
sniWaˑčnʼa : /sniWaˑčnʼa/ swallows
sniWaˑdgl : /sniWaˑtgal/ swallows a bite and gets up. “grabs a snack”
sniWaˑdglksi : /sniWaˑtgalksi/ “Eat-First-Place” (place name)
he̲snir̲yamna : /hisniyyamna/ walks around eating
sniyeˑga : /sniyeˑga/ starts (the day) by eating, breakfasts
sniyeˑgčʼa̲bga : /sniyeˑkčʼapga/ just breakfasted before coming
sničiˑkʼ caulk (by stuffing rags coated with pitch into a boat’s seams). May contain {sne̲} 3pv [causative]. Cf. {skʼačʼ} 7Sv “caulk.”
sničiˑkʼa : /sničiˑkʼa/ caulks
r̲r̲e̲sničiˑkʼa : /snisnčiˑkʼa/ d. caulk
sničiˑkʼs : /sničiˑks/ caulking; to caulk
/g̣esga ʔan gen wonč sničiˑks./ I can’t caulk this canoe.

381
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sničiˑqʼ 7Sv fry. PO and BL gave this form; RD gave sniǰiˑqʼ. May contain {sne̲} 3pv [causative].
sničiˑqʼa : /sničiˑqʼa/ fries. Or sniǰiˑqʼa : /sniǰiˑqʼa/.
r̲r̲e̲sničiˑqʼa : /snisnčiˑqʼa/ d. fry
sničʼiˑčʼ 7S-v make a face. May contain {sne̲} 3pv [causative]. Only in:
sničʼiˑčʼbga : /sničʼiˑčʼapga/ makes a face. Or also recorded /sničʼiˑčpga/.
sniǰiˑqʼ see sničiˑqʼ fry
sniˑg̣\ʼ 7Sv blow the nose; snot
sniˑg̣\ʼa : /sniˑqʼa/ blows the nose
sniˑg̣\ʼdamna : /sniˑqdamna/ keeps blowing the nose
sniˑg̣\ʼi! : /sniˑqʼi!/ blow the nose!
sniˑg̣\ʼs : /sniˑqs/ snot
he̲sniˑg̣\ʼs\ʼa̲la : /hisniˑqslʼa/ picks one’s nose
mokʼsʔm sniˑg̣\ʼs : /moksʔam sniˑqs/ fungus (“owl’s-snot”)
snog 7Sv cool by blowing on
snoga : /snoga/ cools by blowing on
snogs : /snoks/ cooling; to cool; “Cooler” (woman’s proper name)
snoloˑkʼ 7Sv threaten, frighten, warn. May contain {sne̲} 3pv [causative].
snoloˑkʼa : /snoloˑkʼa/ threatens, warns, frightens
r̲r̲e̲snoloˑkʼa : /snosnloˑkʼa/ d. threaten, warn
snomčakL 7Sv disturb a sleeping person. May contain {sne̲} 3pv [causative] and also {eLa̲} 13sv “onto a surface”?
snomčakLa : /snomčakLa/ disturbs a sleeping person
snotʼ 7S-v (?) [unknown meaning]. Only in:
snotʼoˑts : /snotʼoˑts/ shield; Gatschet gives also “lady-bug (Coccinella septempunctata)”
snʼeklʼ 3S-n eyebrow. Given once by BL as “eyelashes.”
snʼeklʼys : /snʼeklʼis/ eyebrow
snʼeweˑčʼ 3S-n woman, wife. Cf. {weˑwʼanʼ} 3S-n “women.”
snʼeweˑčʼs : /snʼeweˑts/ woman, wife
snʼeweˑčʼʔmʼč : /snʼeweˑčʔamʼč/ big old woman
snʼeweˑčʼkʼa : /snʼeweˑčkʼa/ little woman; girl
snʼeweˑčʼs\ʼa̲la : /snʼeweˑtslʼa/ (man) gets married
he̲ssnʼeweˑčʼs\ʼa̲la : /hesnʼweˑtslʼa/ marries someone off, causes a boy to marry
snʼewLi 7Sv get, have a cold, catarrh
snʼewLi : /snʼewLi/ gets, has a cold
r̲r̲e̲snʼewLi : /snʼesnʼoˑLi/ d. have, get a cold
snʼewLidk : /snʼewLitk/ one having a cold
snʼewLis : /snʼewLis/ cold, catarrh

382
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
snʼog̣ 7Sv catch, grasp, hold, get
snʼog̣a : /snʼog̣a/ catches, gets, grasps, holds
r̲r̲e̲snʼog̣a : /snʼosng̣a/ d. catch, get, hold
r̲r̲e̲snʼog̣at! : /snʼosng̣at!/ pl. grab, hold!
snʼog̣a̲t : /snʼog̣at/ can grasp, hold, catch, get
snʼog̣bga : /snʼoqpga/ is holding, grasping
snʼog̣r̲bga : /snʼoqbapga/ is holding
snʼog̣r̲r̲bga : /snʼoqbakpga/ is holding and holding
snʼog̣bli : /snʼoqbli/ gets something back, grasps again
snʼog̣ča̲a : /snʼoqča/ goes to get
snʼog̣i! : /snʼog̣i!/ grasp! Catch! Get!
snʼog̣iˑa : /snʼog̣iˑya/ grasps, holds for someone
snʼog̣kʼys : /snʼoqkʼis/ handle (of a tool)
snʼog̣Wiˑa : /snʼoqWiˑya/ almost got, held
r̲r̲e̲snʼog̣ys : /snʼosng̣is/ policeman (“catcher”)
snʼoL 7Sv build a nest; nest
snʼoLa : /snʼoLa/ builds a nest
snʼoLs : /snʼoLas/ nest
sn̲ see osn̲ underneath, under water, dirt
sokl\ʼ 7Sv mix
sokl\ʼa : /sokia/ mixes
r̲e̲sokl\ʼa : /sosaklʼa/ d. mix
sokl\ʼdk : /sokaltk/ mixed
sokl\ʼs : /sokals/ mixture; a mixture of Indian tobacco and Bull Durham
sokʼokkʼo 3S-n game of needle and ball. A tule ball is attached to a needle by a string. The player tosses the ball in the air and tries to spear it with the needle. When one is successful, one “stabs the sun in the eye” (/sʔabas spʼačʼa/). May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal] and also possibly {akʼw} 10sv “across.”
sokʼokkʼos : /sokʼokkʼos/ game of needle and ball
solpsag̣ 3S-n joint (of the body). Analyzable?
solpsag̣s : /solpsaqs/ joint
solwg 7Sv tease, make fun of
solwgoˑla : /soloˑgoˑla/ makes fun of someone. Use of {oˑl} 15sv “finishing an action, undoing” here?
solwgtn̲a : /solwakta/ pokes fun at
som 3Sn mouth (including the lips)
som : /som/ mouth
r̲e̲som\ʼaˑkʼ : /sosmʼaˑk/ d. little mouths
somdi : /somdi/ “Mouth-Place” (place name)

383
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sombal 7S-v regret. May contain {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal]. Occurs only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
sombaltn̲a : /sombalta/ regrets (an action)
r̲e̲sombaltn̲a : /sosambalta/ d. regret
sombaltn̲ank : /sombaltnank/ having regretted
somʼalwʼ 7Sv write; make designs, marks
somʼalwʼa : /somʼalwʼa/ writes; makes designs, marks
he̲somʼalwʼa : /hosmʼalwʼa/ write to each other
r̲e̲somʼalwʼa : /sosmʼalwʼa/ d. write; d. make marks
somʼalwʼbga : /somʼalwʼapga/ is writing
somʼalwʼbli : /somʼalwʼabli/ writes back, again
somʼalwʼdk : /somʼalwʼatk/ written; having designs, marks
r̲e̲somʼalwʼaˑkʼidk : /sosmʼalwʼaˑkʼitk/ d. little marked ones (referring to spotted puppies)
somʼalwʼi! : /somʼalwʼi!/ write!
somʼalwʼiˑa : /somʼalwʼiˑya/ writes for someone
somʼalwʼoˑts : /somʼalwʼoˑts/ writing instrument: pen, pencil
somʼalwʼs : /somʼalwʼas/ writing; design, mark; to write
/sʔaywaks hoˑt somʼalwʼas./ He knows how to write.
somʼalwʼtn̲a : /somʼaloˑta/ writes to
somʼalwʼyeˑga : /somʼaloˑyeˑga/ starts to write
soqʼ 7-Sv sniff, test a scent. Only in:
sdigr̲é̲ˑr̲soqʼa : /sdiksoˑqsoqʼa/ sniffs a scent, smells the wind
sosannʼg̣ 7Sv wrestle. May contain {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] and also {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal].
sosannʼg̣a : /sosanng̣a/ wrestles
sosannʼg̣a̲t : /sosanʔaqt/ can wrestle
sosannʼg̣nʼa! : /sosanʔaqnʼa!/ let’s wrestle!
sosannʼg̣s : /sosanʔaqs/ wrestling; to wrestle
sosannʼg̣ys : /sosanng̣is/ wrestler
soynʼ 7Sv race
soynʼa : /soynʼa/ races
he̲soynʼa : /hosiˑnʼa/ race each other
soynʼys : /soynʼis/ race
soˑ 7S-v chase
soˑbaˑtn̲a : /soˑbaˑta/ chases something up against
soˑčnʼa : /soˑčnʼa/ chases (a person, animal) along
soˑča! : /soˑča!/ chase (it)!
soˑdgl : /soˑtgal/ chases something up, scares an animal up out of hiding, flushes
soˑkanga : /soˑkanga/ chases something around

384
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲e̲soˑkanga : /sosoˑkanga/ d. chase around
soˑkʼčʼwy : /soˑkʼačʼwi/ chases something into a tight corner, tight place
he̲soˑpbeˑli̲ʼa : /hosoˑpbeˑlʼa/ chase each other back and forth
soˑWasga : /soˑWasga/ chases something off, away
soˑ see swᵛ tie
soˑč 7Sv kindle a fire, light a fire
soˑča : /soˑča/ lights a fire
r̲e̲soˑča : /sosoˑča/ d. light a fire
soˑčbli : /soˑčabli/ lights a fire again
soˑčdgi : /soˑčatgi/ let him light the fire, wants someone to light the fire
/snʼeweˑtsʔa mna soˑčatgi./ He has his wife light the fire.
soˑčdiˑla : /soˑčdiˑla/ lights a fire under
soˑčLa̲a : /soˑčLa/ lights a fire on a surface, on the floor, on a vehicle
soˑčLa̲bli : /soˑčLabli/ lights a fire on again
soˑčLa̲čʼa̲bli : /soˑčlčʼabli/ just lit a fire on and came back
soˑčwl : /soˑčwal/ lights a fire on top of
soˑk 7S-v hurry. Possibly sok plus ˑdgi (allomorph of {dgi} 8sv “turn, become”). Only in:
soˑkdgi : /soˑktgi/ hurries
soˑkdgiang! : /soˑkdagyank!/ please hurry!
soˑl 3Sn salt. From Chinook Jargon. Informants stated that the Klamaths had no knowledge of salt in aboriginal times.
soˑl : /soˑl/ salt
soˑlčoq : /soˑlčoq/ ocean
soˑlčoqkniˑ : /soˑlčoqkniˑ/ Lower Rogue River people
soˑlǰ 3S-n soldiers. Historically, this is the English plural: “soldiers.” Descriptively, it contains the Klamath affixes {y s}, as is seen from the occurrence of this form with {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive]. Cf. the singular {soˑlǰa} 3Sn, which must be classed as a “related morpheme”!
soˑlǰys : /soˑlǰis/ soldiers
r̲e̲soˑlǰyˑkʼ : /sosoˑlǰiˑk/ d. little soldiers
soˑlǰa 3Sn soldier. Cf. the preceding entry.
soˑlǰa : /soˑlǰa/ soldier
soˑlǰaʼaˑkʼ : /soˑlǰaʔaˑk/ little soldier
soˑqetmi 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable.
soˑqetmi : /soˑqetmi/ place name

385
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
soˑqʼoˑng 7Sv foam
soˑqʼoˑnga : /soˑqʼoˑnga/ foams (as beer, soapsuds)
soˑqʼoˑngs : /soˑqʼoˑnks/ foam
soˑwi 7Sv complain, tell someone about one’s troubles
soˑwi : /soˑwi/ complains
soˑwiwabg : /soˑwiwapk/ will complain
spel 7S-v point with the index finger
spelčnʼa : /spelčnʼa/ points in the handgame (indicating the position of the hidden bones)
spelwys : /spelwis/ index finger
spentʼoˑ 7S-v turn inside out. Only in:
spentʼoˑqn̲a : /spentʼoˑqa/ turns inside out (as a garment)
r̲r̲e̲spentʼoˑqn̲bli : /spespantʼoˑqambli/ d. turn inside out again
spi 4S-v drag. Cf. also {sbᵛ} 4S-v “drag, pull” and {pᵛ} 4S-v “pull.”
spiᵛqiˑtʼčnʼa : /spiqiˑtčnʼa/ drags away, leaving scrape marks on
spičiwʼa : /spičiwʼa/ tears off a strip, piece. See čiwʼ.
spičʼn̲a : /spičʼa/ drags along, just dragged away
spidga : /spitga/ drags out of a container
spir̲dga : /spitdatga/ is holding in position to drag (as one grasps a sack, ready to drag it off)
spidgs : /spidaks/ wokas-gathering basket. This was a large oval tule basket dragged behind a canoe and filled by the wokas pickers.
spidgl : /spitgal/ drags up, out of bed
spidg̣a : /spitg̣a/ drags away from someone
he̲spidg̣a : /hispatg̣a/ drag an obj. away from each other
he̲spidg̣leˑʼa : /hispatg̣leˑʔa/ play tug-of-war
spidg̣i : /spitg̣i/ drags down, downhill
spikʼwa : /spikʼwa/ drags across
spilamna : /spilamna/ drags behind
he̲spilamna : /hisplamna/ drags behind oneself
spiliˑna : /spiliˑna/ drags off the edge, drags off (as one drags a car off a road, as one drags bedcovers or clothes off of someone)
spiLWn̲čʼn̲a : /spiLWančʼa/ just dragged along the top
spiLy : /spiLiˑ/ drags inside
r̲r̲e̲spiLy : /spispLi/ d. drag inside
spimni : /spimni/ drags uphill, up into a tree
r̲r̲e̲spimni : /spispamni/ d. drag uphill, up into a tree
spiqn̲a : /spiqa/ drags through, out, outside
spiqn̲oˑts : /spiqnoˑts/ needle
spiqn̲oˑtkʼiˑkʼ : /spiqnoˑtkʼiˑk/ little needle

386
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
spisn̲a : /spisa/ drags something deep under water, dirt
spiteˑga : /spiteˑga/ drags down deep
spitʼleˑg̣i : /spitʼleˑg̣i/ drags over a mountain, into another room
spiwa : /spiwa/ drags in water: trolls for fish
spiwoˑts : /spiwoˑts/ trolling line
spiwl : /spiwal/ drags onto the top
spiwloˑla : /spiwloˑla/ drags off the top
spir̲yamna : /spiyyamna/ drags around aimlessly
he̲spir̲yamna : /hispiˑyamna/ drags around behind oneself
spiyeˑga : /spiyeˑga/ drags up, raises
he̲spiyeˑga : /hispyeˑga/ drags oneself up
r̲r̲e̲spiyeˑgs : /spispyeˑks/ gold buttons from U.S. army uniforms. These were used as money during the very early days. The name is said to be due to the raised lettering on them (?).
spiyg̣aga : /spiˑg̣aga/ drags out of water
spiyg̣i : /spiˑg̣i/ drags over, above, out of water
spiykiˑna : /spiˑkiˑna/ drags out of fire, water
spinoˑ 3Sn grave. Also spinw. See Sec. 430.
spinoˑ : /spinoˑ/ grave
r̲r̲e̲spinoˑʼaˑkʼ : /spispanwʼaˑk/ d. little graves
spinoˑd̲at : /spinoˑwwat/ in the grave
spinoˑksi : /spinoˑksi/ “Grave-Place” (place name)
spinwyb : /spinwip/ relative whose connection with the family has been broken by the death of the intermediate link: e.g., the brother of one’s deceased wife
spinwysa̲b : /spinwisap/ relatives related only through some link now deceased
spinw sle
spodw 7Sv perform the power quest. This consisted of a period of isolation (usually ten days), during which the seeker underwent severe endurance tests—staying up all night, exercising, throwing heavy stones, sweating himself in a sweathouse and then plunging into icy water, etc. At the end of this time a spirit usually gave the seeker some sign, appearing in a vision and teaching the person a spirit song containing magical power. The individual received prestige in the society according to the extent of his spirit power (an alternate road to prestige was the possession of wealth and the allegiance of supporters). Both men and women could undergo the power quest, and the more spiritually inclined tended to become professional shamans. See Spier (1930) for a complete description.
spodw : /spodoˑ/ performs the power quest

387
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲r̲e̲spodw : /spospdo/ d. perform the power quest
spodwča̲a : /spodoˑča/ goes on a power quest
spodws : /spodoˑs/ power quest
spon 4S-v lead someone, guide, take by the hand
spončnʼa : /spončnʼa/ leads someone along
spončibga : /spončipga/ leads toward, comes leading
spončnʼbli : /spončambli/ leads someone back
spondbn̲a : /spontba/ arrives leading someone or something (as one leads one’s horse into camp)
spondg̣a : /spontg̣a/ takes someone away from someone else; cuckolds
sponga̲ča̲bli : /sponkčabli/ goes back to get someone
sponga̲dga : /spongatga/ been to get someone
sponga̲lgi : /spongalgi/ comes to get someone
spong̣oga : /spong̣oga/ leads someone into an enclosed space
sponliˑna : /spolliˑna/ leads someone off of (as one removes a person from a vehicle)
sponLa̲a : /spolha/ leads a person onto a surface, puts a person on a vehicle
sponLy : /spolhi/ leads someone inside
sponLydk : /spolhitk/ one inside: prisoner
sponmni : /sponmni/ leads someone up, uphill
sponneˑga : /sponneˑga/ leads someone down into a hole; idiom: gets late, gets dark
sponqaˑyi̲ʼa : /sponqaˑyʼa/ leads someone into the woods
sponqaˑyi̲ʼoˑla : /sponqaˑyʼoˑla/ takes someone out of the woods; picks out someone from among many persons
spontʼleˑg̣i : /spontʼleˑg̣i/ leads someone over a mountain, into another room
spony : /sponiˑ/ gives someone (as a father gives his daughter in marriage)
r̲r̲e̲spony : /spospni/ d. give a person
spʼaw 7S-v poison. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against,”
spʼawtn̲a : /spʼawta/ poisons someone
r̲r̲e̲spʼawtn̲a : /spʼaspʼoˑta/ d. poison
spʼawtn̲nʼapga : /spʼawtanʔapga/ feels like poisoning
spʼawtn̲ys : /spʼawtis/ poison
spʼol sne
spʼolʼi 7S-v overturn a canoe, tip overboard. Also spʼol in apparent free variation. Only in:
spʼolʼidgi : /spʼolʼitgi/ overturns a canoe, tips someone or something overboard. Or spʼoldgi : /spʼoltgi/.

388
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sqa 4S-v act on a basket-like obj.
sqačʼn̲a : /sqačʼa/ carries a basket-like obj. away
sqadgl : /sqatgal/ packs a basket-like obj. on the back; lifts a basket-like obj.
sqaga̲ča̲a : /sqakča/ goes to get a basket-like obj.
sqalʼg̣a : /sqalg̣a/ sets down a basket-like obj.; nets fish in a big willow trap
sqaya : /sqaya/ gives a basket-like obj., a basketful of something
sqayamna : /sqayamna/ carries a basket-like obj. around
sqabg 3S-n newlywed girl. Gatschet gives this as “married man or woman who has no children yet.”
sqabgs : /sqabaks/ newlywed girl
sqačʼ 7S-v project, hang out, stick out. Possibly d. {sqečʼ} 7S-v “pile.”
sqačʼdiˑla : /sqačdiˑla/ projects underneath (as an underwater ledge)
sqačʼtqʼaga : /sqačtqʼaga/ projects up out of; fish surfaces, comes to the top of the water
sqačʼyg̣i : /sqačʼiˑg̣i/ projects over (as a tree seen over a fence)
sqalb 7Sv be hunchbacked. Cf. {skʼoyʼa} 3Sn “hunchback”—a different physical defect?
sqalba : /sqalba/ is hunchbacked
sqalbdk : /sqalbatk/ hunchbacked
sqamdi 3Sn proper name: Sqamdi. This dangerous being dwells underwater at a deep spring (/sqamdiwaˑs/). To see him is almost certain death. The Pompeys described him as having horns, being covered with moss all over, and possessing great platelike eyes. He is a historical rather than a mythological being, and the author heard several stories of encounters with him. See Text 19.
sqamdi : /sqamdi/ Sqamdi
sqamdiwaˑs : /sqamdiwaˑs/ “Sqamdi’s-Den” (place name). Apparently used once for the name of the monster himself in Text 19.
sqas 7Sv be jealous
sqasa : /sqasa/ is jealous
he̲sqasa : /hasqsa/ are jealous of each other
r̲r̲e̲sqasa : /sqasqsa/ d. are jealous
sqečʼ 7S-v pile (as logs, brush). Possibly cf. {sqačʼ} 7S-v “project, hang out, stick out.”
sqečʼdiˑla : /sqečdiˑla/ piles up brush underneath
sqečʼkyamna : /sqečkyamna/ piles up around; idiom: piles up brush around a fire to make a windbreak
r̲r̲e̲sqečʼkyamna : /sqesqačkyamna/ d. pile up around
sqečʼlʼg̣a : /sqečʼlg̣a/ piles up brush; idiom: builds a windbreak

389
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sqečʼlʼg̣s : /sqečlʼaqs/ windbreak
sqečʼtʼleˑg̣i : /sqečtʼleˑg̣i/ piles up over (?)
sqečʼwa : /sqečʼwa/ piles up brush in a flat place, in water
sqel 3Sn proper name: Old Marten. Also called “Old Mink.” His role is similar to that of Gmokʼamʼč (with whom he is sometimes confused). He serves as a culture transformer, giving laws, destroying evil beings teaching subsistence techniques, and generally preparing the world for the myth age humans (/psewdiwaˑs/). See Texts 10 and 18.
sqel : /sqel/ Old Marten (or Old Mink)
sqel\ʼaˑkʼ : /sqelʼaˑk/ “Little Marten” (man’s proper name and now a family name on the Reservation: Skellock)
sqelʔmʼč : /sqelʔamʼč/ Big Old Marten. More often recorded sqel\ʼmʼč : /sqelʼamʼč/ even in slow speech.
sqel 7S-v be hoarse. Only with {akʼy} 10sv “closing.”
sqelkʼya : /sqelkʼya/ is, gets hoarse
r̲r̲e̲sqelkʼya : /sqesqalkʼya/ d. are, get hoarse
sqelkʼydk : /sqelkʼitk/ hoarse
sqem 7S-v break out of an egg. Only with {eqn̲} 10sv “out, outside, through.”
sqemqn̲a : /sqemqa/ breaks out of an egg
sqemqn̲wys : /sqemqanwis/ chick, a baby bird fresh from the egg
sqen̲ 7Sv sew
sqen̲a : /sqena/ sews
sqen̲čnʼa : /sqenčnʼa/ sews along, sews
sqen̲ča! : /sqenča!/ sew!
sqen̲čys : /sqenčis/ sewing: to sew
/čʼaˑnis hoˑt sqenčis./ She doesn’t know how to sew.
sqenčnʼiˑa : /sqenčnʼiˑya/ sews for someone
sqen̲kanga : /sqenkanga/ sews here and there
sqen̲kʼwa : /sqenkʼwa/ sews across
r̲r̲e̲sqen̲kʼwa : /sqesqankʼwa/ d. sew across
sqen̲kʼya : /sqenkʼya/ sews shut
sqen̲lʼg̣a : /sqellg̣a/ starts to sew (?)
sqen̲yeˑga : /sqenyeˑga/ starts to sew
sqen̲ys : /sqeys/ sewing; to sew. In usage, apparently identical with sqen̲čys above.
/sʔaywaksʔa hoˑt sqeys./ She knows how to sew.
sqeqʼ 7Sv act with the legs; straddle
sqeqʼa : /sqeqʼa/ straddles
sqeqʼank : /sqeqʼank/ having straddled

390
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/noˑ ʔa sqeqʼank čiˑyaˑ/ I’m sitting straddle-legged.
sqeqʼčnʼa : /sqeqčnʼa/ goes along straddle-legged, bowlegged
sqeqʼkyamna : /sqeqkyamna/ hugs with the legs. Or sqeqʼtyamna : /sqeqtymana/. Cf. also {qbatʼy} 7Sv “wrap the legs around.”
r̲r̲e̲sqeqʼkyamna : /sqesqaqkyamna/ d. hug with the legs (as women holding grinding stones with their thighs while grinding wokas)
sqeqʼtʼleˑg̣i : /sqeqtʼleˑg̣i/ straddles over (as one straddles a horse)
sqeqʼyg̣i : /sqeqʼiˑg̣i/ straddles over, above
sqeˑdi 7Sv be on the left; left. Only in noun constructions except for one occurrence with {dk} 24sv “in a state of.” Morphophonemics uncertain.
sqeˑdikstʼa : /sqeˑdikstʼa/ on the left side
sqeˑdidk : /sqeˑditk/ left-handed
sqeˑdis : /sqeˑdis/ the left (hand, side, etc.)
sqeˑdisdalʼ : /sqeˑdisdalʼ/ toward the left
sqiˑwʼ 3S-n sling; bull-roarer. BL described this as a missile throwing sling used by children to kill birds. The Pompeys gave this as “a kind of noisemaker you whirl around your head.”
sqiˑwʼs : /sqiˑwʼas/ sling; bull-roarer
sqo see sqoW be spring
sqol 7S-v act with a pointed obj. (as a finger); point. Some forms semantically overlap forms with {g̣in} 7S-v “point.”
sqolr̲bqa : /sqolpbapqʼa/ keeps pointing into someone’s face
sqoldg̣nʼa : /sqoldaqnʼa/ points into someone’s mouth; puts a pointed obj. into someone’s mouth
sqolr̲dg̣nʼa : /sqoltdatqnʼa/ keeps putting a pointed obj. into someone’s mouth
sqolkʼčʼwy : /sqolkʼačʼwi/ puts a pointed obj. into a tight place (as a finger into a crevice)
sqolkʼya : /sqolkʼya/ plugs up with a pointed obj.
sqollʼaˑlʼa : /sqolʔaˑlʼa/ puts a pointed obj. into a fire (as a poker)
sqolqn̲a : /sqolqa/ puts a pointed obj. through, out
sqolssg̣n̲a : /sqolsg̣a/ puts a pointed obj. through a tube. See asg̣n̲.
sqoltn̲a : /sqolta/ points at; puts a pointed obj. on
sqolʼe 3Sn meadowlark
sqolʼe : /sqolʼe/ meadowlark
r̲r̲e̲sqolʼeʼaˑkʼ : /sqosqlʼeʔaˑk/ d. little meadowlarks
sqolʼoˑ 3S-n turkey. Gatschet gives this as “turkey buzzard, Cathartes aura,” but the author’s informants were insistent that this was not a buzzard.

391
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sqolʼoˑs : /sqolʼoˑs/ turkey
sqoq 7S-v pay. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
sqoqtn̲a : /sqoqta/ pays
/moˑsmoˑsdat ʔans sqoqta./ (He) paid me for a cow.
/moˑsmoˑstga ʔans sqoqta./ (He) paid me with a cow (made payment with a cow).
r̲r̲e̲sqoqtn̲čʼn̲a : /sqosqaqtančʼa/ d. just paid
sqoqtn̲ys : /sqoqtis/ pay, earnings
sqosʔ 3S-n stick used as a counter in the handgame
sqosʔs : /sqosʔas/ counter
sqoW 7Sv be spring. Also sqo 3Sn. See Sec. 334.
sqo : /sqo/ spring
/sqotdat ni sbotʼoˑyiwapk./ I’ll plow in the spring.
sqoWa : /sqoWa/ is, becomes spring
sqoWwk : /sqoWoˑk/ because of being spring
/sqoWoˑk qdoˑča./ Because it’s spring, it rains.
sqoy 7S-v pile up, make a mound. Cf. {sdoy} 7S-v “pile up (as coals for roasting).”
sqoywa : /sqoywa/ piles up in the water, flat place
sqoyws : /sqoywas/ “Mound-in-the-Water” (place name)
sqoywʼaˑlʼa : /sqoywʼaˑlʼa/ pile s up on the end (as a mound or cairn of stones on a point of land)
sqʼayʼe 3Sn trout’s gills; Adam’s apple. Possibly cf. {qʼayʼe} 3Sn “intestines.”
sqʼayʼe : /sqʼayʼe/ trout’s gills; Adam’s apple
sqʼenaneˑ 7S-v bow the head in shame. Only in:
he̲sqʼenaneˑčibga : /hesqʼnaneˑčipga/ comes bowing the head in shame
sqʼeń̲ 7Sv defecate
sqʼeń̲ : /sqʼen/ defecates
he̲ssqʼeń̲ : /hesqʼan/ causes to defecate
r̲r̲e̲sqʼeń̲ : /sqʼesqʼan/ d. defecate
sqʼeń̲ča̲a : /sqʼeča/ goes to defecate
sqʼeń̲dga : /sqʼetga/ been defecating
sqʼeń̲nʼapga : /sqʼenʼapga/ feels like defecating
sqʼeń̲s : /sqʼes/ excrement, feces
sqʼitʼo 3Sn wart
sqʼitʼo : /sqʼitʼo/ wart
sqʼol 7S-v lie down (sg.)
sqʼolbga : /sqʼolpga/ sg. is lying
sqʼolbgkʼys : /sqʼolbakkʼis/ bed
sqʼoldiˑla : /sqʼoldiˑla/ sg. lies under

392
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sqʼollʼg̣a : /sqʼollg̣a/ sg. lies down
he̲ssqʼollʼg̣a : /hosqʼallg̣a/ makes someone lie down
sqʼollʼg̣! : /sqʼolʔaq!/ lie down!
sqʼollʼg̣ek! : /sqʼollg̣ek!/ let me lie down!
sqʼollʼg̣oˑta : /sqʼollg̣oˑta/ while lying; idiom: commits adultery
sqʼolwa : /sqʼolwa/ lies down in water, flat place
sqʼolʼanč see qʼolʼinč knee
sqʼom\ʼ 7Sv beat (in a fight). Possibly related to {qʼomi̲ʼ} 7-Sv “hit on the head with a blunt instrument.”
sqʼom\ʼa : /sqʼomʼa/ beats someone in a fight
he̲sqʼom\ʼa : /hosqmʼa/ beat each other
r̲r̲e̲sqʼom\ʼa : /sqʼosqmʼa/ d. beat
sqʼom\ʼi! : /sqʼomʼi!/ beat (him)!
sqʼom\ʼs : /sqʼoms/ beating; to beat
/g̣esga ʔan honks sqʼoms./ I can’t beat him.
sqʼoplʼing 3S-n horsefly
sqʼoplʼings : /sqʼoplʼinks/ horsefly
sqʼoˑg 3S-n woodtick
sqʼoˑgs : /sqʼoˑks/ woodtick
st 7S-v (?) speak clearly (?). Meaning and form uncertain. Occurs only with {odg̣nʼ} 10sv “into the mouth.”
stodg̣nʼa : /stotqnʼa/ speaks in a clear voice
/dič stotqnʼa/ speaks in a nice way
/qʼoy stotqnʼa/ speaks harshly
stodg̣n̲ys\ʼa̲la : /stotg̣islʼa/ mourns, wails
r̲r̲e̲stodg̣n̲ys\ʼa̲la : /stostatg̣islʼa/ d. mourn
stabačkʼ 7Sv wash (hands, face, clothes, etc.). Cf. {dmetčʼ} 7Sv “wash (clothes, hair).” {ǰoqʼ} 7-Sv “wash (body, dishes, fruit)” and {saǰaqw} 7Sv “wash (hands).” The areas of semantic reference are not clear.
stabačkʼa : /stabačkʼa/ washes (hands, face, clothes)
he̲sstabačkʼa : /hastbačkʼa/ causes someone to wash
r̲r̲e̲stabačkʼa : /stastbačkʼa/ d. wash
stabačkʼi! : /stabačkʼi!/ wash!
stabačkʼik! : /stabačkʼik!/ let me wash!
stabačkʼoˑts : /stabačkʼoˑts/ washpan
stabl\ʼ 7Sv gather inner bark. The inner bark of the cottonwood tree (or the ponderosa pine—informants differed) was gathered and eaten.
stabl\ʼa : /staplʼa/ gathers inner bark
stabl\ʼča̲a : /stabalča/ goes to gather inner bark
stabl\ʼsʔm : /stabalsʔam/ inner bark

393
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
stak 7S-v project (as a point of land, spinney of trees)
stakmʼaˑčʼa : /stakmʼaˑčʼa/ projects on the point
stakmʼaˑčʼ : /stakmʼaˑč/ “Projecting-on-the-Point” (place name: Eagle Point)
stakqweˑLa : /stakqweˑLa/ projects down a slope (as a spinney of trees, a spur of rock)
stakwa : /stakwa/ projects out into the water, into a flat place
staklʼinč 3Sn heel. Possibly cf. the preceding entry.
staklʼinč : /staklʼinč/ heel
stapg 7Sv grow, sprout. Only in:
stapga : /stapga/ (shoots) sprout, come up
stayLa̲ 7Sv gather food, get provisions
stayLa̲a : /stayLa/ gathers food (as roots, berries)
r̲r̲e̲stayLa̲a : /stastiˑLa/ d. gather food
stayLa̲ča̲a : /stayLača/ goes to gather food
stayLa̲dga : /stayLatga/ been gathering food
stayLa̲iˑa : /stayLiˑya/ gathers food for someone
steLb sne
steLbg 3S-n (?) right, right side. Also steLb. The various occurrences suggest a verb (d. {sqeˑdi} 7Sv “be on the left”), but there are no attesting forms. See Sec. 430.
steLbgs : /steLapks/ right (side, hand, etc.)
steLbkstʼa : /steLapkstʼa/ on the right side
steLbkstʼadalʼ : /steLapkstʼadalʼ/ toward the right side
stelʼal 7S-v buck (as a horse). Only with {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the ground, to a stop, finishing.”
stelʼallʼg̣a : /stelʼallg̣a/ bucks
r̲r̲e̲stelʼallʼg̣a : /stestlʼallg̣a/ d. buck
r̲r̲e̲stelʼallg̣ys : /stestlʼallg̣is/ bronco, unbroken horse
stewL 3S-n tule mat used as a wall covering, These were large and of coarse quality. May contain {eLa̲} 13sv “on a surface,”
stewLs : /stewLas/ tule mat
r̲r̲e̲stewLkʼa : /stestoˑLkʼa/ d. little mats
stil see sdil tell, report, carry information
stin 7S-v suspend, hang something from, tie something at both ends
stinčnʼbga : /stinčampga/ suspends something along. (intr. also)
stinčibga : /stinčipga/ suspends something toward. (intr. also)
stindgl : /stintgal/ hangs something on the back
he̲stindgldk : /histantgaltk/ having something suspended on one’s back (as a cradleboard)

394
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
stinkwa : /stinkwa/ suspends across (as one fastens a rope across a gorge, attaching it at both ends). (intr. also)
stinLa̲a : /stilha/ ties to a surface at both ends
stinLa̲s : /stilhas/ carry-strap for a pack-basket
he̲stinpbeˑli̲ʼa : /histampbeˑlʼa/ runs a rope back and forth. (intr. also)
stinqn̲čʼn̲a : /stinqančʼa/ just pulled a rope through, out (attached at both ends)
stintn̲a : /stinta/ suspends on, attaches to something. Possibly cf. the following entry.
r̲r̲e̲stintn̲a : /stistanta/ d. suspend on
stinyg̣i : /stiniˑg̣i/ suspends something over
he̲stinyg̣is : /histniˑg̣is/ suspenders
stin 7S-v love. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.” Possibly an idiomatic usage of stintn̲a : /stinta/ “suspends on, attaches to something”; cf. last entry.
stintn̲a : /stinta/ loves
he̲stintn̲a : /histanta/ loves oneself, each other
r̲r̲e̲stintn̲a : /stistanta/ d. love
stintn̲wabg : /stintanwapk/ will love
r̲r̲e̲stintn̲ys : /stistantis/ a Don Juan (habitual lover)
stiˑqʼ 7Sv cramp, knot up (as one’s foot, fingers)
stiˑqʼa : /stiˑqʼa/ cramps, knots up
r̲r̲e̲stiˑqʼa : /stistiˑqʼa/ d. cramp
stopʼ 7S-v gush, boil up. Also ntopʼ, Cf. also {dopʼ} 7Sv “boil.” See Sec. 334.
ntopʼyg̣i : /ntopʼiˑg̣i/ boils over
stopʼdg̣i : /stoptg̣i/ gushes down (as a waterfall)
stopʼoˑli : /stopʼoˑli/ gushes down off, over a bank
stopʼwi : /stopʼwi/ gushes and spreads out
stopʼyeˑga : /stopʼyeˑga/ boils up (as soup in a pot)
stopʼyg̣i : /stopʼiˑg̣i/ gushes over, boils over, Same as ntopʼyg̣i above.
stosq 7Sv be conceited. “stuck up”
stosqa : /stosqa/ is conceited, stuck up
r̲r̲e̲stosqa : /stostasqa/ d. are conceited
stosqdk : /stosqatk/ a conceited person, conceited
stoˑbg 7Sv threaten with a weapon
stoˑbga : /stoˑpga/ threatens with a weapon
stoˑbgs : /stoˑbaks/ club
stoˑbgtn̲a : /stoˑbakta/ threatens (“threatens at”)
he̲stoˑbgtn̲a : /hostoˑbakta/ threaten each other

395
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
stoˑp 3Sn stove. From English.
stoˑp : /stoˑp/ stove
stʼab 3S-n tule mat (type)
stʼabs : /stʼaps/ type of tule mat
stʼakwʼ 3S-n fish spear
stʼakwʼs : /stʼakwʼas/ fish spear
stʼaqʼ see tʼaqʼ be bare, bald, grassless
stʼem 3S-n vagina
stʼems : /stʼems/ vagina
r̲r̲e̲stʼem\ʼaˑkʼ : /stestmʼaˑk/ d. little vaginas
stʼemʔmʼč : /stʼemʔamʼč/ big old vagina
stʼil 7S-v plug up a hole. Only with {akʼy} 10sv “closing.”
stʼilkʼya : /stʼilkʼya/ plugs a hole
r̲r̲e̲stʼilkʼydk : /stʼistʼalkʼitk/ d. plugged up
stʼokʼwa 3Sn young mudhen. Gatschet and Curtin give this as a species of squirrel, but the author’s informants insisted that this was a halfgrown mud hen.
stʼokʼwa : /stʼokʼwa/ young mudhen
stʼokʼwa\ʼaˑkʼ : /stʼokʼwaʔaˑk/ little mudhen
stʼopʼ 3S-n marrow. This was used as hair oil, as the base for certain paints, as a tanning agent, etc.
stʼopʼs : /stʼopʼas/ marrow
stʼoy 3S-n mudhole, bog
stʼoys : /stʼoys/ mudhole, bog
swᵉ 4S-v look, look like
swᵉabqʼa : /swapqʼa/ looks at someone’s face; looks like in the face
swᵉabg̣s : /swapqs/ looking like in the face
/čʼelčʼel swapqs/ looking shiny-faced
swᵉar̲r̲ktys : /swaktktis/ looking like inside
swᵉakʼya : /swakʼya/ looks at someone’s buttocks; buttocks look like
swᵉakʼys : /swakʼiˑs/ buttocks looking like
/LepLep swakʼiˑs/ looking flat-hipped
swᵉalamna : /swalamna/ looks at someone’s back; looks like in back
swᵉalamns : /swalamnas/ back (back view of a person)
/moˑ dič swalamnas/ looking very well in back
swᵉar̲lYn̲bga : /swallalYampga/ watches (as a night watchman)
r̲r̲e̲swᵉar̲lYn̲bgys : /swasoˑllalYampgis/ watchman
swᵉawl : /swawal/ looks on top; looks like on top
swᵉawls : /swawals/ looking like on top
/mokʼas sitk ʔan swawals./ I look like an owl on top (referring to a hairdo).

396
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
swᵉ (continued)
swᵉaypʼeˑkʼa : /swaypʼeˑkʼa/ strains the eyes looking
swᵉawʼiˑna : /swawʼiˑna/ looks among; looks like among
swᵉar̲wʼiˑna : /swawʔiˑna/ looks over a crowd for someone
swᵉawʼiˑns : /swawʼiˑns/ looking like among
/qʼay ʔa gew lačʼas dič swawʼiˑns./ My house doesn’t look well among (others nearby).
swᵉelʼg̣a : /swelg̣a/ looks at, sees (?)
/ʔat ʔan dič swelg̣a./ Now I see it plainly.
swᵉig̣oga : /sweg̣oga/ looks inside a container; looks like inside
swᵉodiˑla : /swediˑla/ looks underneath; looks like underneath
r̲r̲e̲swᵉodiˑls : /swesoˑdiˑls/ d. looking like underneath
/qʼoy hay ʔi swesoˑdiˑls./ You look bad beneath (i.e., having poor shoes or ragged stockings on).
swᵉoneˑga : /sweneˑga/ looks down into a hole; looks like down in a hole
swᵉotn̲nʼa : /swetanʔa/ looks at, inspects
swᵉor̲yamna : /sweyyamna/ looks around; looks like around, looks like generally
/qʼay hoˑt dič sweyyamna./ He doesn’t look well.
swᵛ 4S-v tie. Also soˑ and swl. See Sec, 331.
soˑlʼg̣a : /soˑlʼg̣a/ ties tightly onto
he̲soˑlʼg̣a : /hosoˑlg̣a/ ties tightly on oneself (as a tourniquet)
swᵛačqʼaˑqʼa : /swačqʼaˑqʼa/ ties around the neck and strangles
he̲swᵛačqʼaˑqʼa : /haswačqʼaˑqʼa/ ties around one’s own neck and strangles oneself
swᵛaqʼaˑqʼa : /swaqʼaˑqʼa/ ties around someone’s neck
swᵛayʼasg̣a : /swayʼasg̣a/ ties something between someone’s legs, in front of someone’s genitals (as a loincloth)
he̲swᵛayʼasg̣a : /hasoˑyʼasg̣a/ ties something between one’s own legs
swᵛiwkʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /swiwkʼaˑyʼa/ ties something up high
swᵛiwLa̲a : /swiwLa/ ties onto a vehicle (as a burden onto a horse, canoe)
swᵛiwlʼg̣a : /swiwlg̣a/ ties something down
he̲swᵛiwlʼg̣a : /hisoˑlg̣a/ ties something onto oneself, each other
swᵛpatʼtn̲a : /swapatta/ ties to (as horse to a tree)
r̲r̲e̲swᵛpatʼtn̲a : /swasoˑpatta/ d. tie to
swᵛqʼaˑčʼa : /swaqʼaˑčʼa/ ties something tightly

397
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲r̲e̲swᵛqʼaˑčʼa : /swasoˑqʼaˑčʼa/ d. tie tightly
switʼatqn̲a : /switʼatqa/ ties tightly and squeezes out
he̲switʼatqn̲a : /hisoˑtʼatqa/ ties oneself too tightly (as when one puts on too tight a girdle)
switʼg̣\ʼa : /switqʼa/ makes a stiff rim for a basket. Morphophonemics?
switʼg̣\ʼs : /switʼaqs/ inner rim of stiff willows for a carrying basket
switʼla : /switʼla/ cinches a horse
switʼloˑts : /switʼloˑts/ girth (horse harness)
switʼls : /switʼals/ cinch (horse harness)
swalqʼ 7Sv sweat
swalqʼa : /swalqʼa/ sweats
he̲sswalqʼa : /haswalqʼa/ makes someone sweat
swalqʼs : /swalqs/ sweat
swaqč 7Sv cry, weep
swaqča : /swaqča/ cries, weeps
he̲sswaqča : /haswaqča/ makes someone cry
r̲r̲e̲swaqča : /swaswaqča/ d. cry
swaqčoˑla : /swaqčoˑla/ stops crying
swaqčyeˑga : /swaqčyeˑga/ starts to cry
r̲r̲e̲swaqčys : /swaswaqčis/ habitual cry-baby
swaW 7S-v startle. Only in:
swaWdgi : /swaWtgi/ startles someone
swayʼ 3Sn red deer. Gatschet gives “blacktail deer. Cervus columbianus.” (?).
swayʼ : /swayʼ/ red deer
swaˑya 3Sn proper name: Swaˑya. This mythological being appears in Text 5 and also in Curtin (1912).
swaˑya : /swaˑya/ Swaˑya
swaˑyaʼaˑkʼ : /swaˑyaʔaˑk/ Little Swaˑya
swew 7Sv suspect someone (of a crime, adultery, etc.)
swewa : /swewa/ suspects, is suspicious
swewoˑta : /swewoˑta/ suspects someone (same as last?)
swi see swᵛ tie
swičʼ 7Sv urinate
swičʼa : /swičʼa/ urinates
swičʼdga : /swičtga/ been urinating
swičʼnʼapga : /swičnʼapga/ feels like urinating
swičʼs : /swičʼas/ urine
swičʼtn̲a : /swičta/ urinates on

398
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
he̲swičʼtn̲a : /hiswačta/ urinates on oneself
r̲r̲e̲swičʼtn̲a : /swiswačta/ d. urinate on
swin̲ 7Sv sing. Cf. also {win} 7S-v “interpret a shaman’s song,” which may belong to the same morpheme.
swin̲a : /swina/ sings
he̲sswin̲a : /hiswa/ makes someone sing
r̲r̲e̲swin̲a : /swiswa/ d. sing
swin̲! : /swin!/ sing!
swin̲at! : /swinat!/ pl. sing!
swin̲a̲t : /swint/ can sing
swin̲dga : /swintga/ been singing
he̲swin̲eˑʼa : /hisoˑneˑʔa/ sing in competition with each other
swin̲eˑk! : /swineˑk!/ let me sing!
swin̲iˑa : /swiniˑya/ sings for someone
swin̲oˑla : /swinoˑla/ finishes singing
swin̲yeˑga : /swinyeˑga/ starts to sing
swin̲ys : /swiˑs/ song; to sing
/g̣esga ʔan swiˑs./ I can’t sing.
/geˑ ʔa dičʼiˑ swiˑs./ This is a good song.
r̲r̲e̲swin̲ys : /swisoˑnis/ singer
swin̲ys\ʼa̲la : /swiˑslʼa/ has a spirit vision: “gets a song”
swokʼ 7S-v blow breath, smoke (as in the sweathouse, as in shamanistic curing ceremonies)
swokʼčnʼa : /swokčnʼa/ (shaman) blows out a puff of smoke
swokʼtn̲a : /swokta/ blows a puff of breath, smoke, onto (as a shaman, as someone sweating himself in the sweathouse)
swokʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /swokʼattanʔa/ keeps blowing a puff of breath, smoke, onto
swoˑkʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /swoˑkʼattanʔa/ blows pl. puffs onto
he̲swoˑkʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /hoswoˑkʼattanʔa/ blows pl. puffs onto oneself
swʼᵛ 4S-v shake
swʼᵛr̲e̲r̲čiqʼa : /swʼičaqčqʼa/ shakes the head (as a horse)
r̲r̲e̲swʼᵛr̲e̲r̲čiqʼa : /swʼisoˑčaqčqʼa/ d. shake the head
swʼᵛewa : /swʼewa/ shakes something in water; fishes with a hook and line
r̲r̲e̲swʼᵛewa : /swʼesoˑwa/ d. fish
swʼᵛewča̲a : /swʼewča/ goes fishing
swʼᵛewoˑts : /swʼewoˑts/ fishpole
swʼews : /swʼews/ fishline
r̲r̲e̲swʼᵛewys : /swʼesoˑwis/ fisherman

399
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
swʼᵛr̲e̲r̲peL\ʼa : /swʼepaLplʼa/ shakes all over, shakes oneself (as a dog)
swʼaqsna 7S-v straighten out, tidy, lay objs. in neat rows (as tules for basketry). Only in:
swʼaqsnalʼg̣a : /swʼaqsnalg̣a/ tidies, straightens objs. out, lays out neatly
swʼaw 3S-n moss (Evernia vulpina). LK gave swʼew. This was used as the base for a yellow dye used to color porcupine needles, deerskin, basket materials, etc.
swʼawysm : /swʼawiˑsam/ moss (sp.). Or swʼewsm : /swʼewsam/.
swʼaˑlʼ 7Sv pile up (as stones in a cairn)
swʼaˑlʼa : /swʼaˑlʼa/ piles up (stones, logs, etc,)
swʼaˑlʼsg̣eˑn : /swʼaˑlʼsg̣eˑn/ “Piled-up-Place” (place name)
swʼelw 7Sv tangle up (as threads, ropes, basket strands)
swʼelwa : /swʼelwa/ tangles up something
r̲r̲e̲swʼelwa : /swʼeswʼalwa/ d. tangle up something
swʼelwdk : /swʼelwatk/ tangled
swʼenč 3Sn cradleboard. For a description of this see Spier.
swʼenč : /swʼenč/ cradleboard
r̲r̲e̲swʼenč\ʼaˑkʼ : /swʼeswʼančʼaˑk/ d. little cradleboards
swʼenč se̲ʔᵛodg̣eˑʼs : /swʼenč soʔatg̣eˑʔas/ “Taking-the-Cradleboard-from-Each-Other” (cat’s cradle figure)
swʼeng 7Sv destroy, tear down (as a building)
swʼenga : /swʼenga/ destroys, tears down
r̲r̲e̲swʼenga : /swʼeswʼanga/ d. destroy, tear down
swʼengdk : /swʼengatk/ torn down, destroyed
swʼeqapč 7S-v blink. Class membership and form dubious. Only in:
swʼeqapčdamna : /swʼeqapčdamna/ keeps blinking
swʼew see swʼaw moss (sp.)
swʼiˑg 3S-n duckling (just out of the egg)
swʼiˑgs : /swʼiˑks/ duckling
swʼiˑWi see wʼiˑWi cattail burr
syokʼaˑ 2S-l close to, near
syokʼaˑtanni : /syokʼaˑtanni/ close one
/syokʼaˑtanni ʔa hoˑt sa./ They’re close together (as close relatives, close emotionally, or close physically).
syokʼaˑtant : /syokʼaˑtant/ close, near
/čelg̣i syokʼaˑtant nis!/ Sit close to me!
/syokʼaˑtant sʔaˑMaks/ a close relative
syokʼaˑtʼa : /syokʼaˑtʼa/ close to, near
/syokʼaˑtʼa hoˑt čaqyeˑta./ He sat close by.