200
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
kʼekʼeˑč 3Sn vein. Possibly r̲e̲kʼeˑč but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms. Only in:
kʼekʼeˑč : /kʼekʼeˑč/ vein
kʼelmʼa 3Sn 3S-n tear (from weeping). This may have been misrecorded it is perhaps the only item in the corpus recorded with {s} 24sv 6sn [noun ending] after {r̲e̲} 1pv 1pn [distributive] but with no {s} in the singular.
kʼelmʼa : /kʼelmʼa/ tear
r̲e̲kʼelmʼas : /kʼekʼalmʼas/ tears
kʼet 2Sri this much, this big, so much, so big. See Sec. 1024.
kʼet : /kʼet/ this much, this big, so much, so big
/čoy kʼet min g̣illis sʔewanwapk./ And I will give you this much strength. (Texts, 14.48)
/dam dal ʔi kʼet gmočatk?/ Are you this old, so old?
/kʼet ba ʔans čʼleya./ He gave me one that big (piece of meat).
r̲e̲kʼet : /kʼekʼat/ d. this much, this big
/hoˑt sa dak qʼay kʼekʼat bi, laˑbi hok sa lobiˑni./ But they were not so big, those first two. (Texts, 14.71)
kʼetnʼi : /kʼetnʼi/ one this big, this much
/g̣esga ʔi hončis kʼetnʼis detnʼiˑt hon hoˑt sa hončnʼa./ You cannot fly as much as they fly. (Texts, 14.22)
kʼewnʼi 2Sra slowly
kʼewnʼi : /kʼewnʼi/ slowly
/ʔat honk kʼewnʼi kčʼitgal./ Now he slowly crawled up (out of bed). (Texts, 4.22)
/moˑ hoˑt kʼewnʼi hoččant./ He can run very slowly.
kʼeˑlʼ 3S-n semen. Only in:
kʼeˑlʼs : /kʼeˑlʼs/ semen
kʼey see nkʼeysań̲ shoot pl.
kʼič see kʼeččʼa little, small
kʼiliˑt 3Sn anus, orifice
kʼiliˑt : /kʼiliˑt/ anus, orifice
kʼiliˑt mʼaˑsi̲ʼs : /kʼiliˑt mʼaˑsis/ hemorrhoids
kʼin 3S-n yellowjacket. PO gave skʼin.
kʼins : /kʼins/ yellowjacket. Or skʼins : /skʼins/ (PO).
kʼinkʼ 2Sa a few, a little, a small amount. See Sec. 721.
kʼinkʼ : /kʼink/ a few, a small amount
/hoˑt ʔa kʼink sʔewanʔa ʔins./ He gave me a few.
kʼinkʼ\ʼaˑs : /kʼinkʼaˑs/ a few places

201
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/noˑ ʔa kʼinkʼaˑs gelwipga./ I visited a few places.
kʼinkʼaˑyʼant : /kʼinkʼaˑyʼant/ in a few
/kʼinkʼaˑyʼant babaˑkyʼaˑkkʼatdat/ in a few little boxes
kʼinkʼaˑyʼantga : /kʼinkʼaˑyʼantga/ with a few
/kʼinkʼaˑyʼantga mimʼačwʼaˑkkʼatga/ with a few little spoons
kʼinkʼaˑyʼantiˑ : /kʼinkʼaˑyʼantiˑ/ one of a few, from a few
/hon kʼinkʼaˑyʼantiˑ ʔis Naˑs loy!/ Give me one from among those few (round objs.)!
kʼinkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼm : /kʼinkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼam/ a few’s
/kʼinkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼam hoˑt pʼalla weˑwʼanʼs./ He stole the wives of a few.
kʼinkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼs : /kʼinkʼaˑyeˑnʼs/ a few [o]
/hoˑt ʔa kinkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼs satma./ He invited a few.
kʼinkʼnʼi : /kʼinknʼi/ a few (days, years, etc.), a few times
/hoˑt ʔa kʼinknʼi delhi./ He looked in a few times.
kʼis 3-S-n mother. Also kʼs in one form. Also used for “mother’s sister” (for which a separate term also exists: see {saˑqʼ}). Children of sisters called each other by sibling terms.
bkʼisa̲b : /pkʼisap/ mother
bkʼisa : /pkʼisa/ mother [o]
bkʼisa̲lbga : /pkʼisalpga/ considers someone to be one’s mother
bkʼisa̲lča̲a : /pkʼisalča/ goes to see one’s mother
bkʼisa̲ldga : /pkʼisaltga/ been to see one’s mother
bkʼisa̲llgi : /pkʼisallgi/ comes to see one’s mother
bkʼism : /pkʼisam/ mother’s
bkʼisysa̲b : /pkʼisiˑsap/ mothers
kʼisyb! : /kʼisiˑp!/ Mommy!
kʼisybm ʔečʼs sitk : /kʼisiˑbam ʔečʼas sitk/ like Mommy’s milk (baby talk). (Texts, 1.45)
sdelakʼsa̲b : /sdelaksap/ “Stella’s-Mother” (woman’s proper name)
kʼiy\ʼ 7Sv lie, tell a falsehood
kʼiy\ʼa : /kʼiyʼa/ lies
kʼiy\ʼiˑa : /kʼiyʼiˑya/ lies on behalf of someone
kʼiy\ʼs : /kʼiˑs/ lie, falsehood
sne̲kʼiy\ʼs\ʼa̲la : /snikʼiˑslʼa/ makes a liar out of
kʼiˑčʼ see akʼiˑčʼ around, revolving, turning
kʼiˑmi̲ʼ see akʼiˑmi̲ʼ in a circle, around the inside edge
kʼiˑkʼ seeˑʼaˑkʼ [diminutive]
kʼlᵛ 4S-v act upon fire. Cf. also {slʼᵛ} 4S-v with the same meaning.
kʼlᵛen̲a : /kʼlena/ takes fire away (as a torch, hot coal)

202
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
kʼlᵛikLa : /kʼlikLa/ puts fire down on top of
se̲kʼlᵛikLs : /sikʼlakLas/ cone of bark (of the /ǰag̣lo/ plant). These cones were placed on arthritic or rheumatic areas of the body and set on fire. When the cone had burned down, informants reported, the soreness was gone.
kʼlᵛočʼčnʼa : /kʼloččnʼa/ carries fire along, goes to get a firebrand from a neighbor to relight one’s own fire
kʼlᵛočʼga̲ča̲a : /kʼločkča/ goes to get a torch, fire
kʼločʼga̲lgi : /kʼločgalgi/ comes to get a torch, fire
kʼlᵛočʼwa : /kʼločʼwa/ fishes by torchlight, “torch-fishes”
kʼlᵛočʼws : /kʼločʼoˑs/ torch for night fishing
kʼl\ʼ see kʼal\ʼ cut, sever one obj.
kʼlečʼ 7Sv hop on one foot. Also kʼlekčʼ (a portmanteau of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] and {kʼlečʼ}). See Sec. 334.
kʼlečʼa : /kʼlečʼa/ hops along on one foot
kʼlekčʼa : /kʼlekčʼa/ d. hop along
kʼlekčʼ sle
kʼmok 7S-v stick on (bits of feathers, fur). Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
kʼmoktn̲a : /kʼmokta/ sticks on bits of fur, feathers
r̲e̲se̲kʼmoktn̲a : /sosakʼmakta/ d. stick on each other, on themselves
r̲r̲e̲kʼmoktn̲a : /kʼmokʼmakta/ d. stick on
kʼmoktn̲ys : /kʼmoktis/ feathers on a fishing fly
kʼmʼč see ʔmʼč [augmentative]
kʼnoqʼ 7S-v crouch, lie face down with the elbows and knees drawn up under one’s body
kʼnoqʼbga : /kʼnoqpga/ is crouching down
kʼnoqʼlʼg̣a : /kʼnoqʼlg̣a/ crouches down
kʼoččʼa 3Sn bullhead, gudgeon
kʼoččʼa : /kʼoččʼa/ bullhead
r̲e̲kʼoččʼa\ʼaˑkʼ : /kʼoˑkʼaččʼaʔaˑk/ d. little bullheads
kʼoččʼalm sʔilgs : /kʼoččʼalam sʔilks/ “Bullhead’s-Well” (place name)
kʼolyʼaˑ 3Sn coyote. Also skʼolyʼaˑ in apparent free variation. Informants stated that this is not a Klamath word but possibly Chinook Jargon
kʼolyʼaˑ : /kʼolyʼaˑ/ coyote. Or skʼolyʼaˑ : /skʼolyaˑ/.
kʼolyʼaˑ\ʼaˑkʼ : /kʼolyʼaˑʔaˑk/ little coyote
kʼoskʼ 7Sv burp, have gas on the stomach, get the taste of food coming up in the throat. Only in:
r̲e̲kʼoskʼa : /kʼokaskʼa/ burps, has gas on the stomach

203
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kʼotʼ 3S-n flea
kʼotʼs : /kʼotʼas/ flea
se̲kʼotʼs\ʼa̲la : /sokʼatslʼa/ has fleas; picks one’s fleas
kʼoyoˑmi̲ʼ 7Sv be muddied, stirred up (stream)
kʼoyoˑmi̲ʼa : /kʼoyoˑmʼa/ a stream is muddied, stirred up
skoyoˑmi̲ʼa : /skoyoˑmʼa/ muddies a stream
kʼoyoˑmi̲ʼdk : /kʼoyoˑmitk/ muddied, riled
kʼoY 3S-n louse. Cf. also the next entry.
kʼoYs : /kʼoYas/ louse
kʼoYʼ 7Sv hop, make little jumps
r̲é̲r̲kʼoYʼa : /kʼoYkʼoyʼa/ hops, makes little jumps
r̲é̲r̲kʼoYʼs : /kʼoYkʼoYs/ brush-rabbit (sp.). Possibly /kʼoYkʼoys/? Recording dubious.
r̲é̲r̲kʼoYʼʔmʼč : /kʼoYkʼoYʔamʼč/ big old rabbit
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲kʼoYʼkʼa : /kʼokʼiˑhkʼoYkʼa/ d. little brush-rabbits, bunnies
kʼoˑčg 7S-v (?) [unknown meaning]. Only in:
kʼoˑčgoˑts : /kʼoˑčgoˑts/ gristle (found on fish heads)
kʼoˑl 3Sn root (Valeriana). This was baked in pits (d. {bog̣} 7Sv) and eaten. It is said to have a foul smell but to be very sweet and tasty,
kʼoˑl : /kʼoˑl/ root (Valeriana)
r̲e̲kʼoˑl\ʼaˑkʼ : /kʼokʼoˑlʼaˑk/ d. little Valeriana roots
kʼoˑl\ʼa̲la : /kʼoˑlʔa/ gathers Valeriana roots
kʼoˑl\ʼa̲lča̲a : /kʼoˑlʼalča/ goes to gather Valeriana
kʼoˑn 3-S-n woman’s elder brother. None of the informants were certain of this item except AC. She equated it with {ʔaˑn} 3-S-n “woman’s elder brother” but confused the issue by adding “great-uncle” in English just after it (Texts, 38.294). BL felt it was “baby-talk” and was used to children (or by children?) for “elder brother.”
bkʼoˑnyb : /pkʼoˑnip/ woman’s elder brother
bkʼoˑnysa̲b : /pkʼoˑnisap/ woman’s elder brothers
r̲e̲kʼoˑnyb : /kʼokʼoˑnip/ elder brother (? perhaps the kinship vocative or even {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive]? Texts, 38.295)
kʼoˑs 7-Sv dishevel, rough up. Only in:
pᵛkʼoˑsa : /pokʼoˑsa/ roughs someone up
kʼs see kʼis mother
kʼw see akʼw across
kʼwatag 3S-n coyote (sp.?) Said to be a type of coyote which hunts rats on the ice in the winter-apparently the same as the usual species of coyote except that this has a greyer coat. Possibly just a separate name for a coyote with its winter fur.
kʼwatags : /kʼwataks/ coyote (sp.?)

204
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
kʼy see akʼy closing; on the buttocks
kʼyak seeˑʼaˑk [diminutive]
kʼyeˑwʼ 7-Sv open the vagina (?). Only in:
pᵛkʼyeˑwʼa : /pekʼyeˑwʼa/ pulls the vagina open
se̲pᵛkʼyeˑwʼa : /sepkʼyeˑwʼa/ stretches one’s own vagina open
l
lᵛ 4S-v act on a round obj.
lᵛabaˑtn̲a : /labaˑta/ puts a round obj. up against, up on shore (as a net full of fish). (intr. also)
lᵛabaˑyi̲ʼa : /labaˑyʼa/ puts a round obj. diagonally against (as one leans a metate against the wall). (intr. also)
lᵛadbn̲a : /latba/ arrives with a round obj. brings a round obj. home; drives up in a car, wagon
lᵛakyamna : /lakyamna/ puts a round obj. around a central obj. (as one puts on a finger ring)
se̲ʼlᵛakyamnoˑla : /salʼakyamnoˑla/ takes a round obj. off from around oneself, takes off a ring
lᵛakʼčʼwy : /lakčʼwi/ puts a round obj. in a tight place. (intr. also)
se̲ʼlᵛakʼčʼwyoˑla : /salʼakčʼawyoˑla/ takes a round obj. out of one’s own pocket, cupboard, corner
skʼawangs lᵛakʼčʼwys : /skʼawanks lakčʼwis/ “Wild-Parsnips-Among-(Rocks)” (place name)
lᵛakʼiˑčʼa : /lakʼiˑčʼa/ turns a round obj. around, turns a car around, turns the head
lᵛakʼwa : /lakʼwa/ puts a round obj. across. (intr. also)
se̲ʼlᵛakʼwa : /salʼakʼwa/ puts a round obj. across oneself; tosses a round obj. from hand to hand
r̲e̲se̲lᵛakʼwbli : /sasalkʼobli/ puts d. round objs. back across oneself; puts glasses back on
r̲e̲se̲lᵛakʼwdk : /sasalkʼotk/ having glasses on
r̲e̲se̲lᵛakʼws : /sasalkʼos/ spectacles, glasses
lᵛakʼya : /lakʼya/ closes with a round obj., inserts a cork; puts a round obj. on someone’s buttocks. (intr. also)
lᵛakyčʼn̲a : /lakʼiˑčʼa/ just plugged up
se̲lᵛkʼyčʼn̲a : /salkʼičʼa/ just plugged up a hole with oneself (said of myth characters going down into the hole in the hearth; Texts, 1.97, etc.), Also recorded /salkʼiˑčʼa/ (?).

205
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
lᵛ (continued)
se̲lᵛakʼydk : /salkʼitk/ having a round obj. on one’s buttocks (as a baby with dirty diapers)
lᵛalamna : /lalamna/ puts a round obj. on someone’s back. (intr. also)
se̲lᵛalamna : /sallamna/ puts a round obj. on one’s own back
čag lᵛalamns : /čak lalamnas/ “Serviceberry-on-the-Hillside” (place name)
lᵛaliˑga : /laliˑga/ puts a round obj. on the bank, edge. (intr. also)
čag lᵛaliˑgs : /čak laliˑks/ “Serviceberry-on-the-Bank” (place name)
lᵛalYn̲čʼn̲a : /lalYančʼa/ round obj. goes along a twisting edge (as a car along a riverbank, along a precipice)
lᵛamʼaˑčʼa : /lamʼaˑčʼa/ puts a round obj. on the point, end. (intr. also)
lᵛamʼaˑčʼ : /lamʼaˑčʼ/ “Round-Obj.-on-the-End” (place name)
lᵛamʼaˑwʼa : /lamʼaˑwʼa/ adds a round obj. to a pile or container of round objs. See amʼaˑwʼ.
lᵛapsa : /lapsa/ puts a round obj. on coals to bake; roasts a round obj. (as a loaf of /slʼepsas/ bread)
lᵛaptneˑg̣i : /laptneˑg̣i/ puts a round obj. on top of a full load. (intr. also)
lᵛqaˑyi̲ʼa : /laqaˑyʼa/ puts a round obj. in the bushes, woods, in the hair. (intr. also)
lᵛaqaˑyi̲ʼoˑla : /laqaˑyʼoˑla/ picks a round obj. out from among a group or pile of diverse objs.
lᵛaqʼaˑqʼa : /laqʼaˑqʼa/ puts a round obj. on someone’s lap, around someone’s neck. (intr. also)
se̲lᵛaqʼaˑqʼa : /salqʼaˑqʼa/ puts a round obj. on one’s own lap, around one’s own neck
lᵛawawča̲a : /lawawča/ passes a round obj. from hand to hand, person to person
lᵛawl : /lawal/ puts a round obj. on top. (intr. also)
lᵛawloˑlčnʼa : /lawloˑlčnʼa/ takes a round obj. off the top while going along
lᵛawloˑlčʼn̲a : /lawloˑlčʼa/ just took a round obj. off the top
lᵛawʼaˑlʼa : /lawʼaˑlʼa/ puts a round obj. on the end. (intr. also)
lᵛawʼaˑlʼs : /lawaˑlʼs/ head of the penis
lᵛawʼaˑlʼsd̲at : /lawʼaˑlʼsdat/ “At-Round-Obj.-on-the-End” (place name)

206
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lᵛ (continued)
lᵛawʼiˑna : /lawʼiˑna/ puts a round obj. among, into mud. (intr. also)
lᵛayahʔa : /layahʔa/ hides a round obj.
se̲lᵛayahʔa : /salyahʔa/ hides a round obj. behind oneself
lᵛayʼasg̣a : /layʼasg̣a/ puts a round obj. in front of the male genitals; lies in a flexed position in sexual intercourse
lᵛbᵛawl : /lbawal/ round obj. lies on top of
lᵛbᵛewa : /lbewa/ round obj. lies in water, flat place
lᵛbᵛoga̲a : /lboga/ round obj. lies, is situated
r̲r̲e̲lᵛbᵛoga̲a : /lbolpga/ d. round objs. lie
lᵛčayi̲ʼa : /lačyʼa/ gashes with a round obj. See čayi̲ʼ.
lᵛčʼoyi̲ʼtn̲a : /ločʼiˑta/ blunts a round obj. on
lᵛdgl : /ldagal/ picks up a round obj.
r̲r̲e̲lᵛdgl : /ldaltgal/ d. pick up a round obj.
lᵛdglblinannwi : /ldagalblinannwi/ picks a round obj. right back up
lᵛebga : /lepga/ brings a round obj.
lᵛebgbga : /lepgapga/ is bringing a round obj.
lᵛebli : /lebli/ takes a round obj. back; turns over a round obj.
lᵛeLa̲bga : /leLapga/ loads a round obj. onto a vehicle
lᵛelʼg̣a : /lelg̣a/ puts down a round obj.
r̲e̲ʼlᵛelʼg̣a : /lelʼalg̣a/ d. put down a round obj.
se̲ʼlᵛelʼg̣a : /selʼalg̣a/ puts a round obj. down on oneself; puts a hot rock on oneself (as a cure for chills)
seʼlᵛelʼg̣s : /selʼalqs/ a heated rock (for chills)
se̲ʼlᵛemčn̲dk : /selʼamčantk/ having a round obj.
/watʼi ʔa geˑ selʼamčantk./ This one has a knife.
lᵛen̲a : /lena/ takes a round obj.
lᵛen̲! : /len!/ take a round obj.!
lᵛen̲bga : /lempga/ is taking a round obj.
lᵛen̲bli : /lembli/ takes a round obj. back
lᵛeqn̲a : /leqa/ puts a round obj. out, through. (intr. also)
lᵛeqn̲bga : /leqampga/ round obj. is projecting through (as one’s heel through a hole in a stocking)
se̲lᵛeqn̲dga : /selqantga/ round obj. has been put through oneself (said of a person wearing an earring)
lᵛeqʼya : /leqʼya/ puts a round obj. in the road, in front of a doorway (intr. also); parks an automobile in the road, in front of a door. See eqʼy.
lᵛetʼleˑg̣i : /letʼleˑg̣i/ takes a round obj. across a mountain, into another room; drives across a mountain in an automobile

207
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
lᵛ (continued)
lᵛewa : /lewa/ puts a round obj. into water, flat place. (intr. also)
r̲e̲ʼlᵛer̲wa : /lelʼoˑwa/ soaks d. round objs. in liquid, sops one’s bread in gravy
sne̲lᵛewa : /snelwa/ causes a round obj. to be in liquid; dyes
r̲e̲ʼlᵛer̲ws : /lelʼoˑwas/ soppings of bread and gravy
lᵛewsi : /lewsi/ “Round-Obj.-in-Water-Place” (place name)
lᵛig̣oga : /lig̣oga/ puts a round obj. into a container. (intr. also)
lᵛiǰqʼa : /ličqʼa/ puts a round obj. onto and squashes, runs over someone with an automobile, wagon
lᵛikLa : /likLa/ puts a round obj. down upon, onto a vehicle, onto a pile (intr. also); one more round obj. above a decade in counting (see Sec. 1031)
se̲ʼlᵛikLa : /silʼakLa/ puts a round obj. upon oneself, one’s own vehicle, pile
qʼaWlʼi r̲e̲se̲lᵛikLs : /qʼaWlʼi sislakLas/ “Brown-Spots-Above-the-Eyes” (name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7)
se̲ʼlᵛikLkʼys : /silʼaklkʼis/ upper grinding stone (the Klamath two-horned muller: see Barrett, p. 284)
se̲ʼlᵛikLkʼykʼ : /silʼaklkʼiˑk/ little two-horned muller
lᵛiwyʼg̣a : /liwiˑg̣a/ puts a round obj. into a container. (intr. also). See iwyʼg̣.
lᵛkʼal\ʼa : /laklʼa/ cuts with a round obj. (as a flint knife)
se̲ʼlᵛkʼal\ʼa : /salʼaklʼa/ cuts oneself
lᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /lalʼaˑkʼa/ scribbles, marks on with a round obj. See lʼaˑkʼ.
lᵛočʼiˑpʼa : /ločʼiˑpʼa/ takes off a round tubular obj. (as a ring, bandage). See očʼiˑpʼ.
lᵛodga : /lotga/ takes a round obj. out of a container
se̲ʼlᵛodga : /solʼatga/ takes out one’s own round obj. (as a glass eye)
lᵛodg̣a : /lotg̣a/ takes a round obj. a way from someone
se̲ʼlᵛodg̣a : /solʼatg̣a/ take a round obj. away from each other; quarrel over a round obj.
lᵛodg̣i : /lotg̣i/ takes a round obj. down, picks a round fruit (as a cherry, apple)
lᵛodg̣is : /lotg̣is/ fishhook (see Barrett, p. 288.6)
lᵛodg̣nʼa : /lotqnʼa/ puts a round obj. into someone’s mouth. (intr. also.) See odg̣nʼ.
lᵛoditgoˑla : /loditgoˑla/ takes a round obj. out from underneath. (intr. also)

208
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lᵛ (continued)
lᵛodiˑla : /lodiˑla/ puts a round obj. underneath. (intr. also)
se̲lᵛodiˑla : /soldiˑla/ puts a round obj. under oneself, carries a round obj. in the armpit
lᵛoga̲ča̲a : /lokča/ goes to get a round obj.
lᵛoga̲lgi : /logalgi/ comes to get a round obj.
lᵛoliˑna : /loliˑna/ takes off a round obj., puts a round obj. off the edge (intr. also); grinds parched wokas lightly to remove the shells
lᵛoLy : /loLiˑ/ puts a round obj. inside. (intr. also)
lᵛoLybli : /loLiˑbli/ puts a round obj. back inside
lᵛoLydamna : /loLiˑdamna/ keeps putting a round obj. inside; keeps putting beads on a string
lᵛosga : /losga/ takes off a round obj.; picks a round fruit (as an apple, a wokas bulb)
r̲e̲ʼlᵛosga : /lolʼasga/ d. take off a round obj.; picks fruit
lᵛosn̲a : /losa/ puts a round obj. under water, under earth. (intr. also)
lᵛotn̲a : /lota/ puts a round obj. on, against; takes aim at
se̲lᵛotn̲a : /solta/ puts a round obj. onto oneself, attaches to oneself (as putting a knife in one’s belt)
lᵛotn̲ys : /lotiˑs/ nipple. Informants were dubious.
lᵛotqʼaga : /lotqʼaga/ takes a round obj. up out of (as out of water, earth, ashes). (intr. also)
lᵛotqʼags : /lotqʼaks/ the taking up out of; boil (skin eruption)
čag r̲e̲ʼlᵛotqags : /čak lolʼatqʼaks/ “Digging-up-Service-berries” (name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7)
lᵛowedga : /lowetga/ takes a round obj. out of a socket
r̲e̲lᵛowedga : /lolwetga/ d. take a round obj. out of a socket
r̲e̲lᵛowi : /lolwi/ distributes a round obj. to d.
lᵛowiˑbga : /lowiˑpga/ round objs. stand side by side, in a line, bunch. See owiˑ.
lᵛowiˑča̲bli : /lowiˑčabli/ takes a round obj. back first (before some other action)
lᵛowʼeˑtʼa : /lowʼeˑtʼa/ hangs a round obj. over the edge (intr. also); draws the body up into a ball (?)
se̲lᵛowʼeˑtʼs : /solwʼeˑts/ lavalier (“round-obj.-suspended-on-oneself”)
lᵛoya : /loya/ gives a round obj.
r̲e̲ʼlᵛoy : /lolʼiˑ/ d. give a round obj.

209
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
lᵛ (continued)
lᵛoy! : /loy!/ give a round obj.!
lᵛoyat! : /loyat!/ pl. give a round obj.!
lᵛoyamna : /loyamna/ carries, holds a round obj.
lᵛor̲yamna : /loyyamna/ carries a round obj. around
lᵛor̲yamnoˑts : /loyyamnoˑts/ automobile
lᵛoyeˑga : /loyeˑga/ raises a round obj. (intr. also)
lᵛoYn̲čʼn̲a : /loYančʼa/ round obj. runs along a twisting edge (as a car along a mountainside)
r̲e̲lᵛoYn̲čʼn̲a : /lolYančʼa/ d. run along the edge
se̲lᵛoyoˑta : /solyoˑta/ trade round objs. with each other
lᵛr̲e̲r̲pʼeqʼa : /lepʼaqpqʼa/ shakes the head from side to side (a sign of negation)
lᵛpʼoˑkʼa : /lopʼoˑkʼa/ puts on war paint
se̲lᵛpʼoˑkʼa : /solpʼoˑkʼa/ puts on one’s own warpaint
lᵛqewi̲ʼa : /leqwʼa/ breaks a round obj. See qewi̲ʼ.
lᵛqečʼa : /leqčʼa/ sharpens a round obj. (as a knife). See qʼečʼ.
lᵛqʼoˑmi̲ʼa : /loqʼoˑmʼa/ hits on the head with a round obj.; lops off an ear (?). See qʼomi̲ʼ.
lᵛtčʼoˑsa : /lotčʼoˑsa/ rubs on with a round obj., paints on with a brush
lᵛtitʼa : /littʼa/ slashes open with a round obj. (as one cuts open a boil, a sack of grain). See titʼ.
lᵛtʼabkʼa : /latʼapkʼa/ mashes up with a round obj.
lᵛtʼasčnʼa : /latʼasčnʼa/ straightens out wrinkles with a round obj.; irons clothes. See tʼas.
lᵛtʼepʼčnʼa : /letʼapčnʼa/ puts round objs. in a row. (intr. also.) See tʼepʼ.
se̲lᵛwoˑlgi : /solwoˑlgi/ coils into a ball (as rope)
lʔab see laˑb two
lʔaˑb see laˑb two
lʔeg 7Sv be, get drunk
lʔega : /lʔega/ is drunk, gets drunk
r̲r̲e̲lʔega : /lʔelga/ d. are, get drunk
lʔegdk : /lʔegatk/ drunk
r̲r̲e̲lʔegys : /lʔelgis/ drunkard
lʔekʼ 7Sv prickle, feel something sharp
r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲lʔekʼa : /lʔeˑkʼlʔekʼa/ prickles, feels something sharp
lab see laˑb two
lačʼ 7Sv house, build a shelter
lačʼa : /lačʼa/ builds a house

210
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲e̲lačʼa : /lalčʼa/ d. build houses
lačʼǰqʼa : /laččqʼa/ builds a shelter and covers
se̲ʼlačʼǰqʼa : /salʼaččqʼa/ builds a shelter over oneself
lačʼLa̲a : /lačLa/ builds a shelter on
lačʼs : /lačʼas/ house
lačʼʔmʼč : /lačʔamʼč/ big old house
lačʼkʼa : /lačkʼa/ little house; idiom: outdoor privy
lačʼtn̲a : /lačta/ builds onto, adds to a house
lagmin 3Sn gruel of flour and water or rice water. This was given to infants as a milk substitute.
lagmin : /lagmin/ gruel
lag̣ 3Sn hair. Also lag̣oˑ in one sequence (possibly segmentable?). See Sec. 430.
lag̣ : /laq/ hair
ʔamboʔm lag̣ : /ʔamboʔam laq/ small water insect (Gatschet: sp. Gordius)(“water’s-hair”)
g̣aˑg̣ʔm lagoˑ : /g̣aˑqʔam lag̣oˑ/ Iris (tenax) (“crow’s-topknot”)
lag̣ čʼoyeˑsˑ : /lag̣ čʼoyeˑs/ “Hair-Hat” (man’s proper name)
lmen̲ysʔm lag̣ : /lmeysʔam laq/ clouds that hang in streamers (“thunder’s-hair”)
mayʔm lag̣ : /mayʔam laq/ fine tule rootlets (used in basketry) (“tule’s-hair” )
lag̣\ʼa̲lbli : /laqʼalbli/ gets one’s hair back
lag̣i 7Sv 3Sn be rich, powerful, have prestige; chief, boss. Also laˑg̣i. See Sec. 334 and 430.
lag̣i : /lag̣i/ is rich, powerful, prestigeful; boss, chief
lag̣iˑʼaˑkʼ : /laqyʼaˑk/ little boss, chief
r̲e̲laˑg̣i : /lalaˑg̣i/ d. have power, prestige; d. chiefs, bosses
r̲e̲laˑg̣iˑʼaˑkʼ : /lalaˑqyʼaˑk/ d. little chiefs, bosses
lag̣i wač : /lag̣i wač/ stallion
lag̣oˑ see lag̣ hair
lag̣y 7Sv miss, be sad (over an absence); suspect (only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against”)
lag̣ : /lag̣iˑ/ misses someone, feels sad over an absence
r̲e̲lag̣y : /lalg̣i/ d. miss
se̲lag̣y : /salg̣i/ miss each other
lag̣ytn̲a : /lag̣iˑta/ suspects someone (of a crime, etc.)
se̲lag̣ytn̲a : /salg̣ita/ suspect each other
lag̣ytn̲wabg : /lag̣ˑtanwapk/ will suspect

211
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
lakʼiˑ 3Sn forehead
lakʼiˑ : /lakʼiˑ/ forehead
lakʼiˑd̲at : /lakʼiˑyyat/ on the forehead
lalawqʼat 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable.
lalawqʼat : /lalawqʼat/ place name
lalaˑqʼo 3Sn pine gum (chewed like chewing gum). Possibly r̲e̲laˑqʼo but no distributive or intensive meaning and no attesting forms.
lalaˑqʼo : /lalaˑqʼo/ pine gum
lalaˑqʼoʼa̲la : /lalaˑqwʼala/ gathers pine gum
lalli̲ʼ 7Sv be steep, hilly
lalli̲ʼa : /lalʔa/ is steep
lalli̲ʼs : /lallis/ hill, slope
lalli̲\ʼ\ʼaˑkʼ : /lalʔaˑk/ little hill
lalli̲\ʼ\ʼaˑkʼs : /lalʔaˑks/ “Little-Hill-Place” (place name)
lamn see alamn on the back, behind; against a hillside
landoˑʼ 7Sv play pool, billiards. Origin?
landoˑʼa : /landoˑʔa/ plays pool, billiards
landoˑʼča̲a : /landoˑča/ goes to play pool, billiards
landoˑʼs : /landoˑʔas/ pool, billiards
laq 7S-v be straight
laˑqdgi : /laˑqtgi/ becomes straight
sne̲laˑqdgi : /snalaˑqtgi/ straightens something
r̲é̲r̲laqlʼi : /laqlaqlʼi/ straight (as a stick, road)
lasg̣ 3-S-n horseshoe. Possibly analyzable as r̲e̲ʼlᵛasg̣n̲ys “d. round objs. through a tube,” but semantically dubious.
r̲e̲ʼlasg̣ys : /lalʼasg̣is/ horseshoe
lastostg 3S-n blue-tailed lizard
lastostgys : /lastostgis/ blue-tailed lizard
layg̣ 3S-n net (the netting of a: /wičʼoˑLas/—?). Also laˑyig̣ (BL only). See Sec. 430.
layg̣s : /layqs/ net, the net part of a /wičʼoˑLas/. Or laˑyig̣s : /laˑyiqs/.
layqʼyaˑmi 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable and possibly not Klamath at all
layqʼyaˑmi : /layqʼyaˑmi/ place name: Fairchild, Calif.
layyi̲ʼ 7Sv aim at a target
layyi̲ʼa : /layʔa/ aims at a mark, target
layyi̲ʼbga : /layyipga/ is aiming
r̲e̲ʼlayyi̲ʼbga : /lalʼiˑyipga/ d. aim
se̲ʼlayyi̲ʼbga : /salʼiˑyipga/ aim at each other
layyi̲ʼi! : /layʔi!/ aim!
layyi̲ʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /layyittanʔa/ aims right at

212
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
laˑb 2Sa two. Also lʔab, lʔaˑb, and lab. See Sec. 721.
laˑb : /laˑp/ two
/lapnʼi tewnʼipʼant laˑp/ twenty-two
r̲e̲lʔaˑb : /lalʔaˑp/ two at a time
/noˑ ʔa lalʔaˑp skodas sʔewanʔa./ I gave blankets two at a time.
labksept : /lapksept/ seven
r̲e̲lʔabksept : /lalʔapksept/ seven at a time
/hoˑt lalʔapkseptdanʔis sʔewanʔa./ He gave out seven at a time.
labnʼi : /lapnʼi/ twice; two (days, years, etc.)
/lapnʼi ʔa sa gelwipga./ They visited twice.
/lapnʼi waytas ʔa hoˑt mʼaˑsʔa./ He was sick for two days.
/lapnʼi tewnʼip/ twenty
labnʼiˑks : /lapnʼiˑks/ Tuesday
laˑba : /laˑba/ two [o]
/laˑba ʔan hihaswaqs sleʔa./ I saw two men.
laˑb\ʼaˑs : /laˑpʼaˑs/ in two places
/noˑ ʔa laˑpʼaˑs honks qmag̣a./ I looked in two places for him.
laˑp\ʼa̲ls : /laˑpʼals/ twins
laˑb\ʼeˑnʼm : /laˑpʼeˑnʼam/ two’s, of two
/gida ʔa laˑpʼeˑnʼam wač./ Here are the horses of two.
laˑb\ʼeˑnʼs : /laˑpʼeˑnʼs/ two [o]
/laˑpʼeˑnʼs ʔan gawʼal./ I found two (people).
laˑb\ʼokʼ : /laˑpʼok/ both
/laˑpʼok ʔa sa gida čiˑya./ They both live here.
laˑbi : /laˑbi/ two [n]
/laˑbi ʔa naˑt gatba./ We two arrived.
laˑg̣i see lag̣i be rich; chief, boss
laˑl 3S-n rib
laˑls : /laˑlas/ rib
r̲e̲ʼlaˑlkʼa : /lalʼaˑlkʼa/ d. little ribs
laˑLq 3Sn brant (sp. unknown)
laˑLq : /laˑLaq/ brant
r̲e̲laˑLq\ʼaˑkʼ : /lalaˑLqʼaˑk/ d. little brants
laˑm 3Sn alcoholic spirits (of any kind). From Chinook Jargon (Eng. “rum”).
laˑm : /laˑm/ liquor

213
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
laˑm 7Sv curse, swear at, insult. Also lʔaˑm. See Sec. 334.
laˑma : /laˑma/ curses, swears at
r̲e̲lʔaˑma : /lalʔaˑma/ d. curse, swear at
se̲lʔaˑma : /salʔaˑma/ curse each other, oneself
laˑmnʼapga : /laˑmnʼapga/ feels like cursing someone
laˑyig̣ see layg̣ net
lba 3Sn plant (Balsamorrhiza sagittata). The seeds of this sunflower-like plant were gathered and eaten.
lba : /lba/ plant (sp.)
lbo 7S-v tunnel. Cf. {dmᵛ} 4S-v “dig a tunnel.” Difference?
se̲lbodang̣a : /solpdang̣a/ two tunnels meet
lbodiˑla : /lbodiˑla/ tunnels underneath
lbokʼiˑčʼa : /lbokʼiˑčʼa/ tunnels around the edge of
lboqn̲čʼn̲a : /lboqančʼa/ just tunneled through
lboteˑga : /lboteˑga/ tunnels deep into
r̲r̲e̲lboteˑga : /lbolpteˑga/ d. tunnel deep
lboyeˑni̲ʼoˑla : /lboyeˑnʼoˑla/ hollows out (as a gourd, cave, tree)
lboYn̲a : /lboYa/ hollows out a hillside, digs a tunnel on a hillside (as a mine)
lčʼi 7S-v project in a line
lčʼikʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /lčʼikʼaˑyʼa/ projects up high in a line
r̲r̲e̲lčʼikʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /lčʼilčkʼaˑyʼa/ d. lines project up high (as a line of poles showing over the trees)
lčʼiqn̲a : /lčʼiqa/ projects through, out of
lčʼiqn̲bga : /lčʼiqampga/ are projecting out (as a line of fence posts in water, as buck teeth, as a line of people looking out of a door)
lčʼitln̲čʼn̲a : /lčʼitlančʼa/ projects along beside in a line
lčʼitqʼaga : /lčʼitqʼaga/ projects up out of in a line (as a line of rocks in water)
lčʼiwl : /lčʼiwal/ projects on top in a line
lčʼwy see alčʼwy right up to
ldokw 7Sv be infatuated with, “have a crush on”
ldokwa : /ldokwa/ is infatuated with someone
se̲ldokwa : /soldakwa/ are infatuated with each other
le 2Srp2 not, “un-.” Occurs apparently in “frozen” constructions and often recorded with no intervening juncture.
ledalʔaˑni : /ledalʔaˑni/ mischievous one
le domns : /le domnas/ fun (“not-hearing”)
le dwaˑ gi : /le dwaˑ gi/ is empty-handed, gets nothing (in hunting, the handgame, etc.). Also ledwaˑgi : /ledwaˑgi/.

214
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
le waq sʔaˑMkʼaˑʼs : /le waq sʔaˑMkʼaˑʔas/ unrelated (said of a person whose relationship is so distant that no term exists for it)
le wičʼčnʼa : /le wiččnʼa/ refuses to go. Also recorded lewičʼčnʼa : /lewiččnʼa/.
le wičʼčibga : /le wiččipga/ refuses to come
le wičʼlʼg̣a : /le wičʼlg̣a/ refuses to budge
le wičʼtn̲a : /le wičta/ refuses. Also /lewičta/ and even /lewista/ (?).
lebwin 3Sn frying pan. From Chinook Jargon.
lebwin : /lebwin/ frying pan
lečʼn̲ 7Sv weave (cloth, basket); knit; lace up
lečʼn̲a : /lečʼa/ weaves; knits
r̲e̲lečʼn̲a : /lelčʼa/ d. weave; knit
lečʼn̲r̲tn̲nʼa : /lečʼanttanʔa/ laces up (as shoe, cradleboard)
se̲lečʼn̲r̲tn̲nʼa : /selčʼanttanʔa/ laces oneself up
lečʼn̲yeˑga : /lečʼanyeˑga/ starts to weave; knit
lečʼn̲ys : /lečʼiˑs/ the weaving; the knitting
/čʼaˑnis ʔan lečʼiˑs./ I don’t know how to weave.
leg 7S-v be lively, spirited
leˑgdgi : /leˑktgi/ becomes lively
sne̲leˑgdgi : /sneleˑktgi/ incites, rushes someone into some action; makes someone dissatisfied
r̲é̲r̲leglʼi : /legleklʼi/ lively, spirited
lem\ʼ 7Sv be dizzy
r̲é̲ˑr̲lem\ʼa : /leˑmlemʼa/ is dizzy
r̲e̲ʼr̲é̲ˑr̲lem\ʼa : /lelʼeˑmlemʼa/ d. are dizzy
sne̲ʼr̲é̲ˑr̲lem\ʼa : /snelʼeˑmlemʼa/ makes dizzy
lem\ʼdgi : /lemtgi/ gets dizzy
sne̲\ʼlemdgi : /snelʼamtgi/ makes dizzy
lem\ʼdgiWiˑa : /lemtgiWiˑya/ almost got dizzy
lemyʼeˑq 3-S-n kidneys. Only in:
r̲e̲ʼlemyʼeˑqs : /lelʼamyʼeˑqs/ kidneys
leqʼmeˑsi 3Sn place name at Warmsprings. Unanalyzable and possibly not Klamath at all.
leqʼmeˑsi : /leqʼmeˑsi/ place name
lesmʼ 7Sv overlook someone, miss seeing someone in a gathering, not see someone for some time
lesmʼa : /lesmʼa/ overlooks someone, misses seeing someone
leswi 3Sn silk; handkerchief (silk handkerchief?). From Chinook Jargon.
leswi : /leswi/ silk; handkerchief

215
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
lewg 7Sv rescue (a person from fire, danger, etc.)
lewga : /lewga/ rescues
r̲e̲ʼlewga : /lelʼoˑga/ d. rescue
lewgča̲a : /lewkča/ goes to rescue
leY 3S-n root (sp.). Gatschet lists this as Pencedanum ambiguum; elsewhere given as Kouse cogswellia utriculata (Nutt.) Jones; LK identified a specimen as Lomantium canbyi C. and R. or possibly Lomanti piperi C. and R.
leYs : /leYas/ root (sp.)
leˑʼ see eˑʼ in a game, competition, for fun
leˑw 3-S-n flower. Only in:
r̲e̲ʼleˑwsʔm : /lelʼeˑwsʔam/ flower(s)
r̲e̲ʼleˑwsʔm\ʼa̲la : /lelʼeˑwsmʼala/ picks flowers; makes a flower (as an artificial flower)
leˑw 3Sn proper name: Leˑw. This is the name of the monster who dwells in Crater Lake. This being was described as being rather octopoidal and of a dirty white color. See Text 10. Possibly related to {leˑwʼ} 7Sv “play.”
leˑw : /leˑw/ the Leˑw
leˑwʼ 7Sv play (game, drum, etc.)
leˑwʼa : /leˑwʼa/ plays
r̲e̲ʼleˑwʼa : /lelʼeˑwʼa/ d. play
leˑwʼča̲a : /leˑwča/ goes to play
leˑwʼdga : /leˑwʼatga/ been playing
lgi see olgi motion toward for a purpose
lg̣ᵉ 4S-v be striped. Possibly cf. also {lg̣awʼaˑwʼalʼ} 3S-n “finger.”
lg̣ᵉačwa : /lg̣ačwa/ has a stripe on the hair, head
lg̣ᵉakyamna : /lg̣akyamna/ is striped around (horizontally, as a shirt)
lg̣ᵉamni : /lg̣amni/ stripe(s) run upwards
r̲r̲e̲lg̣ᵉamnis : /lg̣alg̣amnis/ sack (a type of gunnysack which had vertical stripes running up the edges)
lg̣ᵉawʼaˑlʼa : /lg̣awʼaˑlʼa/ has stripes on the end
lg̣ᵉeWa̲a : /lg̣eWa/ is striped on the back
r̲r̲e̲lg̣ᵉeWa̲bga : /lg̣elg̣aWapga/ has d. stripes along the back. Unchecked: only Texts, 9.22.
lg̣ᵉočʼn̲dk : /lg̣ečʼantk/ straight-grained
lg̣ᵉodg̣nʼoˑla : /lg̣etqnʼoˑla/ striped objs. hang out of the mouth (as noodles)
lg̣ᵉoyg̣i : /lg̣eyg̣i/ is striped over (as an animal having stripes over its forehead)

216
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lg̣awʼaˑwʼalʼ 3S-n finger. Possibly somehow analyzable as {lg̣ᵉ} 4S-v “be striped” plus {awʼaˑlʼ} 10sv “on the end”: “striped-on-the-end.”
lg̣awʼaˑwʼalʼs : /lg̣awʼaˑwʼalʼs/ finger(s)
lg̣eˑy 7S-v be cramped, kinked. Possibly lg̣ey plus {dgi} (allomorph ˑ dgi).
lg̣eˑydgi : /lg̣eˑytgi/ is cramped, kinked (as a kink in the neck)
li see oˑli down off
libwa 3-S-n peas. From Chinook Jargon. Only in:
r̲e̲ʼlibwaʼaˑkʼ : /lilʼabwaʔaˑk/ peas
lič 7S-v be strong, wiry
liˑčdgi : /liˑčtgi/ becomes strong, wiry
r̲é̲r̲ličlʼi : /ličličlʼi/ strong, wiry
ličʼo 3S-n obscene gesture (used to insult someone). This consisted of making a fist with the thumb thrust between the index and middle finger.
ličʼos : /ličʼos/ obscene gesture
lidol 3Sn bull. From Chinook Jargon?
lidol : /lidol/ bull
lig 3-S-n great-aunt (grandmother’s sister); reciprocal: great-nephew, great-niece (woman’s sister’s daughter’s child)
bligyb : /bligiˑp/ great-aunt; great-nephew, great-niece
bligyb\ʼaˑkʼ : /bligiˑpʼaˑk/ little great-aunt
bligybʔmʼč : /bligiˑpʔamʼč/ big old great-aunt
bliga̲lbga : /bligalpga/ considers someone to be one’s great-aunt; great-nephew, great-niece
bligysa̲b : /bligiˑsap/ great-aunts; great-nephews, great-nieces
r̲e̲ʼligs! : /lilʼaks!/ great-aunty!
r̲e̲ʼlig\ʼaˑkʼ! : /lilʼakʼaˑk!/ little great-aunty!
ligal 3Sn playing cards. From Chinook Jargon?
ligal : /ligal/ playing cards
ligal gi : /ligal gi/ plays cards
likt 3S-n mole (skin eruption). Possibly contains {lᵛ} 4S-v “act on a round obj.” and also {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against” but no certain segmentation. Only in:
liktys : /liktis/ mole
likʼ 7S-v have indigestion, heartburn. Only in:
likʼlʼg̣a : /likʼlg̣a/ has heartburn, indigestion
sne̲ʼlikʼlʼg̣a : /snilʼakʼlg̣a/ causes heartburn
likʼlʼg̣s : /liklʼaqs/ heartburn, indigestion
lil\ʼ 7Sv rumble in the distance (as a herd of cattle, thunder, water falling, etc.). Only in:
r̲é̲r̲lil\ʼa : /lillilʼa/ rumbles in the distance

217
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
lilhang 3S-n deer (generic term). Probably also sp.
lilhangs : /lilhanks/ deer
r̲e̲ʼlilhangkʼa : /lilʼalhankkʼa/ d. little deer
liLpʼ 3S-n iron kettle. Said to be onomatopoetic: named for the sound made when a kettle falls or strikes a rock.
liLpʼs : /liLpʼas/ iron kettle
limiˑl 3Sn mule. From Chinook Jargon.
limiˑl : /limiˑl/ mule
r̲e̲limiˑl\ʼaˑkʼ : /lilmiˑlʼaˑk/ d. little mules
lis 2Srp5 indeed. This particle is difficult to translate, and the rendering “indeed” is only a makeshift tag. It seems to denote a progressing or continuing action or state and possibly also give a slight emphasis to the indicative, factual quality of the utterance.
/hoˑt lis Naˑčyak g̣oˑs daliˑga./ It is just one tree standing on the edge alone. (Texts, 39.39)
/waq lis ʔi?/ How are you?
/dat lis ʔi gena?/ Where are you going?
/kanʼs lis ʔi ʔonaˑ sleˑča?/ Whom did you go to see yesterday?
/geˑ lis ʔoyyamnatk genaˑ./ He is going, carrying it (a long obj.). (Texts, 39.45)
/ʔiˑ, geˑ lis hok čiˑkankkʼis gidaˑna gi./ Yes, these were living places all around here. (Texts, 38.43)
/dičʼiˑ lis hok maqlaqs, danknʼi naˑt maqlaqs./ People were good, we Indians a long time ago. (Texts, 38.98)
litg̣i 2Srt evening, in the evening. Possibly a noun, but there is no morphological evidence.
litg̣i : /litg̣i/ evening, in the evening
/mis ni gelwipgalgiwapk ʔonʼčeˑ litg̣i./ I’ll come to visit you later on this evening.
/ʔonaˑ litg̣i qtančʼa hoˑt./ He fell asleep yesterday evening.
/čoy honk genaˑ dinʼaˑ, litg̣i, lopyʼa dinneˑks./ So he went off once, at evening, before the sunset. (Texts, 19.13)
/naʔas naˑts čikʼaˑʔaˑk gew sʔabiˑya—domni naˑlʼs litg̣i—litg̣i gin hemkangiˑya naʔas./ Thus my old man told us—often to us in the evening—even in the evening he spoke to us thus. (Texts, 37.42)
litg̣iˑni : /litg̣iˑni/ one from the evening. Only recorded with {ʼas} [objective]

218
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/čoy litg̣iˑnʼs, ʔat sa pʼawla./ Then at evening time, now they had finished eating. (Texts, 1.19.) Meaning?
liw 7S-v be in a group, herd
liwbga : /liwpga/ group sits, huddles
liwr̲dga : /liwtdatga/ is in a state of huddling
liwdiˑla : /liwdiˑla/ group, flock huddle underneath
sne̲ʼliwdiˑla : /snilʼoˑdiˑla/ makes a flock seek shelter under
liwliˑga : /liwliˑga/ group stands along the bank, edge
g̣oˑs liwliˑgs : /g̣oˑs liwliˑks/ “Trees-Standing-in-a-Group-on-the-Edge” (place name)
liwtn̲bga : /liwtampga/ group is up against; looks after a herd, group
liwykiˑna : /liwiˑkiˑna/ group stands just on the edge, out of fire, water
r̲e̲ʼyaˑkʼa liwykiˑns : /yayʼaˑkʼa liwiˑkiˑns/ “Little-Willows-in-a-Group-on-the-Edge” (place name)
liw\ʼ 7Sv flicker (as a fire from afar)
r̲é̲ˑr̲liw\ʼa : /liˑwliwʼa/ flickers, glimmers
liwaˑ 7S-v support someone, act as a crutch for someone, carry someone on a litter
liwaˑčnʼa : /liwaˑčnʼa/ helps someone along, carries someone along on a litter
liwaˑdbn̲a : /liwaˑtba/ arrives supporting a person, arrives with a litter
liwaˑdgl : /liwaˑtgal/ raises a litter, helps someone up
liwaˑkanga : /liwaˑkanga/ helps someone to move around
r̲e̲liwaˑkanga : /lilwaˑkanga/ d. help to move around
liwaˑLa̲a : /liwaˑLa/ helps a person onto (as onto a vehicle), puts a litter onto (as onto a vehicle)
liwaˑLy : /liwaˑLi/ helps someone inside, carries a litter inside
liwaˑlʼg̣a : /liwaˑlg̣a/ eases someone down to the ground, puts down a litter, stretcher
liwaˑqn̲a : /liwaˑqa/ helps someone outside, through
liwl 3-S-n fir (sp.). This was given by Grover Pompey and was later recorded from BL as “yellow pine.”
r̲e̲ʼliwlsʔm : /lilʼoˑlsʔam/ fir (sp.); yellow pine
liˑ see eliˑ going to meet something coming toward
liˑg 12sv with hand outstretched (?). See Sec. 354. Only in:
dekdang̣liˑga : /dekdang̣liˑga/ receives with hand outstretched
liˑg see aliˑg on the bank, edge
liˑn see oliˑn off the edge, side

219
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
liˑw see eliˑw on the very edge
lkʼom 3Sn charcoal, coals, ashes
lkʼom : /lkʼom/ charcoals, coals
lkʼom ʔews : /lkʼom ʔews/ “Charcoal-Lake” (place name)
lm see ʔm [collective]
lm see ʔm [possessive]
lmenč 3S-n mushroom, toadstool. These were not differentiated and were apparently not used as food.
lmenčʔm : /lmenčʔam/ mushroom; toadstool
lmen̲ 7Sv thunder
lmen̲a : /lmena/ thunders
sne̲lmen̲a : /snelma/ makes thunder
lmen̲damna : /lmendamna/ keeps thundering
lmen̲ys : /lmeys/ thunder
r̲r̲e̲lmen̲ys : /lmelmnis/ habitual thunderer; the Thunder-bird. See Text 13.
lmen̲ysʔm lag̣ : /lmeysʔam laq/ clouds that hang down in streamers (“thunder’s-hair”)
lmeˑ sne
lmeˑy 7S-v pl. objs. float. Also lmeˑ. See Sec. 334.
lmeˑlʼg̣a : /lmeˑlʼg̣a/ pl. objs. sink
sne̲lmeˑlʼg̣a : /snelmeˑlg̣a/ causes pl. to sink
lmeˑtqʼaga : /lmeˑtqʼaga/ pl. objs. rise to the surface
lmeˑybaˑtn̲a : /lmeˑybaˑta/ pl. objs. float to shore
lmeˑyeˑga : /lmeˑyeˑga/ pl. objs. rise (in air, water)
lmeˑykiˑna : /lmeˑykiˑna/ pl. objs. float up on shore, clear out of water
lmeˑysn̲a : /lmeˑysa/ pl. objs. sink deep beneath water
lmeˑywa : /lmeˑywa/ pl. objs. float in water
lmoY 7Sv be passionate, sexually aroused (woman)
lmoYa : /lmoYa/ (woman) feels passionate, sexually aroused
r̲r̲e̲lmoYa : /lmolmYa/ d. are passionate
lmoYdk : /lmoYatk/ one sexually aroused
lmoˑl 7S-v drape over (as a blanket or shawl). Only in:
lmoˑlčnʼa : /lmoˑlčnʼa/ goes along with something draped over
se̲lmoˑlčnʼa : /solmoˑlčnʼa/ go along together huddling under a blanket, shawl
lmʼač 3Sn metate, lower grinding stone
lmʼač : /lmʼač/ metate
lmʼač\ʼaˑkʼ : /lmʼačʼaˑk/ little metate

220
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lobg̣ 3S-n chalk. This was used in the manufacture of white paint and also as a powder for babies and chafed skin.
lobg̣s : /lobaqs/ chalk
lobg̣sksi : /lobaqsksi/ “Chalk-Place” (place name)
lobg̣sr̲r̲ksi : /lobaqsksaksi/ “Chalk-Place” (place name-apparently a different place from the last above)
loby 2Sl 2Sr first, before, in front. See Sec. 910.
loby : /lobiˑ/ first, before
/hoˑt ʔa lobiˑ gatba./ He arrived first.
/čoy sa honkant qday sa lobiˑ sneg̣alpkʼa./ And in that they first heated rocks. (Texts, 22.34)
loby\ʼa : /lopyʼa/ before
/qʼa bobanwis lopyʼa mna g̣leks./ He was a habitual drinker before his death.
/sleˑwapk ʔams ni, lopyʼa gew gemblis./ I will see you, before my return.
lobydaˑnʼa : /lobiˑdaˑnʼa/ the first time. Also recorded lobydaˑnʼi : /lobiˑdaˑnʼi/.
/lobiˑdaˑnʼa min kbeˑwwapk./ I’ll tell you the first time. (Texts, 14.26)
lobyni : /lobiˑni/ the first one; Monday
/laˑbi hok sa lobiˑni/ those two first ones (Texts, 14.71)
lobyt\ʼiˑt : /lobiˑtʼiˑt/ in front of, before
/hoˑt ʔa lobiˑtʼiˑt ʔans čelg̣a./ He sat down in front of me.
lobytant : /lobiˑtant/ in front of
/čoy honk lobiˑtant kilʔaqčnʼa./ So he marched ahead (in front). (Texts, 28.5)
lobytdalʼ : /lobiˑtdalʼ/ toward the front; East, toward the East
/hoˑt ʔa lobiˑtdalʼ čiˑya./ He lives toward the East.
lodadg 7Sv interpret a language. Possibly lᵛor̲dg “puts a round obj. in a continuing state” but semantically dubious.
lodadga : /lodatga/ interprets
se̲lodadga : /soldatga/ brags
lodadgiˑa : /lodatgiˑya/ interprets for someone
lodadgs : /lodadaks/ the interpreting
r̲e̲lodadgys : /loldatgis/ interpreter
lodih 3S-n net weight. These are oval stones. often with a carved groove around their center for the net cord. They are frequent archeological finds on the Klamath Marsh.
lodihs : /lodihas/ net weight

221
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
logn 7S-v stand in a group
lognr̲dga : /logantdatga/ pl. are standing in a group
logndiˑla : /logandiˑla/ pl. stand in a group underneath
lognliˑga : /logalliˑga/ pl. stand in a group on the edge, bank
lognliˑna : /logalliˑna/ pl. stand in a group on the edge
lognlwy : /logallwi/ pl. stand in a group around a fire
lognLa̲a : /logalha/ pl. stand in a group on, on a vehicle
lognr̲LWn̲nʼa : /logalhaLLoˑnʔa/ pl. stand in a group along the top
lognwa : /loganwa/ pl. stand in a group in water, flat place
lognwl : /loganwal/ pl. stand in a group on top
lognyeˑga : /loganyeˑga/ pl. rise up together in a group (as a church congregation)
lognygi : /logniˑgi/ pl. stand above, over
log̣oˑčʼ 3-S-n uncle (mother’s brother); reciprocal: nephew, niece (sister’s child)
blog̣oˑčʼyb : /blog̣oˑčʼip/ uncle; nephew, niece
blog̣oˑčʼa̲lbga : /blog̣oˑčʼalpga/ considers someone to be one’s uncle: nephew, niece
blog̣oˑčʼysa̲b : /blog̣oˑčʼisap/ uncles; nephews, nieces
loks 3-S-n grandfather (father’s father); reciprocal: grandchild (man’s son’s child)
bloksyb : /bloksip/ grandfather; grandchild
bloksa : /bloksa/ grandfather; grandchild [o]
bloksa̲ldga : /bloksaltga/ been to see one’s grandfather; grandchild
se̲bloksa̲ldk : /soblaksaltk/ related to one another as grandfather-grandchild
bloksm : /bloksam/ grandfather’s; grandchild’s
bloksysa̲b : /bloksisap/ grandfathers; grandchildren
r̲e̲ʼloks! : /lolʼaks!/ Granddad! Grandchild!
lolb 3Sn eye
lolb : /lolp/ eye
r̲e̲ʼlolb\ʼaˑkʼ : /lolʼalpʼaˑk/ d. little eyes
r̲e̲ʼlolbʔmʼč : /lolʼalpʔamʼč/ d. big old eyes
gosololb : /gosololp/ “Pig-Eye” (woman’s proper name)
mayʔm lolb : /mayʔam lolp/ pith of the tule stalk (used as food) (“tule’s-eye”)
lolb\ʼa̲la : /lolplʼa/ gets, obtains an eye
lolbm : /lolbam/ eye’s
lolbm g̣aloˑ : /lolbam g̣aloˑ/ white of the eye
loldm 3Sn winter
loldm : /loldam/ winter

222
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
loldm\ʼa̲llʼg̣s : /loltmʼalʔaqs/ winter house. This was a semisubterranean pit dwelling, roofed with timbers and earth. See Spier (1930) for a description.
loldm\ʼa̲llʼg̣kʼa : /loltmʼalʔaqkʼa/ little winter house; place name
lolog̣ 3S-n fire. Possibly r̲é̲log̣, but no distributive or intensive meaning and no attesting forms.
lolog̣s : /loloqs/ fire
lolog̣kʼa : /loloqkʼa/ little fire; woman’s proper name
lolog̣s\ʼa̲lʼa : /loloqslʼa/ cremates (a corpse). This was the most prevalent means of disposing of the dead.
lolog̣skʼeys : /loloqskʼeys/ gun (“fire-arrow”). Also recorded /loloqs kʼeys/.
lolog̣s weˑgan : /loloqs weˑgan/ railroad train (“fire-wagon”)
loloˑs 3-S-n aunt (father’s brother’s wife); reciprocal: nephew, niece (woman’s husband’s brother’s child). The Pompeys gave this as “grandfather’s sister” (?).
bloloˑsyb : /bloloˑsip/ aunt; nephew, niece
bloloˑsysa̲b : /bloloˑsisap/ aunts; nephews, nieces
lolʼal 7S-v pl. lie. This cannot be descriptively analyzed as containing {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive], since {he̲s} 2pv [causative] occurs before it.
lolʼalbga : /lolʼalpga/ pl. are lying down
lolʼaldiˑla : /lolʼaldiˑla/ pl. are lying underneath
lolʼallʼg̣a : /lolʼallg̣a/ pl. lie down
he̲slolʼallʼg̣a : /hoslʔallg̣a/ makes pl. lie down
lolʼalsn̲a : /lolʼalsa/ pl. lie deep under water, earth
lolʼalwa : /lolʼalwa/ pl. lie in water, flat place
lom\ʼ 7Sv make a thundering noise
r̲é̲r̲lom\ʼa : /lomlomʼa/ makes a thundering noise
r̲é̲r̲lom\ʼčnʼa : /lomlomčnʼa/ goes along making a thundering noise (as a railroad train)
lopiˑliˑn 3S-n sunflower seed(s). See Texts, 38.214 ff.
lopiˑliˑnas : /lopiˑliˑnas/ sunflower seed(s)
loq 3Sn grizzly bear (Ursus klamathensis Merriam)
loq : /loq/ grizzly bear
r̲e̲loq\ʼaˑkʼ : /lolqʼaˑk/ d. little grizzlies
loq r̲r̲e̲lwelys : /loq lweloˑlis/ “Grizzly-Slayer” (man’s proper name)
loqʔm : /loqʔam/ grizzly’s. Also loq\ʼm : /loqʼam/.
loqʔm čonws : /loqʔam čonwas/ mountain lily (“grizzly’s-vomit”)

223
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
loqw sne
loqwa̲ 7Sv be lukewarm, barely warm. Also loqw. See Sec. 334
loqwa̲a : /loqwa/ is warm, lukewarm
r̲e̲ʼloqwa̲a : /lolʼaqwa/ d. are lukewarm
sne̲ʼloqwa̲bli : /snolʼaqwabli/ warms up again (as food)
loqwa̲dk : /loqwatk/ lukewarm
loqwyeˑga : /loqoˑyeˑga/ starts to get warm
los 7S-v be warm, warm up (weather, obj., person)
loˑsdgi : /loˑstgi/ becomes warm
sne̲ʼloˑsdgi : /snolʼoˑstgi/ makes warm
r̲e̲ʼloˑsdgibli : /lolʼoˑstgibli/ d. warm up again
r̲é̲r̲loslʼi : /losloslʼi/ warm
lotoˑ 7S-v act upon an armload
lotoˑčnʼa : /lotoˑčnʼa/ carries an armload along
lotoˑčibga : /lotoˑčipga/ brings an armload
lotoˑg̣oga : /lotoˑg̣oga/ puts an armload into a container (as a load of wood into a woodbox)
lotoˑkanga : /lotoˑkanga/ carries an armload around
lotoˑLy : /lotoˑLi/ carries an armload inside
lotoˑlʼg̣a : /lotoˑlg̣a/ puts an armload down
lotoˑpbeˑli̲ʼa : /lotoˑpbeˑlʼa/ carries an armload back and forth
lotoˑqʼaˑqʼa : /lotoˑqʼaˑqʼa/ puts an armload on someone’s lap
lotoˑtln̲čnʼa : /lotoˑtlančnʼa/ puts an armload alongside (like armloads of wood). (intr. also)
r̲e̲lotoˑtln̲čnʼa : /loltoˑtlančnʼa/ d. put an armload alongside
lotoˑwy : /lotoˑwi/ gives an armload
r̲e̲lotoˑwy : /loltoˑwi/ d. give an armload
lowag see loˑg slave
lowatbislʼ 7Sv (?) mourn, cry over, take something very hard. Possibly contains {ʼa̲l} 8sv “do what the preceding noun says,” but no certain segmentation. Only in:
lowatbislʼa : /lowatbislʼa/ cries over something, mourns
loykʼ 7Sv pick berries
loykʼa : /loykʼa/ picks berries
r̲e̲ʼloykʼa : /lolʼiˑkʼa/ d. pick berries
loykʼča̲a : /loykča/ goes to pick berries
loykʼdga : /loykʼatga/ been to pick berries
loˑ 3S-n wild goose. Onomatopoetic.
loˑs : /loˑs/ wild goose
loˑʔmʼč : /loˑʔamʼč/ big old wild goose
r̲e̲ʼloˑkʼa : /lolʼoˑkʼa/ d. little wild geese

224
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
loˑčwʼ 7Sv covet
loˑčwʼa : /loˑčwʼa/ covets (someone’s possession, wife, etc.)
se̲ʼloˑčwa : /solʼoˑčwa/ covets for oneself; covet each other’s (possessions)
loˑčwʼalla : /loˑčwʼalla/ covets for immoral purposes
loˑčwʼa̲t : /loˑčot/ can covet
loˑčwʼs : /loˑčwʼas/ covetous person
loˑdiˑn 3Sn rodeo. From English.
loˑdiˑn : /loˑdiˑn/ rodeo
loˑg 3S-n slave. Also lowag. These were mostly women and children captured in raids, although there was some slave-trading with the northern peoples (among whom this custom was far more common). Slaves were mostly well treated and often were adopted into the family. See Text 27; Sec. 430.
loˑgs : /loˑks/ slave
loˑg\ʼaˑkʼ : /loˑkʼaˑk/ little slave
r̲e̲lowags : /lowaks/ slaves
loˑgs\ʼa̲la : /loˑkslʼa/ enslaves someone
r̲e̲lowags\ʼa̲la : /lolwakslʼa/ enslaves d.
loˑlomaq 3Sn wheat. Origin?
loˑlomaq : /loˑlomaq/ wheat
loˑlt 3S-n stirrup. May be a misrecording for r̲e̲lᵛotn̲ys : /loltis/ “d. round objs. attached to.”
loˑltys : /loˑltis/ stirrup
loˑL 7Sv believe
loˑLa : /loˑLa/ believes
loˑLbgmksi : /loˑLapgamksi/ church camp (“believers’-place”)
loˑLdk : /loˑLatk/ one who has believed, a believer, worshipper
loˑLi! : /loˑLi!/ believe!
loˑLs : /loˑLas/ belief
loˑq 3Sn seed, core
loˑq : /loˑq/ seed, core
r̲e̲ʼloˑq\ʼaˑkʼ : /lolʼoˑqʼaˑk/ d. little seeds
loˑqoˑqwʼ 7Sv have phlegm in the throat (a condition found in old people)
loˑqoˑqwa : /loˑqoˑqwʼa/ has phlegm in the throat
loˑqoˑqwʼs : /loˑqoˑqwʼas/ phlegm
loˑw 7Sv be foggy, smoky; be confused
loˑwa : /loˑwa/ is foggy
loˑwčnʼa : /loˑčnʼa/ fog, smoke drifts along
loˑwkanga : /loˑkanga/ fog, smoke drifts here and there; is confused
r̲e̲loˑwkanga : /loloˑkanga/ d. are confused

225
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
loˑwqn̲a : /loˑqa/ fog, smoke drifts out, through
loˑws : /loˑwas/ fog
loˑwtn̲a : /loˑta/ fog, smoke drifts against
loˑwwllʼg̣a : /loˑwwallg̣a/ fog, smoke lifts
loˑwyeˑga : /loˑyeˑga/ starts to get foggy; starts to become confused
lpeʼ 10sv roll in snow (as part of a power quest). During the quest for spirit power the seeker put himself through many different endurance tests, of which rolling in the snow was one. Only in:
wʼinlpeʼa : /wʼillpeʔa/ rolls in the snow
r̲e̲wʼinlpeʼa : /wʼiwʼallpeʔa/ d. roll in the snow
lqʼań̲ 7Sv ripple, make a wave
lqʼań̲ : /lqʼan/ ripples, wave travels along
sne̲lqʼań̲ : /snalqʼan/ makes a wave, ripple
lqʼań̲s : /lqʼas/ wave, ripple
lqʼaq 3Sn pole (to push or steer a canoe)
lqʼaq : /lqʼaq/ canoe pole
lqʼaq\ʼaˑkʼ : /lqʼaqʼaˑk/ little canoe pole
ltb see altb away from against
ltew 7Sv eat tules; graze (as sheep, cattle)
ltewa : /ltewa/ eats tules; grazes
ltewča̲a : /ltewča/ goes to eat tules: goes to graze
ltewdga : /ltewtga/ been eating tules; been grazing
ltewwa : /ltewwa/ grazes in a flat place (field, pasture)
ltig\ʼ 7Sv lope, pace, walk on tiptoe
r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ltig\ʼa : /ltiˑgltikʼa/ lopes, paces, tiptoes
r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ltig\ʼs : /ltiˑgltiks/ “Pacer” (dog’s proper name)
ltig\ʼčnʼa : /ltikčnʼa/ goes along on tiptoe
r̲r̲e̲ltig\ʼčnʼa : /ltiltakčnʼa/ d. go on tiptoe
ltig\ʼyeˑga : /ltigyeˑga/ rises on one’s toes
ltoˑqʼ 7Sv be dappled, spotted
ltoˑqʼa : /ltoˑqʼa/ is dappled, spotted
r̲r̲e̲ltoˑqʼdk : /ltoltoˑqʼatk/ d. spotted, dappled
ltʼoqʼ 7Sv thump with finger and thumb
ltʼoqʼa : /ltʼoqʼa/ thumps with finger and thumb
se̲ltʼoqʼa : /soltqʼa/ thumps oneself
se̲ltʼoqʼkʼys : /soltʼaqkʼis/ elbow (named for the “funny-bone” sensation)
ltʼoˑqʼa : /ltʼoˑqʼa/ thumps pl.
lwᵛ 4S-v clothe
lwᵛiǰqʼa : /lwičqʼa/ covers someone with clothing

226
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lwᵛočʼpʼa : /lwočpʼa/ undresses someone (removes a tubular obj. of clothing). Also lwᵛočʼiˑpʼa : /lwočʼiˑpʼa/ with the same meaning.
se̲lwᵛočpʼa : /solwačpʼa/ undresses oneself. Or: se̲lwᵛočʼiˑpʼa : /soloˑčʼiˑpʼa/.
lwᵛosga : /lwosga/ removes a garment from someone
se̲lwᵛosga : /solwasga/ takes off one’s own garment
r̲e̲se̲lwᵛosga : /sosalwasga/ d. take off their own, each other’s garments
lwᵛotn̲a : /lwota/ puts a garment on someone, clothes
se̲lwᵛotn̲a : /soloˑta/ dresses oneself
lwᵛotn̲bli : /lwotambli/ dresses someone again
r̲r̲e̲lwᵛotn̲bli : /lwoloˑtambli/ dresses d. again
se̲lwᵛotn̲dk : /soloˑtantk/ dressed
se̲lwᵛotn̲ys : /soloˑtis/ clothing
lwayqʼ 7Sv pl. laugh
lwayqʼa : /lwayqʼa/ pl. laugh
sne̲lwayqʼa : /snalwiˑqʼa/ makes pl. laugh
lwel 7Sv kill pl., slay, massacre
lwela : /lwela/ kills pl.
se̲lwel : /selwal/ kill each other, fight a war
lwela̲ksga : /lwelksga/ almost killed pl. (the act was never begun)
lwela̲stga : /lwelstga/ planned to kill pl.
histʼyys lwelks : /histʼyis lwelks/ “Mullet-Killing-Place” (place name: Summer Ridge near Beatty)
se̲lwels : /selwals/ war
lwelWiˑa : /lwelWiˑya/ almost killed pl. (the act was begun but did not become complete)
r̲r̲e̲lwelys : /lweloˑlis/ killer, assassin
loq r̲r̲e̲lwelys : /loq lweloˑlis/ “Grizzly-Slayer” (man’s proper name)
lwy see elwy by the fire, along the edge, into water
lwʼᵛlw 4S-v pl., few stand
lwʼᵛlwaliˑga : /lwʼaloˑliˑga/ pl., few stand on the edge
lwʼᵛlwawl : /lwʼaloˑwal/ pl., few stand on top of
sne̲lwʼᵛlwawl : /snaloˑloˑwal/ makes pl., few stand on top
lwʼᵛlwelwy : /lwʼeloˑlwi/ pl., few stand by a fire
lwʼᵛlwelʼg̣a : /lwʼelwalg̣a/ pl., few stand up
lwʼᵛlwikLa : /lwʼilwakLa/ pl., few stand on a vehicle
lwʼᵛlwodga : /lwʼolwatga/ pl., few are standing
lwʼᵛlwodiˑla : /lwʼoloˑdiˑla/ pl., few stand underneath

227
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
lwʼič 7S-v slide
lwʼiččnʼa : /lwʼiččnʼa/ slides along
lwʼičLWn̲čʼn̲a : /lwʼičlWančʼa/ slides along the top
lwʼičlʼg̣a : /lwʼičlg̣a/ slides down to the ground
lYn̲ see alYn̲ on the edge, side, bank; along a twisting edge
L
Lal see oLal slide down, off
LaLaˑk alkali (the whitish deposit found around dry waterholes in desert country); now used also for “lye.” Possibly r̲e̲Laˑk, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms. Only in:
LaLaˑk : /LaLaˑk/ alkali; lye
Lań̲ 7Sv feather (an arrow)
Lań̲ : /Lan/ feathers (an arrow)
r̲e̲Lań̲ : /LaLan/ d. feather
Lań̲s : /Las/ feather (generic term); wing
Lań̲wabg : /Lawapk/ will feather
Lapkʼeˑk 3S-n ash (flying bits of ash from a hot fire). Cf. also {čʼapkʼeˑk} 3S-n “soot.” Possibly segmentable with further data. Cf. also next entry.
Lapkʼeˑks : /Lapkʼeˑks/ flying ash
Lapʼ 7Sv flap the wings; wave in the breeze
r̲é̲r̲Lapʼa : /LapLapʼa/ flaps the wings; waves in the breeze
LapʼakL 3S-n shoulder. Possible analysis?
LapʼakLs : /LapʼakLas/ shoulder
Lat 7-Sv scrape off a surface. Only in:
ʔiLatsga : /ʔiLatsga/ scrapes off the surface of a substance with a tool
LaWʼ 7Sv stutter, be unable to speak clearly
r̲é̲r̲LaWʼa : /LaWLawʼa/ stutters, cannot speak clearly
r̲é̲r̲LaWʼdk : /LaWLawʼatk/ stutterer
sne̲LaˑWʼdgi : /snaLaˑWtgi/ makes someone stutter
Laˑ 7Sv have a litter (of pups, etc.)
Laˑ : /Laˑ/ has a litter
Laˑsg̣n̲ see aLaˑsg̣n̲ slitting open
La̲ see eLa̲ onto, onto a surface, on a vehicle
Leg̣oW 7S-v become weak, slack; die away (as ripples in a pool)
Leg̣oWdgi : /Leg̣oWtgi/ becomes weak, slack: dies away, comes to a stop (as ripples in a pool)

228
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sLeg̣oWdgi : /sleg̣oWtgi/ slackens (a rope, etc.)
Lepʼ 7Sv be flat
r̲é̲r̲Lepʼ : /LepLep/ flat, flatly
/LepLep swakʼiˑs/ flat-butted
r̲é̲r̲Lepʼa : /LepLepʼa/ is flat, becomes flat (as terrain)
r̲é̲r̲Lepʼlʼi : /LepLeplʼi/ flat
Leqʼ 7Sv whisper
r̲é̲r̲Leqʼa : /LeqLeqʼa/ whispers
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲Leqʼa : /LeLaqLeqʼa/ d. whisper
se̲r̲é̲r̲Leqʼa : /seLaqLeqʼa/ whispers to oneself, to each other
r̲é̲r̲Leqʼbga : /LeqLeqpga/ is whispering
se̲r̲e̲r̲Leqʼtn̲bga : /seLaqLeqtampga/ are whispering to each other
Leqʼo 3-S-n side (just under the shortribs). Only in:
r̲é̲r̲é̲Leqʼos : /LeqʼoLeqʼos/ side
Lewli̲ʼ 7Sv come apart, undone, untied. Also Lewlʼ in one example. Cf. also {Loli̲ʼ} 7+Sv which has a similar meaning but with a sense of something loosely fastened coming undone.
Lewli̲ʼa : /Lewlʼa/ comes apart, undone, loose (something tightly fastened)
r̲e̲Lewli̲ʼa : /LeLoˑlʼa/ d. come apart
sLewli̲ʼa : /slewlʼa/ unties, takes apart
he̲sLewli̲ʼa : /hesLoˑlʼa/ unfastens one from another
r̲r̲e̲sLewli̲ʼa : /slesLoˑlʼa/ d. take apart
Lewli̲ʼdk : /Lewlitk/ undone, apart, untied. Or Lewlʼdk : /Lewlʼatk/.
Lewlʼ sle
Leˑ 7-Sv spit out. Occurs only in:
qbᵛLeˑčnʼa : /qbeLeˑčnʼa/ spits something out
qbᵛLeˑg̣oga : /qbeLeˑg̣oga/ spits something into a container
qbᵛLeˑkanga : /qbeLeˑkanga/ spits around; has a mouthful of something (as twigs, pins) (?)
qbᵛLeˑqn̲a : /qbeLeˑqa/ spits out, through
Leˑ 7-Sv sweep, brush. Possibly cf. last entry?
kᵛLeˑkanga : /keLeˑkanga/ sweeps back and forth with a pointed instrument; pitches hay around
kᵛLeˑykiˑna : /keLeˑykiˑna/ sweeps something out of fire, water, with a pointed instrument
ktLeˑbaˑtn̲a : /kleˑbaˑta/ brushes something up against
ktLeˑdiˑla : /kleˑdiˑla/ sweeps something under

229
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ktLeˑliˑna : /kleˑliˑna/ brushes off pl. objs. (as one brushes a table clean of crumbs)
ktLeˑlʼg̣a : /kleˑlg̣a/ brushes down, aside
ktLeˑlʼg̣čn̲a : /kleˑlʼaqčʼa/ just brushed down and went on
ktLeˑsga : /kleˑsga/ brushes off pl.
se̲ktLeˑsga : /sekleˑsga/ brushes off of oneself (as dirt, flies)
ktLeˑwlʼg̣a : /kleˑwlg̣a/ brushes down, spreads down (as bushes in passing)
ktLeˑWasga : /kleˑWasga/ brushes away, off
spᵛLeˑčnʼa : /speLeˑčnʼa/ hoes along
spᵛLeˑčnʼoˑts : /speLeˑčnʼoˑts/ hoe
spᵛLeˑtqʼaga : /speLeˑtqʼaga/ hoes up out, hoes up something
r̲r̲e̲spᵛLeˑtqʼaga : /spespLeˑtqʼaga/ d. hoe up out
wLeˑdgl : /wLeˑtgal/ sweeps up with a long instrument
wLeˑditgoˑla : /wLeˑditgoˑla/ sweeps out from under
wLeˑdiˑla : /wLeˑdiˑla/ sweeps underneath
wLeˑg̣oga : /wLeˑg̣oga/ sweeps into a container
wLeˑliˑna : /wLeˑliˑna/ sweeps off the edge
wLeˑLa̲a : /wLeˑLa/ sweeps onto a surface
wLeˑLy : /wLeˑLi/ sweeps inside
wLeˑqn̲a : /wLeˑqa/ sweeps out, through
wLeˑsga : /wLeˑsga/ brushes off, away
Lil 7Sv regret, care, mourn
Lila : /Lila/ regrets, cares, mourns
Liloˑla : /Liloˑla/ stops mourning, regretting
Liw\ʼ 7Sv shiver (from fatigue, hunger)
r̲é̲r̲Liw\ʼa : /LiwLiwʼa/ shivers from fatigue, hunger
Ln̲ see aLn̲ alongside
Ločʼ 7Sv fumble, be clumsy
r̲é̲r̲Ločʼa : /LočLočʼa/ fumbles, is clumsy, can’t work skillfully
r̲é̲r̲Ločʼdk : /LočLočʼatk/ a fumbler, clumsy one
Loli̲ʼ 7+Sv come apart, undone, untied, loose. Also Lolʼ in one example. Cf. also {Lewli̲ʼ} which has a similar meaning but with a sense of something tightly fastened coming undone. See Sec. 334.
Loli̲ʼa : /Lolʼa/ rips open, comes untied, undone (something loose)
sLoli̲ʼa : /slolʼa/ unfastens something, takes apart, unties
Loli̲ʼdk : /Lolitk/ undone, loose. Or Lolʼdk : /Lolʼatk/.
Loˑli̲ʼa : /Loˑlʼa/ pl. come undone, untied
r̲e̲Loˑli̲ʼa : /LoLoˑlʼa/ d. pl. come undone
Loˑli̲ʼsga : /Loˑlisga/ pl. come off, rip off (as loose buttons, patches)

230
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
pᵛLoˑli̲ʼa : /poLoˑlʼa/ pulls apart a tangle, pulls off (as fuzz, burrs)
Lolʼ sle
Lopʼ 7+Sv be fuzzy, prickly. Only recorded in:
r̲e̲Lopʼtn̲ysʔm : /LoLaptisʔam/ nettles (virulent sp.)
sbᵛLoˑpʼa : /sboLoˑpʼa/ pulls fuzz off (as off cattails)
Loqʼ 7Sv eat roe, fish eggs; roe
Loqʼa : /Loqʼa/ eats roe, fish eggs
Loqʼs : /Loqʼas/ roe
Loy\ʼ 7Sv be sweet
r̲é̲r̲Loy\ʼa : /LoyLoya/ is sweet. Also r̲é̲ˑr̲Loy\ʼa : /LoˑyLoyʼa/.
r̲é̲r̲Loy\ʼdk : /LoyLoyʼatk/ sweet
r̲é̲r̲Loy\ʼs : /LoyLoys/ candy, sweets
r̲é̲r̲Loy\ʼsʔm : /LoyLoysʔam/ gooseberries. Also r̲e̲r̲é̲ˑr̲Loy\ʼsʔm : /LoLoˑyLoysʔam/.
Loˑ 7-Sv brush, sweep an obj. (or few objs.); slide; stir (as batter, dough). Cf. also {Leˑ} 7-Sv “sweep pl. objs.”
čᵛLoˑčʼiˑpʼa : /čoLoˑčʼiˑpʼa/ tubular obj. slides off
he̲sčᵛLoˑčʼiˑpʼa : /hosčLoˑčʼiˑpʼa/ causes a tubular obj. to slide down, off
čᵛLoˑdg̣i : /čoLoˑtg̣i/ slides down (as avalanche, as one slides down a pole, as pants)
čᵛLoˑsga : /čoLoˑsga/ slides down, caves in (as a roof, excavation)
kᵛLoˑyeˑni̲ʼa : /koLoˑyeˑna/ stirs something with a pointed instrument (as a mixture. batter, dough)
r̲e̲kᵛLoˑyeˑni̲ʼa : /kokLoˑyeˑnʼa/ d. stir
ktLoˑbaˑtn̲a : /kloˑbaˑta/ brushes an obj. (or few objs.) up against
ktLoˑdiˑla : /kloˑdiˑla/ brushes an obj. (or few objs.) underneath
ktLoˑliˑna : /kloˑliˑna/ brushes an obj. (or few objs.) off the edge
Loˑb\ʼ 7Sv eat soup; soup
Loˑb\ʼa : /Loˑpa/ eats soup
sne̲Loˑb\ʼa : /snoLoˑpʼa/ makes someone eat soup
Loˑb\ʼs : /Loˑps/ soup
Loˑčʼ 7Sv eat a bird embryo; embryo
Loˑčʼa : /Loˑčʼa/ eats an embryo from an egg
Loˑčʼs : /Loˑts/ bird embryo
Loˑqʼ 7Sv snore
Loˑqʼa : /Loˑqʼa/ snores
r̲e̲Loˑqʼa : /LoLoˑqʼa/ d. snore

231
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
Lqʼ see oLqʼ removing hair or feathers
LWn̲ see eLWn̲ down on top, along the top
Ly see oLy inside. into
lʼ
lʼ see dalʼ toward
lʼ see lʼi [adjective formant]
lʼ see nalk than
lʼabkʼ 7+Sv be doughy, mash up something doughy. Cf. also {tʼabkʼ} 7+Sv “be sticky, mash up something sticky” and {čʼabkʼ} 7+Sv “be mushy, mash up something mushy.”
r̲é̲r̲r̲lʼabkʼa : /lʼapklʼapkʼa/ is doughy
nlʼabkʼa : /nlʼapkʼa/ mashes into dough with a round instrument
lʼag\ʼ 7Sv be slimy. sticky. mushy (as the meat of fish that have spawned)
r̲é̲ˑr̲lʼag\ʼa : /lʼaˑklʼakʼa/ is slimy, sticky
r̲é̲ˑr̲lʼag\ʼdk : /lʼaˑklʼaˑkʼatk/ slimy, sticky
r̲e̲r̲é̲ˑr̲lʼag\ʼs : /lʼalʼaˑklʼaks/ snail (sp.)
lʼak 3-Sn China brant (Anser canadensis). Onomatopoetic.
r̲é̲r̲lʼak : /lʼaklʼak/ China brant
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲lʼak\ʼaˑkʼ : /lʼalʼaklʼaˑkʼaˑk/ d. little China brants
lʼaˑkʼ 7-Sv scribble, mark up
dᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /dalʼaˑkʼa/ smears, daubs with the hands
r̲e̲dᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /datlʼaˑkʼa/ d. smear, daub
se̲dᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /satlʼaˑkʼa/ smears oneself, each other
dᵛlʼaˑkʼr̲bqʼa : /dalʼaˑkbapqʼa/ smears onto someone’s face
dᵛlʼaˑkʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /dalʼaˑkʼattanʔa/ smears, wipes onto
kᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /kalʼaˑkʼa/ scribbles with a sharp instrument
kᵛlʼaˑkʼtn̲a : /kalʼaˑkta/ scribbles on, marks on
kᵛlʼaˑkʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /kalʼaˑkʼattanʔa/ scribbles all over on
r̲e̲kᵛlʼaˑkʼtn̲a : /kaklʼaˑkta/ d. scribble on
kᵛlʼaˑkʼYeˑni̲ʼa : /kalʼaˑkYeˑnʼa/ scribbles inside, makes marks inside something
lᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /lalʼaˑkʼa/ scribbles with a round obj.
r̲e̲lᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /lalʔaˑkʼa/ d. scribble on
lᵛlʼaˑkʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /lalʼaˑkʼattanʔa/ scribbles all over on
lʼaˑlʼ see alʼaˑlʼ into the fire
lʼem\ʼ 7Sv be fragile, brittle, easily crumbled (as dry reeds, old cloth)
r̲é̲ˑr̲lʼem\ʼa : /lʼeˑmlʼemʼa/ is brittle, easily broken, fragile

232
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lʼeqʼ 7Sv be tender (as meat)
r̲é̲ˑrlʼeqʼa : /lʼeˑqlʼeqʼa/ is tender
sne̲r̲é̲ˑrlʼeqʼa : /snelʼeˑqlʼeqa/ makes tender
lʼeˑqʼdgi : /lʼeˑqtgi/ becomes tender
sne̲lʼeˑqʼdgi : /snelʼeˑqtgi/ tenderizes
lʼeqʼ 7Sv twinkle, glitter, flicker. Also lʼiqʼ (PO only). See Sec. 334.
r̲é̲rlʼeqʼa : /lʼeqlʼeqʼa/ twinkles, glitters, flickers. PO gave r̲é̲rlʼiqʼa : /lʼiqlʼiqʼa/.
r̲é̲rlʼeqʼsdi : /lʼeqlʼeqsdi/ “Twinkle-Place” (place name)
lʼew 7-Sv bend a limber obj. Morphophonemics dubious. Only in:
pᵛlʼewlʼg̣a : /pelʼoˑlg̣a/ pulls down a limber obj. without breaking it (as a sapling)
r̲e̲pᵛlʼewlʼg̣a : /peplʼoˑlg̣a/ d. bend down
lʼg̣ see elʼg̣ down, to the ground, to a stop, finishing
lʼi 8sv 3sa [adjective formant]. Also lʼ and t. See Sec. 743.
r̲é̲r̲boslʼi : /bosboslʼi/ black; the pupil of the eye
r̲é̲r̲boslʼant : /bosboslʼant/ in a black one
/bosboslʼant maksatdat/ in a black basket
r̲é̲r̲boslʼantga : /bosboslʼantga/ with a black one
/bosboslʼantga waˑtʼitga/ with a black knife
r̲é̲r̲boslʼis : /bosboslʼis/ black [o]
/bosboslʼis lilhanks hoˑt slin./ He shot a black deer. Or: /bosboslʼis lilhanksasة/.
r̲é̲r̲g̣emlʼi : /g̣emg̣emlʼi/ calm, quiet, tame
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲g̣emlʼi : /g̣eg̣amg̣emlʼi/ d. calm, quiet
r̲é̲r̲g̣emtkʼaˑni : /g̣emg̣emtkʼaˑni/ little calm one
r̲e̲tʼaˑmdgislʼis : /tʼatʼaˑmtgislʼis/ insect (sp.) (“quiet-one”)
lʼim 7S-v be roan, a light reddish brown. Only recorded in:
r̲é̲rlʼimlʼi : /lʼimlʼimlʼi/ roan
lʼiqʼ see lʼeqʼ twinkle, glitter, flicker
lʼiˑk 3-S-n man’s proper name. Unanalyzable.
r̲elʼiˑks : /lʼilʼiˑks/ man’s proper name
lʼm see ʔm [possessive]
lʼoč 4S-v act with the knee
lʼočbga : /lʼočpga/ is kneeling
r̲e̲lʼočbga : /lʼolʼačpga/ d. kneel
lʼočdiˑla : /lʼočdiˑla/ puts a knee under
se̲lʼočdiˑla : /solʼačdiˑla/ sits with a knee under oneself
lʼočlʼg̣a : /lʼočlg̣a/ puts a knee down
r̲elʼočlʼg̣a : /lʼolʼačlg̣a/ kneels down
lʼočqʼaˑlʼa : /lʼočqʼaˑlʼa/ bends a knee

233
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
se̲lʼočqʼaˑlʼa : /solʼačqʼaˑlʼa/ bends one’s own knee
lʼočwa : /lʼočwa/ puts a knee into water
lʼočwl : /lʼočwal/ puts a knee on top, has a knee on top
lʼočwllʼg̣bga : /lʼočwallqpga/ has a knee raised
lʼog̣ 3-S-n [unknown meaning]. Only in:
čag r̲e̲lʼogs : /čak lʼolʼaqs/ “Digging-up-Serviceberries” (name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7). Also recorded čag r̲e̲ʼlᵛotqʼags : /čak lolʼatqʼaks/.
lʼoqoˑgat 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable. BL stated that there was some connection with {loqwa̲} 7Sv “be lukewarm,” but this is not descriptively identifiable.
lʼoqoˑgat : /lʼoqoˑgat/ place name
lʼoˑg 3S-n lizard (sp. unknown). This was described as a small, blue, salamander-like variety.
lʼoˑgs : /lʼoˑks/ lizard (sp.)
r̲e̲lʼoˑg\ʼaˑkʼ : /lʼolʼoˑkʼaˑk/ d. little lizards
lʼoˑmi̲ʼ 7-Sv paint the face, smear on color or pitch. Only in:
dᵛlʼoˑmi̲ʼa : /dolʼoˑmʼa/ paints, smears on the face
se̲dᵛlʼoˑmi̲ʼa : /sotlʼoˑmʼa/ smears on one’s own face
dᵛlʼoˑmi̲ʼdk : /dolʼoˑ mitk/ smeared, daubed
m
m see ʔi you sg.
m see ʔm [collective]
m see ʔm [possessive]
ma 3S-n root (sp. Angelico). This was mashed up and used as fish poison (LK); it also had a medicinal use as a remedy for blood-poisoning (PO). Only in:
mas : /mas/ root (sp.)
mačaˑ 7S-v listen
mačaˑdga : /mačaˑtga/ listens
sne̲mačaˑdga : /snamčaˑtga/ causes to hear; idiom: slanders someone not present in order to anger one of his relatives (who is present)
mačaˑdg! : /mačaˑdak!/ listen!
mačaˑdiˑla : /mačaˑdiˑla/ eavesdrops
r̲e̲mačaˑdiˑla : /mamčaˑdiˑla/ d. eavesdrop
mag̣iˑp 3Sn root (sp. unknown). This was pulverized and rubbed onto the skin for inflammations. Only in:
mag̣iˑp : /mag̣iˑp/ root (sp.)

234
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
mag̣oˑqʼ 3S-n nephew, niece (woman’s sister’s child). It is also possible to express this by the reciprocal term for “aunt (mother’s sister)”; cf. {saˑqʼ} 3-S-n.
mag̣oˑqʼa̲b : /mag̣oˑqap/ nephew, niece
r̲e̲mag̣oˑqʼysa̲b : /mamg̣oˑqʼisap/ nephews, nieces
maǰ 3S-n match(es). From English.
maǰys : /maǰiˑs/ match(es)
mak 7S-v camp. Synonymous with {sney} 3S-n.
makbga : /makpga/ is camping, has a camp established
makčnʼa : /makčnʼa/ camps while going along, camps on a journey
makkanga : /makkanga/ camps around here and there
maklʼg̣a : /maklg̣a/ sets up a camp
r̲e̲ʼmaklʼg̣a : /mamʼaklg̣a/ d. camp
makwl : /makwal/ camps on top of
čʼiksʔm makwls : /čʼiksʔam makwals/ nape of the neck (“bird’s-camp-on-top” )
maksa 3Sn basket (generic term). This term covers all types of small baskets but does not seem to include the larger carrying baskets
maksa : /maksa/ basket
r̲e̲ʼmaksaʼaˑkʼ : /mamʼaksaʔaˑk/ d. little baskets
mang̣ 3Sn housefly
mang̣ : /manq/ housefly
r̲e̲ʼmang̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /mamʼanqʼaˑk/ d. little flies
mang̣as : /mang̣as/ housefly [o]
/noˑ ʔa mang̣as siwga./ I killed a fly.
manʼiˑ 2Sre1 also, too. This enclitic seems to be synonymous with {čʼis} 2Sre2 but is considerably rarer.
/hoˑt gena, čoy čʼasgaˑy manʼiˑ genaˑ./ He went, and Weasel went too.
/naˑnok sbočʼalliˑna qlas. naˑnok qbel manʼiˑ./ He pulled off all of his skin, all of his tail too. (Texts, 16.33)
/noˑ ʔa gew beˑya sʔabiˑya, gew wnaga manʼiˑ./ I told my daughter, my son too.
maqlag̣ 3S-n person, Indian, Klamath. The semantic range of this term is wide; in conversation and in the Texts it most often occurs as “Indian.” less often as “Klamath,” and occasionally as “person.” It does not occur with {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive] or with {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive] or other 6sn affixes except {s}.
maqlag̣s : /maqlaqs/ Indian, person, Klamath
maqlag̣sm hemkangs : /maqlaqsam hemkanks/ the Klamath language

235
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
maqlag̣syalank : /maqlaqsyalank/ in Klamath, “in Indian”
mat 2Srp5 as they say (reported action). This particle indicates that the source of information is not the speaker but someone else.
/wačǰat mat hoˑt weLoˑla./ (I heard) he fell off his horse.
/danqnʼi mat ʔi ʔiLoˑls gi?/ How many years have you (according to what you have heard)?
/kakni mat genwapk?/ Who [d.] will go (as you have heard),
/g̣esga mat bi geys./ He can’t go himself (I hear).
/dam mat hoˑt seˑsatk goˑt?/ Did they have a name for a goat (that you’ve heard)? (Texts, 38.75)
matʼ 3S-n hat. From Modoc. Cf. Klamath {čʼoyʔ} 7Sv “wear a hat.”
matʼs : /matʼas/ hat
may 3Sn tule (Scirpus validus). This was the commonest material for baskets and mats. The stalks provided the main strands, and the delicate rootlets (often dyed white or yellow) provided design elements. The pith of the stalk was also eaten.
may : /may/ tule
r̲e̲may\ʼaˑkʼ : /mamyʼaˑk/ d. little tules
mayʔm : /mayʔam/ tule’s
mayʔm lag̣ : /mayʔam laq/ fine tule rootlets (“tule’s hair”)
mayʔm lolb : /mayʔam lolp/ pith of the tule stalk (“tule’s-eye”)
may 3Sn two-headed snake. This serpent is said to have a head on either end and to be capable of going in either direction. Also called /biblant nʼos gitk/ “having-a-head-on-both-ends” and /laˑba nʼos gitk/ “having-two-heads.” The form is homophonous with “tule” above.
may : /may/ two-headed snake
may\ʼaˑkʼ : /mayʼaˑk/ little two-headed snake
maˑčʼaˑ 3S-n wild mint (Mentha canadensis)
maˑčʼaˑsʔm : /maˑčʼaˑsʔam/ wild mint
maˑd see ʔaˑd you pl.
maˑdam 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in
maˑdamksi : /maˑdamksi/ place name
maˑlʼ see ʔaˑd you pl.
maˑms 2Srp3 even, even though, in spite of
/čoy maˑms nis geˑ ksaˑkʼwa gida./ Even though he did carry me across here. (Texts, 3.33)
/maˑms ni qʼay qʼa sʔaywaks./ Even though I don’t know an awful lot. (Texts, 9.2)
/ʔat ʔams ni satʼwaˑYa, yoyʼalg̣ok, maˑms ʔi qʼay satʼwaˑYdaksči./ Now I am helping you, taking pity, even though you are not worth helping. (Texts, 16.56)

236
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/maˑms hok naˑnok dwaˑ sʔottʼa kʼolyʼaˑʔaˑk./ Even though he had done everything, Little Coyote. (Texts, 16.58)
maˑns 2Srt long ago, for a long time, a long time, late
/maˑns hak ni čelwi psin./ I sat up too late last night.
/waq ʔaˑt maˑns hak qaqta?/ How is it that you pl. sleep so late?
/maˑns nalk ni sbogwapk pačʼit./ I’ll lie longer this time. (Texts, 3.90)
/čoy honk ʔat maˑns gitk koččʼaʔaˑk gotqʼakbli./ Then after a long while Little Bullhead came back up. (Texts, 6.39)
/čoy sa honk homʼas ʔat maˑˑˑns banʼi gi./ Now they did that way for a long, long time. (Texts, 15.37)
/dadaˑ maˑns hakt geˑ g̣weys mbegwapk, čoy honk kʼadaˑ maˑns gi ʔat kyem giwapk gida./ As long as this footprint shall last, so long shall fish be here. (Texts, 18.32)
/ʔat sa gawʼalbli hiˑt, maˑns qʼeˑgist psin./ Now they found him there, the night being long gone. (Texts, 19.57)
/ʔat sa honk siwga maˑns gitk čeˑ./ Now they killed her even after a long time. (Texts, 21.28).
maˑwič 3Sn deer. From Chinook Jargon. Used by Grover Pompey only rarely for Klamath: /lilhanks/.
maˑwič : /maˑwič/ deer
mba 3S-n cooking rock (a fragment of rock that has been heated to cracking). These were dropped into waterproof baskets containing liquid; cf. {tal} 7S-v “boil.”
mbas : /mbas/ cooking rock
mbatʼ see ngatʼ jump
mbaw 3S-n cured hide (usually buckskin). Also wbaw (Pompeys). See Sec. 430.
mbaws : /mbaws/ cured hide. Pompeys gave wbaws : /wbaws/
mbawkʼa : /mbawkʼa/ little hide
r̲r̲e̲mbawkʼa : /mbamboˑkʼa/ d. little hides
mbaw 7Sv hoot (owl). Only in:
mbawa : /mbawa/ (owl) hoots
mbely 7Sv be cross-eyed
mbely : /mbeliˑ/ is cross-eyed
r̲r̲e̲mbely : /mbembli/ d. are cross-eyed
mbelydk : /mbeliˑtk/ cross-eyed
mbodyʼ 7Sv wrinkle from exposure to water
mbodyʼa : /mbotyʼa/ wrinkles (as fingers from soaking)
mbodyʼdk : /mbodiˑtk/ wrinkled up

237
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲r̲e̲mbodyʼdk : /mbompditk/ d. wrinkled up
mbosag 3S-n flint, obsidian. Also bosag. See Sec. 430.
mbosags : /mbosaks/ flint, obsidian
mbosagsawaˑs : /mbosaksawaˑs/ “Flint-Place” (place name: Chiloquin). Also given as bosagsawaˑs : /bosaksawaˑs/.
mbosaklʼ see bosaklʼ thigh
mboseˑʔl sne
mboseˑlʼ 7Sv cohabit, marry. Also mboseˑʔl, moseˑʔl and moseˑlʼ. See Sec. 334.
mboseˑlʼa : /mboseˑlʼa/ cohabits
he̲smoseˑlʼa : /hosmseˑlʼa/ causes to marry, marries someone off
r̲r̲e̲mboseˑlʼa : /mbompseˑlʼa/ d. cohabit
se̲moseˑlʼa : /somseˑlʼa/ marries
mboseˑʔlbli : /mboseˑʔalbli/ cohabits again
se̲moseˑʔlbli : /somseˑʔalbli/ marries again
mboyč 3Sn sinew. This was used as thread, cord, bow-backing, etc.
mboyč : /mboyč/ sinew
mboˑsant 3Sn tomorrow, morning
mboˑsant : /mboˑsant/ tomorrow, morning
/mboˑsant waytoˑlank/ day after tomorrow
/mboˑsant psin gi/ tomorrow night
/čoy mboˑsant ʔonaˑk sa honk ʔilqča./ Then early the next morning they took (the corpse) off to bury it. (Texts, 32.18)
mboˑsantks : /mboˑsantks/ tomorrow, early. Probably {ksi} 10sn “place of.” but the semantics are dubious.
/gen mboˑsantks/ this morning
mčelg̣ feel, grasp, intuit, understand. Possibly contains {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the earth.”
mčelg̣a : /nčelg̣a/ understands, grasps
se̲mčelg̣a : /semčalg̣a/ feels, intuits
/semčalg̣a ʔan kanʼs g̣legwapkst./ I felt someone would die.
se̲mčelg̣bli : /semčalqbli/ returns to consciousness
mčn̲ see emčn̲ have, get, possess
mčʼig see ʔmʼč [augmentative]
me 7S-v pack a load on the back; camp. Also recorded mʼe but the glottalization is uncertain.
mečʼn̲a : /mečʼa/ moves, changes one’s camp
r̲e̲mečʼn̲a : /memčʼa/ d. move

238
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
medbn̲a : /metba/ arrives with a pack, arrives at camp
medgl : /metgal/ packs, carries a load on the back; breaks camp
he̲smedgl : /hesmatgal/ causes someone to carry a load on the back; causes someone to break camp
r̲e̲ʼmedgl : /memʼatgal/ d. carry a pack; d. break camp
meLy : /meLiˑ/ packs a load inside; comes into camp
melʼg̣a : /melg̣a/ sets down a pack; makes one’s camp permanent
se̲ʼmesLa : /semʼasLa/ moves, changes one’s dwelling
metʼleˑg̣i : /metʼleˑg̣i/ packs a load over a mountain; moves one’s camp over a mountain
memyeˑk 3Sn (?) germs, little worms. These were described as “the little things you see when you close your eyes tightly shut.” Possibly r̲e̲meyeˑk or r̲e̲meyeˑg. Analysis uncertain. See Text 2. Only in:
memyeˑk : /memyeˑk/ germs, worms (?)
mey 7Sv dig roots
meya : /meya/ digs roots
r̲e̲ʼmey : /memʼiˑ/ d. dig roots
mey! : /mey!/ dig roots!
meyča̲a : /meyča/ goes to dig roots
meyys : /meyiˑs/ the digging
/g̣lewiˑ ʔa hoˑt meyiˑs./ She stopped digging.
meY 3S-n trout (Salmo iridens)
meYs : /meYas/ trout
r̲e̲ʼmeYkʼa : /memʼiˑhkʼa/ d. little trout
meYstiˑ : /meYastiˑ/ a piece of trout
meˑʼ 7Sv “maa,” make a noise like a deer
meˑʼa : /meˑʔa/ “maa’s,” makes a noise like a deer
meˑmaqla 3Sn waterfowl (generic term). Does not occur with {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive] or with diminutive or augmentative affixes.
meˑmaqla : /meˑmaqla/ waterfowl
meˑn 3-Sn -man. From English. Only in the mixed Klamath-English compound:
yawg̣smeˑn : /yawqsmeˑn/ doctor (white man’s doctor)
mi see ʔi you sg.
mičbi 7Sv be exasperated, fed up with a disagreeable experience; have enough of a punishment, be unable to bear. With {sne̲} 3pv [causative] it means “teach a disagreeable lesson by experience.”
mičbi : /mičbi/ is fed up, has enough, cannot bear
sne̲ʼmičbi : /snimʼačbi/ teaches someone a lesson by allowing them to suffer an experience

239
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
mičʼoˑ 3Sn spoon. These were of bone or wood or woven of tule. Another type was made of the breastbone of a bird.
mičʼoˑ : /mičʼoˑ/ spoon
r̲e̲ʼmičʼoʼaˑkʼ : /mimʼačwʼaˑk/ d. little spoons
mideˑʼ 7Sv wear leggings. From Chinook Jargon (French “mitasse”) Now usually found in Klamath with {r̲e̲} 1pv 1pn [distributive].
r̲e̲mideˑʼa : /mimdeˑʔa/ wears leggings
r̲e̲mideˑʼoˑla : /mimdeˑʔoˑla/ takes off leggings
r̲e̲mideˑʼs : /mimdeˑʔas/ leggings
r̲e̲mideˑʼkʼa : /mimdeˑkʼa/ little leggings
min see ni I and ʔi you sg.
mna see bi he-she-it [intensive]
mnaˑlʼ see baˑd they [intensive]
mni see amni up, upstream
moč 3S-n old man. Cf. also {močʼeˑwi̲ʼ} 7Sv “be an old man” and also possibly {gmoč} 7Sv “be old.” Only in:
moč\ʼaˑkʼ : /močʼaˑk/ old man
r̲e̲moč\ʼaˑkʼ : /momčʼaˑk/ d. old men
močʔmʼč : /močʔamʼč/ big old man
močʼeˑwi̲ʼ 7Sv be an old man. Possibly {moč} (see last entry above) plus {eˑwi̲ʼ} “be what the preceding adverb (?) says.” Segmentation uncertain. Only in:
močʼeˑwi̲ʼa : /močʼeˑwʼa/ is old (man)
močʼeˑwi̲ʼdk : /močʼeˑwitk/ old man
močʼoˑy 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Possibly related to one or both of the last two entries.
močʼoˑy\ʼaˑkʼs : /močʼoˑyʼaˑks/ place name: Military Crossing
mokey 3Sn Kalapuya Indians (and territory?)
mokey : /mokey/ Kalapuya Indian(s)
mokʼ 3S-n horned owl (Bubo subarcticus).To see an owl was a bad omen, foretelling death and misfortune.
mokʼs : /mokʼas/ horned owl
r̲e̲ʼmokʼkʼa : /momʼakkʼa/ d. little owls
mokʼsʔm : /moksʔam/ owl’s
mokʼsʔmksi : /moksʔamksi/ “Owl’s-Place” (place name)
mokʼsʔm sniˑg̣\ʼs : /moksʔam sniˑqs/ fungus (“owl’s-snot”)
mokʼsʔm waˑs : /moksʔam waˑs/ “Owl’s-Nest” (place name)
mokʼ 7Sv menstruate
mokʼa : /mokʼa/ menstruates
mokʼdk : /mokʼatk/ one menstruating, a menstruating woman
r̲e̲mokʼdk : /momkʼatk/ d. menstruating (women)

240
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
mol 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. This was said to mean “black-swan-place,” but no *mol or *mols could be obtained.
molsi : /molsi/ place name: Rocky Point. near Harrison Lodge
molg̣ 3S-n man’s sister-in-law (man’s brother’s wife, wife’s sister); woman’s brother-in-law (woman’s sister’s husband, husband’s sister)
molg̣a̲b : /molg̣ap/ man’s sister-in-law; woman’s brother-in-law
molg̣ysa̲b : /molg̣isap/ sisters-in-law, brothers-in-law
moliˑn 7Sv mow (grass). Possibly English “mow” plus {oliˑn} 10sv “off the edge, off,” but no further forms were obtained.
moliˑna : /moliˑna/ mows grass
molo 3Sn rotten wood, punk-wood, the inside of a rotten log or stump. This was used as the base of a yellow dye employed in the process of curing and dyeing hides.
molo : /molo/ rotten wood. punk-wood
moloʼa̲la : /molwʼala/ gathers rotten wood
smoloʼa̲la : /smolwʼala/ colors a hide with rotten wood (a deep yellow)
mom 3-S-n bee. Given originally by the Pompeys as “bumblebee,” but later said to include all bees. Informants stated that honeybees were not native to the Klamath area and were introduced recently by the white men.
r̲é̲r̲moms : /mommoms/ bee
r̲é̲r̲momsʔm pʼań̲s : /mommomsʔam pʼas/ honey (“bee’s-food”)
momʼoˑwč 3Sn ear. Possibly r̲e̲ʼmoˑwč but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms. Note that {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive] occurs before this form.
momʼoˑwč : /momʼoˑwač/ ear
r̲e̲momʼoˑwč\ʼaˑkʼ : /momʔoˑčʼaˑk/ d. little earl
mon sne
monaˑ 2Sl below, underneath. Also mon. See Sec. 821.
monaˑ : /monaˑ/ below, underneath
/monaˑ ʔa lboteˑga./ He tunneled deeply.
monaˑ r̲e̲damnys : /monaˑ dadamnis/ gopher (“wanderer-beneath”)
monaˑdalʼkniˑ : /monaˑdalʼkniˑ/ Satan (“the-One-From-Below”)
monaˑna : /monaˑna/ around down below, at the bottom
/monaˑna hoˑt wdomkanga./ He’s swimming around down at the bottom.
montanni : /montanni/ one from below; underdrawers
montant : /montant/ down below
/montant hoˑt čiˑya./ He lives down below (underneath, as someone on the next floor down)

241
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
mong 3Sn gopher (sp.)
mong : /monk/ gopher
mongm : /mongam/ gopher’s
moqwʼ 3S-n dyed tule (basket material). See Spier (1930). p. 183.
moqwʼs : /moqwʼas/ dyed tule
moqʼoˑga 3Sn mouse, fieldmouse. Species uncertain,
moqʼoˑga : /moqʼoˑga/ mouse. fieldmouse
r̲e̲moqʼoˑgaʼaˑkʼ : /momqʼoˑgaʔaˑk/ d. little mice
mos 3-Sn cow. Also moˑs in some entries (?). From Chinook Jargon,
r̲é̲ˑr̲mos : /moˑsmos/ cow. Also recorded r̲é̲ˑr̲moˑs : /moˑsmoˑs/.
mosʼa̲la : /moslʼa/ scavenges, gets unused animal remains after a butchering
mos 3-Sn black-tailed deer (Odocoileus columbianus columbianus; Gatschet gives “white-tailed deer, Cervus macrotis”?)
r̲e̲r̲mos : /mosmas/ black-tailed deer. LK gave r̲é̲r̲mos : /mosmos/.
moseˑʔl see mboseˑlʼ cohabit, marry
moseˑlʼ see mboseˑlʼ cohabit, marry
moy 3Sn woodchuck (Marmota flaviventus Rhoads or Audubon and Bachman). The Pompeys gave this as “groundhog.”
moy : /moy/ woodchuck
r̲e̲moy\ʼaˑkʼ : /momyʼaˑk/ d. little woodchucks
moYʼ 7Sv shiver (as jelly)
r̲é̲r̲moYʼa : /moYmoyʼa/ shivers
moˑ 2Srm very, much, big. Also ˑmo and a portmanteau moˑmʼs ({r̲e̲ moˑ ni ʼas} d. big ones [o]). See Sec. 722,
moˑ : /moˑ/ very. much
/moˑ ʔans mʼaˑsʔa./ I’m very sick,
/moˑ blitk hoˑt./ He’s very fat.
/moˑčgas hoˑt ʔiwtanyeˑga,/ It started to get heavier.
r̲e̲ˑmo : /moˑm/ d. very
/naˑnok ʔa geˑ moˑm ʔiwta./ All of these are very heavy.
moˑ ginkangs : /moˑ ginkanks/ “Big-Space-Around” (place name). Also recorded: /moˑginkanks/.
moˑmʼs : /moˑmʼs/ d. big ones [o]
/hoˑt ʔa moˑmʼs nalk boqs ʔiqaˑyʼoˑla./ He picked out the biggest camas roots.
moˑni : /moˑni/ big, big one [n]
/geˑ ʔa moˑni wač./ This is a big horse.

242
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/čoy honk ʔat hok moˑni gatbambli./ So then that big one returned.
r̲e̲moˑni : /moˑmni/ d. big ones [n]
/geˑ ʔa moˑmni lilhanks./ These are big deer.
moˑnkʼaˑni : /moˑnkʼaˑni/ little big one
/moˑnkʼaˑni nisda qʼay qtana./ The little big one didn’t sleep all night. (Texts, 1.50)
moˑnʼs : /moˑnʼs/ big one [o]
/moˑnʼs weq gawʼal./ He found a big branch.
moˑyʼant : /moˑyʼant/ in a big one
/moˑyʼant dwantdat/ in something big
moˑyʼantga : /moˑyʼantga/ with a big one
/moˑyʼantga sleg̣oˑtstga/ with a big axe
moˑyʼantiˑ : /moˑyʼantiˑ/ from a big one. piece of a big one
/moˑyʼantiˑ čʼoleˑkstiˑ/ from a big (piece of) meat
moˑmʼs sle
moˑs see mos cow
moˑwa̲ 7Sv blow from the south; south
moˑwa̲a : /moˑwa/ blows from the south
moˑwa̲kstʼa : /moˑwakstʼa/ “On-the-South-Side” (place name)
moˑwa̲s : /moˑwas/ south wind
moˑwa̲t : /moˑwat/ south
moˑwa̲t\ʼaˑkʼkniˑ : /moˑwatʼaˑkkniˑ/ Modoc(s)
moˑwa̲tdalʼkniˑ : /moˑwatdalʼkniˑ/ from the south, person from the south
moˑwa̲twaˑs : /moˑwatwaˑs/ “Home-(in)-the-South” (place name and tribal name: the Pit River Indians)
moˑwa̲twaˑsa̲ltn̲dk : /moˑwatwaˑsaltantk/ “Pit-Rivered-On” (basket design; see Spier (1930), p. 192, 17k)
mpakʼ 7Sv gasp, belch. PO gave this form, while RD gave mpʼaqʼaˑ, q.v.
mpakʼa : /mpakʼa/ gasps, belches
mpetʼ 7S-v sg. float. Cf. {lmeˑy} 7S-v “pl. float.”
mpetʼbaˑtn̲a : /mpetbaˑta/ sg. floats to the shore, edge
mpetʼbn̲čʼn̲a : /mpetblančʼa/ floats downstream
sne̲mpetʼbln̲čʼn̲a : /snempatblančʼa/ causes to float downstream
mpetʼčnʼa : /mpetčnʼa/ floats along
diwiˑs mpetʼčnʼa : /diwiˑs mpetčnʼa/ rapids float along; idiom: daydreams
mpetʼr̲dga : /mpetdatga/ is floating, in a state of floating in water or air, hangs suspended
mpetʼdg̣i : /mpettg̣i/ floats down, sinks

243
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
mpetʼkanga : /mpetkanga/ floats around here and there
mpetʼkangs : /mpetkanks/ Spaniard(s). Named by the people of the Oregon coast, who saw the early Spanish ships offshore. This term was introduced as a loan translation into Klamath by slaves captured in raids, according to LK.
mpetʼlʼg̣a : /mpetlʼg̣a/ floats to the ground, sinks
r̲r̲e̲mpetʼlʼg̣a : /mpempatʼlg̣a/ d. sink
sne̲mpetʼlʼg̣a : /snempatʼlg̣a/ causes to sink; drowns someone
mpetʼlʼg̣s : /mpetlʼaqs/ gizzard (so named because other bird entrails float, while the gizzard sinks)
mpetʼtqʼaga : /mpettqʼaga/ floats up, rises to the surface
mpetʼtqʼagkanga : /mpettqʼakkanga/ bobs up and down here and there (as a fishing float)
mpetʼwa : /mpetʼwa/ floats in water
mpetʼr̲wa : /mpetʼoˑwa/ floats around in water
mpetʼyeˑga : /mpetʼyeˑga/ floats up, rises
mpetʼyg̣i : /mpetʼiˑg̣i/ floats up, over
mpetʼykiˑna : /mpetʼiˑkiˑna/ floats out of water, up on the bank
mpʼaq 7S-v have spots (?). Meaning and form dubious. Only in:
r̲r̲e̲mpʼaqtn̲ys : /mpʼampʼaqtis/ butterball duck (“having-spots-on-(each-side-of-his-head)”—Grover Pompey)
mpʼaqʼ 7Sv dry up (as grass from a drought). Possibly see last entry above?
mpʼaqʼa : /mpʼaqʼa/ dries up (as a drought)
r̲r̲e̲mpʼaqʼa : /mpʼampqʼa/ d. dry up
mpʼaqʼlʼg̣a : /mpʼaqʼlg̣a/ dries up (as grassland)
mpʼaqʼwl : /mpʼaqʼwal/ dries up on top
mpʼaqʼwls : /mpʼaqʼwals/ “Dry-on-Top” (place name)
mpʼaqʼaˑ 7S-v gasp, belch. RD gave this form, while PO gave mpakʼ, q.v. RD’s form occurs in only one sequence and seems to mean “comes belching.” Dubious.
mpʼaqʼaˑčibga : /mpʼaqʼaˑčipga/ gasps, belches
mpʼoqamn 7Sv be bitter (as almonds, medicine)
mpʼoqamna : /mpʼoqamna/ is, becomes bitter
mpʼoqamndk : /mpʼoqamnatk/ bitter
mpʼoqang see pʼoqang dandruff
msa 3S-n prairie dog (Pompeys); fieldmouse (BL) (?)
msas : /msas/ prairie dog; fieldmouse (?)
r̲r̲e̲msakʼa : /msamskʼa/ d. little prairie dogs
mtʼ 7-Sv (?) have sores (?). Unique element occurring only in:
čʼimtʼa : /čʼimtʼa/ has a liquid-containing sore, pussy infection

244
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼimtʼs : /čʼimtʼas/ sore; impetigo
čʼimtʼsm : /čʼimtsam/ poison oak. Or r̲e̲čʼimtʼsm : /čʼičʼamtsam/.
mʼ
mʼak 7S-v be muddy-brown
r̲é̲r̲mʼak nʼos gidk : /mʼakmʼak nʼos gitk/ “Muddy-Brown-Headed” (man’s proper name)
r̲é̲r̲mʼaklʼi : /mʼakmʼaklʼi/ muddy brown
mʼas 3sd way, kind, fashion. See Sec. 660,
gemʼas : /gemʼas/ this way, in this fashion
/qʼay gemʼas sʔodeˑ!/ Don’t do it this way!
homʼas : /homʼas/ that way (remote), thus
/hoˑt ʔa homʼas hak soloˑtambli./ He got dressed just thus again.
nemʼas : /nemʼas/ that way, thus (absent)
/tbeˑwa ʔan nemʼas sʔodeˑtgi giwk./ I told (him) to do it that way.
mʼaY 7Sv be shady, shadowy
mʼaYa : /mʼaYa/ is shady, shadowy
smʼaYa : /smʼaYa/ casts a shadow, makes shade
smʼaYena : /smʼaYčnʼa/ makes a shadow as one goes along, makes a shadow along (as a series of fenceposts, a wire)
mʼaYlʼg̣a : /mʼaYlg̣a/ casts a shadow on the ground
he̲smʼaYlʼg̣a : /hasmʼiˑhčqʼa/ makes shade upon oneself
mʼaYs : /mʼaYas/ shadow, shade
r̲e̲mʼaYkʼa : /mʼamʼiˑhkʼa/ d. little shadows
mʼaˑčʼ see amʼaˑčʼ on the very end, on the point
mʼaˑk 3Sn body hair. pubic hair, fuzzy beard of a young boy. Also smʼaˑk. See Sec. 430.
mʼaˑk : /mʼaˑk/ pubic hair, body hair. Or smʼaˑk : /smʼaˑk/ in free variation.
r̲e̲mʼaˑks : /mʼamʼaˑks/ body hair; fuzzy beard of a young boy
mʼaˑsi̲ʼ 7Sv be sick; taste (good, bad, etc.)
mʼaˑsi̲ʼa : /mʼaˑsʔa/ is sick; tastes
/mʼoˑ dič ʔa geˑ maˑsʔa./ This tastes very good.
/qʼoy mʼaˑsʔa hoˑt./ That tastes bad.
/mʼoˑ ʔans mʼaˑsʔa./ I’m very sick.

245
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
he̲smʼaˑsi̲ʼa : /hasmʼaˑsʔa/ makes sick; makes something taste (good, bad)
r̲e̲mʼaˑsi̲ʼa : /mʼamʼaˑsʔa/ d. are sick; d. taste
sne̲mʼaˑsi̲ʼa : /snamaˑsʔa/ makes sick; makes taste (good bad). Same as he̲smʼaˑsi̲ʼa?
mʼaˑsi̲ʼdk : /mʼaˑsitk/ sick one, one being sick (probably also “one tasted, tasting” but not elicited)
mʼaˑsi̲ʼaˑkʼidk : /mʼaˑsʔaˑkʼitk/ little sick one
mʼaˑsi̲ʼs : /mʼaˑsis/ sickness; taste
mʼaˑsi̲ʼwabg : /mʼaˑsiwapk/ will be sick; will taste
mʼaˑwʼ see amʼaˑwʼ adding a substance to a quantity of the same substance in a container
mʼečʼ 7S-v be blue
mʼeˑčʼdgi : /mʼeˑčtgi/ turns blue (as from cold, dye, etc.)
r̲e̲mʼeˑčʼdgi : /mʼemʼeˑčʼtgi/ d. turn blue
sne̲mʼeˑčʼdgi : /snemʼeˑčtgi/ makes turn blue
r̲é̲r̲mʼečʼlʼi : /mʼečmʼečlʼi/ blue
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲mʼečʼlʼi : /mʼemʼačmʼečlʼi/ d. blue
mʼeqʼ 7Sv be sour (as meat), stale (as bread)
mʼeqʼa : /mʼeqʼa/ is, becomes sour, stale
mʼeqʼdk : /mʼeqʼatk/ sour, stale
mʼewʔ 7Sv meow (cat)
mʼewʔa : /mʼewʔa/ meows
mʼeˑqʼ 7S-v bruise lightly. Possibly mʼeqʼ but no attesting forms. Cf. also {mʼoˑqʼ} 7S-v “bruise heavily.”
r̲e̲mʼeˑqʼbgs : /mʼemʼeˑqʼapks/ d. bruised
/mʼemʼeˑqʼapks lolp gitk/ having bruised eyes, “black eyes”
mʼeˑqʼdgi : /mʼeˑqtgi/ turns blue from a bruise, becomes bruised
smʼeˑqʼdgi : /smʼeˑqtgi/ bruises something
mʼeˑqyʼ 7Sv whine, cry
mʼeˑqyʼa : /mʼeˑqyʼa/ whines, cries, frets
mʼeˑqyʼs : /mʼeˑqis/ cry-baby, whiner
mʼikʼ 7Sv whine (as a dog)
r̲é̲ˑr̲mʼikʼa : /mʼiˑkmʼikʼa/ whines
mʼiq 7-Sv cling to. Possibly cf. last entries? Only in:
čʼlᵉmʼiqtn̲a : /čʼlimʼaqta/ clings to, depends on heavily, clutches
čʼlᵉmʼiqtn̲ys : /čʼlimʼaqtis/ “clinging-vine” (a girl who is overly dependent upon her spouse)
mʼočkʼ 7Sv dislike
mʼočkʼa : /mʼočkʼa/ dislikes someone

246
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲e̲mʼočkʼa : /mʼomʼačkʼa/ d. dislike
se̲mʼočkʼa : /somʼačkʼa/ dislike each other
mʼog 3S-n baby
mʼogs : /mʼoks/ baby. Usually, however:
mʼog\ʼaˑkʼ : /mʼokʼaˑk/ baby (“little-baby”)
r̲e̲mʼog\ʼaˑkʼ : /mʼomkʼaˑk/ d. little babies
mʼog\ʼaˑkʼa̲la : /mʼokʼaˑklʼa/ has a baby
mʼogʔmč : /mʼokʔamč/ big old baby
mʼog\ʼ 7Sv be soft, fuzzy, linty
r̲é̲ˑr̲mʼog\ʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /mʼoˑkmʼokʼattanʔa/ is fuzzy on
r̲e̲r̲é̲ˑr̲mʼog\ʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /mʼomʼoˑkmʼokʼattanʔa/ d. are fuzzy on
mʼoˑg\ʼs : /mʼoˑks/ fuzz, lint. Or: r̲é̲ˑr̲mʼoˑg\ʼs : /mʼoˑkmʼoˑks/.
mʼolq 3Sn worm (sp.?)
mʼolq : /mʼolq/ worm
r̲e̲mʼolq\ʼaˑkʼ : /mʼomʼalqʼaˑk/ d. little worms; idiom: rice
mʼolq\ʼa̲la : /mʼolqʼala/ gathers worms (for fishing, etc.)
mʼolwʼ 7Sv be ready
mʼolwʼa : /mʼolwʼa/ is ready, gets ready
he̲smʼolwʼa : /hosmʼalwʼa/ makes someone ready
r̲e̲mʼolwʼa : /mʼomʼalwʼa/ d. get ready, are ready
mʼolwʼbli : /mʼolwʼabli/ gets ready again
mʼolwʼi! : /mʼolwʼi!/ get ready!
mʼolwʼwabg : /mʼoloˑwapk/ will be ready, get ready
mʼolwʼyWiˑlg̣ang! : /mʼolwʼayWiˑlg̣ank!/ get ready! (exact meaning uncertain)
mʼolʼ 7Sv suppurate, be filled with pus
mʼolʼa : /mʼolʼa/ (sore) suppurates
mʼolʼs : /mʼolʼs/ pus
mʼolʼs\ʼa̲lwa : /mʼolsʔalwa/ fills with pus
mʼolʼyeˑga : /mʼolyeˑga/ starts to suppurate
mʼoqʼaLtʼ 7Sv be, get wet
mʼoqʼaLtʼa : /mʼoqʼaLtʼa/ is, gets wet
he̲smʼoqʼaLtʼa : /hosmqʼaLtʼa/ makes wet
smʼoqʼaLtʼa : /smʼoqʼaLtʼa/ wets something
smʼoqʼaLtʼlʼg̣a : /smʼoqʼaLtʼalg̣a/ wets something down (as clothes, lawn)
mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼ 7Sv smile, grin. Possibly segmentable (with some r̲e̲ sequence?) but not in terms of the present corpus.
mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼa : /mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼa/ grins
mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼbga : /mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼapga/ is smiling
r̲e̲mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼbga : /mʼomʼatčʼočʼoˑyʼapga/ d. smile

247
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
se̲mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼbga : /somʼatčʼočʼoˑyʼapga/ smile at each other
sne̲mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼbga : /snomʼatčʼočʼoˑyʼapga/ makes someone smile
mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼbags : /mʼotčʼočʼoˑybaks/ the smiling
/g̣lewiˑ hoˑt mʼotčʼočʼoˑybaks,/ He quit smiling.
mʼotčʼočʼoˑyʼnʼapga : /mʼotčʼočʼoˑynʼapga/ feels like smiling
mʼoˑqʼ 7S-v bruise heavily. Possibly mʼoqʼ but no attesting forms. Cf. also {mʼeˑqʼ} 7S-v “bruise lightly.”
r̲e̲mʼoˑqʼbgs : /mʼomʼoˑqʼapks/ d. bruised
/mʼomʼoˑqʼapks weq gitk./ (He) has bruised arms (greenish-blue with bruises)
mʼoˑqʼdgi : /mʼoˑqtgi/ turns blue from a bruise, becomes bruised
smʼoˑqʼdgi : /smʼoˑqtgi/ bruises something
mʼoˑqʼdgir̲bqʼa : /mʼoˑqtgipbapqʼa/ face turns blue from a bruise
n
n 4S-v act with a round instrument, act upon a round obj.
nbawi̲ʼa : /mbawʼa/ bursts with a round instrument; cracks (as a canoe, jar). See bawi̲ʼ.
nbolʼa : /mbolʼa/ hits in the stomach with a round instrument
nbolʼtn̲a : /mbolʼta/ bumps the stomach on a protuberance
nčaˑyi̲ʼa : /nčaˑyʼa/ splits with a round instrument (as a wedge, knife). See čayi̲ʼ.
nčeqʼa : /nčeqʼa/ chips with a round instrument. See čeqʼ.
nčewi̲ʼa : /nčewʼa/ splinters, smashes, cracks with a round instrument. See čewi̲ʼ.
nčoˑyi̲ʼa : /nčoˑyʼa/ crumbles up pl. with a round instrument (as dirt, rotten ice)
nčʼabkʼa : /nčʼapkʼa/ mashes into mush with a round instrument
nčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /nčʼayta/ pinches, mashes with a round instrument (as one hits a finger with a rock)
se̲nčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /sančʼiˑta/ mashes one’s own (finger, toe, with a rock)
nčʼiWpʼa : /nčʼiWpʼa/ bends with a round instrument (as by a heavy weight)
nčʼoyi̲ʼtn̲a : /nčʼoyta/ blunts a round instrument on
ndᵛobga : /ndopga/ hits pl. times with a round instrument
se̲ndᵛobga : /sondapga/ hit each other pl. times

248
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
n (continued)
ndᵛoga̲a : /ndoga/ hits once with a round instrument
ndᵛoga̲s : /ndoks/ little round fighting rock (given as “tommyhawk”)
ndᵛoga̲s čᵛewys : /ndoks čewiˑs/ “Hawk-Sitting-in-Water” (place name)
ndᵛoga̲ys : /ndogiˑs/ hawk (Falco columbarius L.)
niwčnʼa : /niwčnʼa/ hits and sends flying
niwdg̣i : /niwtg̣i/ hits and knocks down
niwlamnoˑla : /niwlamnoˑla/ knocks off someone’s back with a round obj.
niwqʼaˑqʼa : /niwqʼaˑqʼa/ hits someone on the lap, on the neck
nǰaqʼliˑna : /nǰaqʼliˑna/ makes a ringing sound off of with a round instrument
nkʼačʼa : /nkʼačʼa/ cuts off the head with a round instrument
r̲r̲e̲nkʼaˑčʼa : /nkʼankʼaˑčʼa/ d. cut off pl. heads
nlʼabkʼa : /nlʼapkʼa/ mashes into dough with a round instrument
notʼwbli : /notʼoˑbli/ throws a round obj. back, again. See otʼw.
npatʼkʼya : /mpatkʼya/ nails shut with a round instrument. See patʼ.
npečʼaqʼliˑna : /mpečʼaqʼliˑna/ dents, knocks a little off the edge. See pečʼaqʼ.
npopʼa : /mpopʼa/ bloodies someone’s nose with a round instrument
npʼakʼa : /mpʼakʼa/ shatters with a round instrument. See pʼakʼ.
npʼeqʼa : /mpʼeqʼa/ hits in the face with a round instrument
npʼeˑqʼa : /mpʼeˑqʼa/ hits pl. in the face, hits pl. times in the face
npʼetʼa : /mpʼetʼa/ makes a hole bigger with a round instrument; chips around the edge of a hole. See pʼetʼ.
npʼosqʼa : /mpʼosqʼa/ crushes something down lightly with a round instrument (as dried fish); crushes into shape; irons clothes lightly
nqewi̲ʼa : /nqewʼa/ breaks with a round instrument. See qewi̲ʼ.
nqʼočʼa : /nqʼočʼa/ bends with a round instrument
ntewi̲ʼa : /ntewʼa/ breaks a surface with a round instrument (as a window with a rock). See tewi̲ʼ.
ntitʼa : /ntitʼa/ splits open with a round instrument (as a boil, sack of grain, with a knife)
ntoyi̲ʼa : /ntoyʼa/ crumbles up with a round instrument. See toyi̲ʼ.
ntʼabkʼa : /ntʼapkʼa/ mashes up into sticky consistency with a round instrument. See tʼabkʼ.
ntʼačʼlʼg̣a : /ntʼačʼlg̣a/ traps, becomes trapped. See tʼačʼ.
ntʼoqʼtn̲a : /ntʼoqta/ bumps the head. See tʼoqʼ.

249
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
n 3Sd [demonstrative Type II formant]. See Sec. 650.
gen : /gen/ this
/noˑ ʔa honks sleya gen gabo./ I gave him this coat.
/loy ʔins gen!/ Give me this (round obj.)!
genpči : /gempči/ like this, this kind
/gempči ʔa dičʼiˑ./ This kind is good.
gentd̲at : /gentdat/ in this
/gentdat lačʼasdat/ in this house. Or /gen lačʼasdat/.
gentga : /gentga/ with this
/gentga waˑtʼitga nis sdoga./ (He) stabbed me with this knife.
gentiˑ : /gentiˑ/ from this, a piece of this
/gentiˑ ʔins čʼley!/ Give me a piece of this (meat)!
hon : /hon/ that (remote). Similar to gen.
nen : /nen/ that (absent). Similar to gen.
n see ni I
n see yʼeˑnʼ [nonnominative theme formant]
nᵉ 4S-v act upon a flat obj. See Sec. 331.
nᵉabqʼa : /napqʼa/ puts a flat obj. on someone’s face (as a hat, handkerchief). (intr. also)
se̲ʼnᵉabqʼa : /sanʼapqʼa/ puts a flat obj. in front of one’s own face, on one’s face. (intr. also)
nᵉačqaˑyi̲ʼa : /načqaˑyʼa/ is tangled (hair, rope). (N.B. ropes are often treated as flat objs. in Klamath.)
r̲e̲ʼnᵉačqaˑyi̲ʼblidamna : /nanʼačqaˑyiblidamna/ d. keep getting tangled up again
nᵉačtn̲a : /načta/ tangles on, knots (as hair, string)
nᵉačwa : /načwa/ puts a flat obj. on the head, hair (as a hat, book). (intr. also.) (N.B. hats are treated as flat objs. in Klamath.)
nᵉačwoˑla : /načwoˑla/ removes a flat obj. from someone’s head, hair
nᵉakyamna : /nakyamna/ puts a flat obj. around (as string). (intr. also)
nᵉakʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /nakʼaˑyʼa/ puts a flat obj. up high. (intr. also)
nᵉakʼčʼwy : /nakčʼwi/ puts a flat obj. in a tight place, corner, cupboard, pocket
se̲ʼnᵉakʼčʼwyalla : /sanʼakčʼawyalla/ puts a flat obj. into one’s own (pocket, cupboard, etc.), stealing it
se̲ʼnᵉakʼčʼwyoˑla : /sanʼakčʼawyoˑla/ takes a flat obj. out of one’s own (pocket, cupboard, etc.)

250
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
nᵉ (continued)
nᵉakʼya : /nakʼya/ closes with a flat obj., patches; puts a flat obj. on the buttocks
r̲e̲ʼnᵉakʼya : /nanʼakʼya/ d. close, patch
nᵉakʼybli : /nakʼiˑbli/ closes up again, patches again
r̲e̲nᵉakʼybli : /nankʼibli/ d. close up again, patch back up. See akʼy.
nᵉalamna : /nalamna/ puts a flat obj. behind, on the back. (intr. also)
se̲nᵉalamna : /sallamna/ puts a flat obj. behind oneself, on one’s own back. (intr. also)
nᵉaliˑga : /naliˑga/ puts a flat obj. on the edge, bank. (intr. also.) See aliˑg.
nᵉaLn̲čnʼa : /naLančnʼa/ lays a flat obj. alongside (as a spoon beside a plate). (intr. also)
nᵉalʼaˑlʼa : /nalʼaˑlʼa/ puts a flat obj. on a fire, broils a fish. (intr. also)
nᵉanasg̣a : /nanasga/ puts a flat obj. beneath someone’s foot, feet. (intr. also)
nᵉaqaˑyi̲ʼoˑla : /naqaˑyʼoˑla/ picks out a flat obj. from a heap of objs. See aqaˑyi̲ʼ.
nᵉaqʼaˑqʼa : /naqʼaˑqʼa/ puts a flat obj. on someone’s lap, around someone’s neck (as a rope). (intr. also)
se̲nᵉaqʼaˑqʼa : /sanqʼaˑqʼa/ puts a flat obj. around one’s own neck, on one’s own lap. (intr. also)
nᵉatʼaˑwi̲ʼa : /natʼaˑwʼa/ puts a flat obj. in the sunshine. (intr. also)
nᵉawawča̲a : /nawawča/ passes a flat obj. from hand to hand, from person to person
nᵉawl : /nawal/ puts a flat obj. on top. (intr. also)
nᵉawʼaˑlʼa : /nawʼaˑlʼa/ puts a flat obj. on the end. (intr. also)
nᵉawʼaˑlʼs : /nawʼaˑlʼs/ wrist, ankle
nᵉayahʔa : /nayahʔa/ hides a flat obj. (intr. also)
nᵉayʼasg̣a : /nayʼasg̣a/ puts a flat obj. in front of the male genitals. (intr. also.) See ayʼasg̣.
nᵉbᵛogaa : /mbega/ flat obj. is, lies, exists. See bᵛ.
nᵉdgl : /ndagal/ picks up a flat obj.
nᵉebga : /nepga/ brings a flat obj. See ebg.
nᵉedg̣a : /netg̣a/ divides a flat obj.
he̲snᵉedg̣a : /hesnatg̣a/ causes to divide a flat obj.; idiom: eats with someone
he̲snᵉedg̣dga : /hesnatg̣atga/ been eating with someone

251
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
nᵉ (continued)
he̲snᵉedg̣lgi : /hesnatg̣algi/ comes to eat with someone
nᵉeLWn̲a : /neLWa/ puts a flat obj. down on top. (intr. also)
nᵉelʼg̣a : /nelg̣a/ puts down a flat obj. This form is homophonous with nᵛelʼg̣a “burns down.”
nᵉemčn̲a : /nemča/ has, gets a flat obj.
se̲ʼnᵉemčn̲dk : /senʼamčantk/ having one’s own flat obj.
nᵉeqn̲a : /neqa/ takes a flat obj. out, through. (intr. also)
nᵉeqn̲bga : /neqampga/ flat obj. is sticking through
nᵉeqʼya : /neqʼya/ puts a flat obj. in the road, in a doorway. (intr. also)
saˑykʼaʼaˑkʼ nᵉeqʼys : /saˑykʼaʔaˑk neqʼiˑs/ “Little-Plain-Lying-in-the-Way” (place name)
nᵉewa : /newa/ puts a flat obj. in water, flat place, over a woman’s genitals. (intr. also.) See ew.
nᵉiǰqʼa : /nečqʼa/ covers and squashes with a flat obj. (intr. also.) See čʼiqʼ.
nᵉikLa : /nekLa/ puts a flat obj. down on, on a vehicle; one more flat obj. above a decade in counting (see Sec. 1031)
nᵉikLs : /nekLas/ saddle (old style)
nᵉočʼpʼa : /nečpʼa/ takes a flat obj. off of, slides a flat obj. off (as a string figure is taken from the hands of one person to the hands of another)
nᵉodga : /netga/ takes a flat obj. out of a container
nᵉodg̣a : /netg̣a/ takes a flat obj. away from. Homophonous with nᵉeˑdg̣a “divides a flat obj.”
nᵉodiˑla : /nediˑla/ puts a flat obj. underneath. (intr. also)
r̲e̲nᵉodiˑla : /nendiˑla/ d. put flat obj. under. (intr. also)
nᵉoga̲lgi : /negalgi/ comes to get a flat obj.
nᵉosga : /nesga/ takes off a flat obj.; skins an animal
r̲e̲ʼnᵉosga : /nenʼasga/ d. take off, skin
nᵉosgoˑts : /nesgoˑts/ scraper for skinning
nᵉosgys : /nesgis/ the taking off, the skinning
/čʼaˑnis ʔan nesgis./ I don’t know how to skin.
nᵉosn̲a : /nesa/ puts a flat obj. deep under water, earth. (intr. also)
nᵉotn̲a : /neta/ puts a flat obj. on, against
se̲nᵉotn̲a : /senta/ puts a flat obj. against oneself
nᵉowiˑča̲bli : /newiˑčabli/ takes a flat obj. back first (before performing some further action)
nᵉowiˑkʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /newiˑkʼaˑyʼa/ hangs up flat objs. in a line (as fish). (intr. also)

252
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
nᵉ (continued)
nᵉowiˑwl : /newiˑwal/ puts flat objs. in a line on top of. (intr. also)
nᵉoya : /neya/ gives a flat obj.
r̲e̲ʼnᵉoy : /nenʼiˑ/ d. give a flat obj.
nᵉoy! : /ney!/ give a flat obj.!
nᵉor̲yamna : /neyyamna/ holds, carries a flat obj. around
nᵉoyeˑga : /neyeˑga/ raises a flat obj. (intr. also)
nᵉoyeˑg! : /neyeˑk!/ lift a flat obj.!
nᵉoyeˑgik! : /neyeˑgik!/ let me lift a flat obj.!
nᵉoyg̣i : /neyg̣i/ puts a flat obj. above, over. (intr. also)
se̲ʼnᵉoyg̣ibga : /senʼiˑg̣ipga/ is holding a flat obj. over oneself
nᵉoyʼoˑta : /neyʼoˑta/ trades a flat obj.
se̲nᵉoyʼoˑta : /senyʼoˑta/ trade flat objs. with each other
nᵉqʼosliˑna : /neqʼasliˑna/ sprains an ankle, wrist. (N.B. Wrist and ankle are treated as flat objs. in Klamath. See nᵉawʼaˑlʼs.)
nᵉtʼepʼčnʼa : /netʼapčnʼa/ puts flat objs. in a row. (intr. also.) See tʼepʼ.
nᵛ 4S-v burn. Also noy. Alone before most affixes, this morpheme denotes “fire burns”; before {odtʼ} 7-Sv “do transitively,” it denotes “obj. burns.” Forms with noy are apparently in free variation with those with nᵛ. See Sec. 331.
nᵛᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲ʼa : /noqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ burns out inside (as a tree struck by lightning, as a pot with burned food all around the inside)
nᵛadgl : /natgal/ fire blazes up, rises
snᵛadgl : /snatgal/ causes a fire to blaze up
nᵛakyamna : /nakyamna/ burns around a central obj., burns around the edges
nᵛar̲kyamna : /nakkakyamna/ is burning all around the edges
nᵛasg̣n̲a : /nasg̣a/ burns through a cylinder, tube (as through a hollow log)
snᵛasg̣n̲a : /snasg̣a/ burns something through (as one hollows out a canoe by burning)
nᵛaywwi : /nayoˑwi/ fire spreads
nᵛboˑsi̲a : /noboˑsa/ burns a little, chars, burns a little on the top
nᵛboˑsi̲dk : /noboˑsitk/ charred
nᵛeLa̲oˑla : /neLoˑla/ fire burns off the surface (as paint off a wall)
snᵛeLa̲oˑla : /sneLoˑla/ burns off a surface (trans.)
nᵛčapga : /načpga/ burns up completely. See čapg.
nᵛčaˑkʼa : /načaˑkʼa/ melts (by fire)
snᵛčaˑkʼa : /snačaˑkʼa/ melts something (trans.)

253
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
nᵛ (continued)
nᵛeLWn̲a : /neLWa/ fire burns along the top, along a ridge
snᵛeLWn̲a : /sneLWa/ burns something along the top
nᵛelʼg̣a : /nelg̣a/ burns down
r̲e̲ʼnᵛelʼg̣a : /nenʼalg̣a/ d. burn down
snᵛelʼg̣a : /snelg̣a/ burns something down
nᵛgatʼa : /naktʼa/ burns in two (as a rope, bridge, etc.)
snᵛgatʼa : /snaktʼa/ burns something in two
nᵛkekʼa : /nekkʼa/ burns through the back. See kekʼ.
nᵛodiˑla : /nodiˑla/ fire burns underneath
nᵛodtʼa : /nottʼa/ obj. burns. See odtʼ.
nᵛolčʼa : /nolčʼa/ burns in two in pl. places. pl. burn in two. See golčʼ.
nᵛosga : /nosga/ burns off
snᵛosga : /snosga/ burns something off
nᵛoteˑga : /noteˑga/ fire burns deeply into
nᵛotn̲a : /nota/ fire burns on, against
r̲e̲nᵛotn̲a : /nonta/ d. fires burn on
snᵛotn̲a : /snota/ burns something on, against
nᵛotn̲dk : /notantk/ burnt
nᵛotn̲yeˑga : /notanyeˑga/ fire starts to burn on
r̲e̲nᵛotn̲yeˑgkanga : /nontanyeˑkkanga/ d. fires start to burn around here and there
nᵛowanga : /nowanga/ burns down (as a tree)
snᵛowanga : /snowanga/ burns something down
nᵛoyeˑga : /noyeˑga/ starts to burn; idiom: starts (as music, drum-playing, a tape-recorder, etc.)
snᵛoyeˑga : /snoyeˑga/ starts something burning; starts something
nᵛoyeˑni̲ʼa : /noyeˑnʼa/ fire burns inside
nᵛpʼetʼa : /neptʼa/ burns on the side, leaving little charred holes
nᵛpʼeˑtʼa : /nepʼeˑtʼa/ burns pl. all around the edge
noydiˑla : /noydiˑla/ burns underneath
snoydiˑla : /snoydiˑla/ burns something underneath
noywanga : /noywanga/ burns down (as a tree)
snoywanga : /snoywanga/ burns something down, fells a tree by burning
na 6sl around, in a general area. See Sec. 832.
gidaˑna : /gidaˑna/ all around here
/čoy gidaˑna geˑ maqlaqs čiˑya./ And these Indians lived around here. (Texts, 38.32)

254
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
monaˑna : /monaˑna/ around underneath
/ʔambo geˑ čʼičʼiˑyamna monaˑna./ This water flows around underneath.
tabyʼtanna : /tabiˑtanna/ around back, all around behind
/tabiˑtanna ʔan lačʼas mis g̣aˑykʼa./ I looked all around back of your house for you.
na see neˑ that (absent)
nab 3-S-n temple. This includes that part of the face just in front of the ear and above the cheek from the cheekbone to the hairline.
r̲é̲ˑr̲nabs : /naˑbnaps/ temple
nahkʼ 3S-n clavicle (the opening at the base of the neck where the two collarbones come together, plus the collarbones). Possibly analyzable?
nahkʼys : /nahkʼis/ clavicle
nalk 2Sre1 than, rather. Also lʼ (in one and possibly two items), naˑk, naˑlk, and naˑlʼ. The distribution of the various allomorphs is not clear: all were recorded from PO; RD preferred naˑlʼ; Grover Pompey preferred naˑk; and Mrs. Pompey often gave naˑlk. All of the informants used nalk and lʼ. The English comparative and superlative are rendered by this morpheme (often accompanied by a construction meaning “having beaten X”).
/geˑ ʔa Naˑs g̣oˑs ʔaˑdiˑni nalk, honks winyag̣yank./ This tree is taller than that one. (“This one tree tall than, it having-beaten.”)
/hoˑt ʔa dičʼiˑ nalk qyoqs./ He is the best doctor. Or “… better doctor.”
/hoˑt ʔa g̣ilʔank naˑk hoččant, winyag̣yank mis./ He can run faster than you.
/dičʼaˑ nalk ʔiqaˑyʼoˑla./ (He) picked out the best one. Or “… the better one.”
/sleʔa ʔan honk, moˑˑˑni hok gen lačʼas winyag̣yank, moˑni nalk, sboklʼis hok./ I saw it, much much bigger than this house, bigger, that sweathouse. (Texts, 18.48)
/moˑˑˑ naˑlʼ hanwi!/ Open your mouth much wider! (Texts, 10.39)
/ʔat honk hokt galamnatk honks, kat tapyʼap honklʼam naˑlʼ./ Now he followed him, who was his next smallest brother. (Texts, 11.38)
/čoy moˑni naˑk ktiwčnʼa./ Then the biggest one nudged (him). (Texts, 1.46)
/goniˑlʼ ʔan g̣lega./ I have become worse.
/beˑn hoččnʼa wikʼaˑ naˑk./ And he again ran a little closer. (Texts, 3.48)

255
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/maˑns naˑlk ni sbogwapk pačʼit./ I’ll lie longer this time. (Texts, 3.90)
naLi 3S-n bowstring
naLiks : /naLiks/ bowstring place: the notch at the ends of the bow where a bowstring is fastened
naLis : /naLis/ bowstring
namn see onamn in strips (as meat)
nannwi 20sv right away. See Sec. 366.
gᵛen̲blinannwiwabg : /gemblinannwiwapk/ will go right back
lᵛdglblinannwi : /ldagalblinannwi/ picks a round obj. right back up
nᵉelʼg̣nannwi : /nelg̣nannwi/ puts a flat obj. right down
qtan̲čʼn̲nannwiank : /qtančʼannannoˑyank/ having gone right to sleep
nanqa 2Sa some. See Sec. 721.
nanqa : /nanqa/ some
/nanqa ʔan honks kyem sʔewanʔa./ I gave him some fish
nanqayʼant : /nanqayʼant/ in some
/nanqayʼant tʼaˑyʼasdat/ in some bags
nanqayʼantga : /nanqayʼantga/ with some
/nanqayʼantga wawʼaˑtyʼaˑkkʼatga/ with some little knives
nanqayʼeˑnʼm : /nanqayʼeˑnʼam/ some’s
/nanqayʼeˑnʼam čiˑsdalʼ/ toward the home of some
nanqayʼeˑnʼs : /nanqayʼeˑnʼs/ some [o]
/hoˑt ʔa nanqayʼeˑns lwela./ He killed some.
nanqaˑs : /nanqaˑs/ some places
/noˑ ʔa nanqaˑs damnon./ I wandered around in some places
napl 3Sn egg
napl : /napal/ egg
r̲e̲ʼnapl\ʼaˑkʼ : /nanʼaplʼaˑk/ d. little eggs
napl\ʼa̲la : /naplʼala/ lays an egg
naqsboˑʼ sne
naqspoˑʼ 3-S-n Jew. Also naqsboˑʼ (PO only). RD stated that this word was first used for the itinerant jewelry peddlers who visited the Reservation soon after its founding. The term is said to have some meaning like “persuasive,” “good salesman,” etc. Only in:
r̲e̲ʼnaqspoˑʼs : /nanʼaqspoˑʔas/ Jew. PO gave r̲e̲ʼnaqsboˑʼs : /nanʼaqsboˑʔas/.
nasg̣ see anasg̣ under the feet
nayamčʼ 7Sv interrupt (someone talking). Only in:
nayamčʼa : /nayamčʼa/ interrupts

256
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
nayatʼiˑya 3Sn 7Sv the handgame; play the handgame. Informants stated that this was not a Klamath word and that the game and its terminology had been borrowed from the North. For the description, see Spier (1930), and Dorsey (1901).
nayatʼiˑya : /nayatʼiˑya/ the handgame; plays the handgame
nayL 3-S-n bat. Analysis? Only in:
r̲e̲ʼnayLs : /nanʼiˑLas/ bat(s)
r̲e̲ʼnayLkʼa : /nanʼiˑLkʼa/ d. little bats
naˑd 1Sp we. Also naˑlʼ. See Sec. 522.
naˑd : /naˑt/ we. Occasionally recorded nad : /nat/.
/ʔat naˑt pʼawapk./ Now we will eat.
naˑds : /naˑts/ us [o]
/hoˑt ʔa naˑts sʔewanʔa lilhanks./ He gave us a deer.
naˑlʼm : /naˑlʼam/ our
/geˑ ʔa naˑlʼam čiˑs./ This is our home.
naˑlʼmdantga : /naˑlʼamdantga/ with our
/naˑlʼamdantga wončǰatga wokas loykča./ We go to pick wokas with our canoe.
naˑlʼmksi : /naˑlʼamksi/ our place
naˑlʼmkstʼa : /naˑlʼamkstʼa/ on our side
naˑlʼs : /naˑlʼs/ us [o]. In apparent free variation with naˑds (see above). naˑlʼs is commoner in the corpus.
/gew ptisap litg̣i naˑlʼs sʔabiˑya naʔas./ My father told us thus in the evening.
naˑk see nalk than, rather
naˑlk see nalk than, rather
naˑlʼ see nalk than, rather
naˑlʼ see naˑd we
naˑn 3-S-n female cousin. Meaning uncertain. Gatschet lists this as “Father’s elder or younger brother’s daughter,” but LK thought it was applicable to all female cousins.
bnaˑnyb : /bnaˑnip/ female cousin
bnaˑnysa̲b : /bnaˑnisap/ female cousins
naˑnok 2Sa all, every. See Sec. 721.
naˑnok : /naˑnok/ all, every
/naˑnok ʔa hoˑt sa genwapk./ They all will go.
/naˑnok ʔa sa pʼan./ All of them ate. Or: They ate it all.
naˑnok\ʼant : /naˑnokʼant/ in all
/naˑnokʼant ʔeʔoˑkʼatdat/ in all little lakes
naˑnok\ʼantga : /naˑnokʼantga/ with all: idiom: all together, all at once

257
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/naˑnokʼantga maksatga/ with all the little baskets
/naˑnokʼantga ʔa sa golgi./ They all attacked together.
naˑnok\ʼeˑnʼm : /naˑnokʼeˑnʼam/ of all, “all’s”
/naˑnoˑkʼeˑnam čiˑsdat/ in everyone’s home
naˑnok\ʼeˑnʼs : /naˑnokʼeˑnʼs/ all, everyone [o]
/noˑ ʔa naˑnokʼeˑnʼs sʔewanʔa./ I gave to everyone, to all.
naˑnok\ʼaˑs : /naˑnokʼaˑs/ everywhere, in all places
/hoˑt ʔa naˑnokʼaˑs damnon./ He wanders everywhere.
naˑnokdwaˑ : /naˑnokdwaˑ/ everything
/hoˑt ʔans naˑnokdwaˑ sʔewanʔa./ He gives me everything.
nčakʼ see čakʼ melt
nčalq 2Sra freshly
nčalq : /nčalq/ freshly, fresh
/noˑ ʔa hon nčalq sʔottʼa./ I have made it fresh.
nčalqnʼi : /nčalqnʼi/ fresh one; idiom: young man
nčayakʼ 7S-v listen for. Possibly cf. {mačaˑ} 7S-v “listen”? Only in:
nčayakʼčnʼbga : /nčayakčampga/ is listening for someone going along
nčayakʼlʼg̣a : /nčayakʼlg̣a/ listens for
nčeg̣i 7Sv become exasperated, angry (after having borne an insult in silence for a long time). See Texts, 38.276 ff.
nčeg̣i : /nčeg̣i/ becomes angry after having borne something in silence for a long while
nčes 7S-v be greasy, stained with grease
nčeskʼya : /nčeskʼya/ is clogged with grease; has a grease-stain on the buttocks
nčesqn̲a : /nčesqa/ grease-stain shows through
nčestn̲a : /nčesta/ grease spatters on (as in frying)
r̲r̲e̲nčestn̲dk : /nčenčastantk/ grease-spattered
nčikʼ 7S-v melt, drip. Cf. {čakʼ} 7Sv “melt” (with an allomorph nčakʼ) and also {ntiqʼ} “flow.”
se̲nčikʼdg̣a : /sinčaktg̣a/ melt apart
nčikʼlʼg̣aˑ : /nčikʼlg̣a/ drips down, melts down
nčikʼtn̲a : /nčikta/ melts onto, drips onto
nčoqʼ 7Sv be deaf
nčoqʼa : /nčoqʼa/ is deaf, goes deaf
sne̲nčoqʼa : /snonsqʼa/ deafens
nčoqʼdk : /nčoqʼatk/ deaf one, deaf person
nčoqʼaˑkʼidk : /nčoqʼaˑkʼitk/ little deaf person

258
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
nčoqʼlʼg̣a : /nčoqʼlg̣a/ ears are stopped up (as by earwax, by a cold)
nčoqʼlʼg̣Wiˑa : /nčoqlʼaqWiˑya/ ears are almost stopped up
nčoqʼnʼapga : /nčoqnʼapga/ is almost deaf
nčʼamaˑs 7S-v wipe. Also nčʼaˑ in apparent free variation. See Sec. 334.
nčʼamaˑsr̲bqʼa : /nčʼamaˑsbapqʼa/ wipes someone’s face
nčʼamaˑsčwoˑla : /nčʼamaˑsčwoˑla/ wipes off someone’s head, hair
r̲r̲e̲nčʼamaˑsčwoˑla : /nčʼančʼmaˑsčwoˑla/ d. wipe off someone’s head, hair
nčʼamaˑsdiˑla : /nčʼamaˑsdiˑla/ wipes underneath
se̲nčʼamaˑsdiˑla : /sančʼmaˑsdiˑla/ wipes under oneself, under one’s arms
nčʼamaˑskʼya : /nčʼamaˑskʼya/ wipes someone’s buttocks
se̲nčʼamaˑsr̲kʼya : /sančʼmaˑskʼakʼya/ wipes one’s own buttocks
nčʼamaˑssga : /nčʼamaˑsga/ wipes off
se̲nčʼamaˑssga : /sančʼmaˑsga/ wipes oneself off
nčʼamaˑsr̲wl : /nčʼamaˑsoˑwal/ wipes off the top
nčʼamaˑsYeˑni̲ʼa : /nčamaˑsYeˑnʼa/ wipes inside
se̲nčʼamaˑsr̲yʼasg̣a : /sančʼmaˑsiˑʔasg̣a/ wipes off one’s genitals (man)
nčʼaˑdiˑla : /nčʼaˑdiˑla/ wipes underneath. Same as nčʼamaˑsdiˑla.
se̲nčʼaˑr̲diˑla : /sančʼaˑtdiˑla/ wipes around underneath oneself, under one’s arms
nčʼaˑsga : /nčʼaˑsga/ wipes off. Same as nčʼamaˑssga.
nčʼaˑ sle
nčʼed 3S-n inner bark
nčʼeds : /nčʼets/ inner bark
nčʼekʼ 2Sra small, into bits, little pieces. Also čʼekʼ in occasional apparent free variation. See Sec. 722.
nčʼekʼ : /nčʼek/ in little bits. Also čʼekʼ : /čʼek/.
/qdetʼeˑkʼa naˑnok čʼoleˑks nčʼek./ (She) cut all the meat up into little bits.
nčʼekʼaˑni : /nčʼekʼaˑni/ small, little. Also čʼekʼaˑni : /čʼekʼaˑni/.
/hoˑt čʼekʼaˑni, tataˑnapkʼapči gi./ They are small, like little turnips. (Texts, 38.238)
r̲r̲e̲nčʼekʼaˑni : /nčʼenskʼaˑni/ d. little
/nčʼenskʼaˑni ʔa geˑ čʼiyaˑlʼs./ These salmon are small.
nčʼekʼnʼis : /nčʼeknʼis/ little one [o]
/hoˑt ʔa nčʼeknʼis dot gitk./ He has small teeth.
nčʼilo 3Sn bitch, she-dog. Applicable to other animals as well?
nčʼilo : /nčʼilo/ bitch

259
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
nčʼiw 7S-v pop
nčʼiwčnʼa : /nčʼiwčnʼa/ pops out, off. (Texts, 4.380)
nčʼiwwllʼg̣a : /nčʼiwwallg̣a/ pops up. (Texts, 4.381)
nčʼo 4S-v [unknown meaning]. Possibly nčʼᵛ. Only in:
nčʼoqʼoˑli̲ʼa : /nčʼoqʼoˑlʼa/ is curly
sne̲nčʼoqʼoˑli̲ʼa : /snonsqʼoˑlʼa/ curls (someone’s hair)
r̲r̲e̲nčʼoqʼoˑli̲ʼdk : /nčʼonsqʼoˑlitk/ d. curly
ndalk 3Sn root (Carum gairdneri). Called “Yampa” by the informants. This was gathered and eaten.
ndalk : /ndalk/ root (sp.)
ndan 2Sa three. Also ndann. See Sec. 721.
ndan : /ndan/ three
/ndan ʔan sleʔa doˑ./ I saw three there.
/tewnʼipʼant ndan/ thirteen
r̲r̲e̲ndan : /ndandan/ three at a time
/noˑ ʔa ndandan skodas sʔewanʔa./ I gave out blankets three at a time.
ndanksept : /ndanksept/ eight
/ndanksept ʔan maksa loykʼa./ I picked eight baskets (of berries, etc.).
ndankseptdannʼi : /ndankseptdanʔi/ eight [n]. Or ndankseptnʼi : /ndankseptnʼi/.
/ndankseptdanʔi ʔa naˑt wawʼaˑlwi./ Eight of us were sitting by the fire.
ndankseptdank\ʼaˑs : /ndankseptdankʼaˑs/ in eight places
/ndankseptdankʼaˑs ʔa geˑ pepattʼatk./ This is torn in eight places.
ndanna : /ndanna/ three [o]
/noˑ ʔa honks ndanna wač sʔewanʔa./ I gave him three horses.
ndannaˑs : /ndannaˑs/ in three places
/noˑ ʔa ndannaˑs qmag̣a./ I searched in three places.
ndanni : /ndanni/ three [n]
/ndanni ʔa sa g̣isčipga./ Three are walking this way.
ndanni : /ndanni/ three times; three (days, years, etc.)
/noˑ ʔa hon ndanni qbapsa./ I tasted it three times.
/ndanni ʔan ʔiLoˑls naˑnokʼaˑs damnon./ I wandered everyplace for three years.
/ndanni tewnʼip/ thirty
ndanniˑks : /ndanniˑks/ Wednesday
ndannokʼ : /ndannok/ all three

260
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/ndannok ʔa sa čʼoˑqʼa./ All three of them died.
ndann sle
ndečgi 7Sv be ashamed, shy, bashful
ndečgi : /ndečgi/ is ashamed, shy, bashful
r̲r̲e̲ndečgi : /ndendačgi/ d. are ashamed, shy
ndečgis : /ndečgis/ shame, shyness
/ndečgis sitk/ shameful
ndiˑlʼ 3S-n gudgeon (Trigoma bicolor Girard). Termed “chub” by LK. Cf. also under qčʼiˑwʼ.
ndiˑlʼs : /ndiˑlʼs/ gudgeon (sp.)
ndočʼ 7Sv freeze (as hands, ears, cheeks)
ndočʼa : /ndočʼa/ freezes
r̲r̲e̲ndočʼa : /ndontčʼa/ d. freeze
ndok 7S-v dote on, cling to, require service. Cf. also {ldokw} 7Sv “be infatuated with”? Only in:
ndokdga : /ndoktga/ dotes on. likes to wait on. Possibly nr̲e̲r̲doga? No attesting forms.
se̲ndokdga : /sondaktga/ needs to be waited on all the time
se̲ndokdgs : /sondakdaks/ “clinging-vine” (person who requires constant service)
ne see neˑ that (absent)
neLʼ 7Sv shiver (from chills, fear)
r̲é̲r̲neLʼa : /neLnelʼa/ shivers (from chills, fear)
nenm 3-S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Said to be named after a mythological figure who kept crying /nenam nenam!/. BL thought this meant “Up! Up!” The myth is given by Curtin (1912).
r̲é̲r̲r̲nenms : /nenamnenams/ place name
new 7S-v run (road, line, fence. etc.)
newdg̣i : /newtg̣i/ (road) runs down
newLn̲čʼn̲a : /newLančʼa/ (road) runs alongside a twisting edge (as along a riverbank, along a cliff)
newqaˑyi̲ʼa : /newqaˑyʼa/ (road) runs into the forest
r̲e̲ʼnewqaˑyi̲ʼa : /nenʼoˑqaˑyʼa/ d. roads run into the forest
newwllʼg̣a : /newwallg̣a/ (road) runs up
newYn̲čʼn̲a : /newYančʼa/ (road) runs alongside a mountain, along a river. Apparently the same as newLn̲čʼn̲a above.
newlʼg̣ 7Sv rule, make a law, plan, plot. Note that lʼg cannot be descriptively taken as an allomorph of {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to a stop, to the ground” since {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against” may occur after it.
newlʼg̣a : /newlg̣a/ rules, plans, plots, makes a law
r̲e̲ʼnewlʼg̣a : /nenʼoˑlg̣a/ d. rule, plan

261
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲e̲ʼnewlʼg̣a : /nenʼoˑlg̣a/ d. rule, plan
se̲ʼnewlʼg̣a : /senʼoˑlg̣a/ promise each other, make a rule, plot, plan, with each other
newlʼg̣čnʼiˑa : /newlʼaqčnʼiˑya/ leaves a rule, law, for someone; makes a law for someone as one goes along (as Gmokʼamʼč and other culture-transformers did)
newlʼg̣s : /newlʼaqs/ rule, law, plan, plot
newlʼg̣tn̲a : /newlʼaqta/ plots against
newlʼg̣tn̲Wiˑa : /newlʼaqtanWiˑya/ almost succeeded in a plot against someone
newlʼinč 3Sn flicker (bird)
newlʼinč : /newlʼinč/ flicker
r̲e̲ʼnewlʼinč\ʼaˑkʼ : /nenʼoˑlʼinčʼaˑk/ d. little flickers
neˑ 2Sd that (absent). Also na and ne. See Secs. 622, 650, and 660
neˑ : /neˑ/ that one (absent)
/neˑ lis ʔans sʔottʼiˑya./ He (absent) made (it) for me.
naʔas : /naʔas/ thus
/naʔas ʔa hoˑt sʔabiˑya./ He told it thus.
/čoy honk naʔas gi./ So then (he) did thus; idiom: Then he said…
nemʼas : /nemʼas/ in that way, the other way, thus
/hoˑt ʔa naˑlʼs nemʼas gi./ He did thus to us.
nen : /nen/ that (absent). See Sec. 650.
/naʔas ni nen hemkanga./ I spoke it thus.
nen\ʼs : /nenʼs/ that (absent) [o]. Or neneˑnʼs : /neneˑnʼs/.
/geˑ ʔa neneˑnʼs qʼeˑlʼa./ He made a racket like that
nenpči : /nempči/ that (absent) kind
/nempča ʔa hoˑt dičʼeˑwʼa./ He liked that kind.
nent : /nent/ that (absent) [ref]
/nent bil ni domna./ That’s all I heard.
neˑg sa : /neˑk sa/ they (absent)
/neˑk sa ʔa qʼay gatbambli./ They (absent) have not returned.
neˑgs : /neˑks/ that one (absent) [o]
/waq či ni neˑks sʔabiˑyaة/ As I told that (absent) one…
neˑlʼm : /neˑlʼam/ that (absent) one’s
/goniˑ ʔa neˑlʼam wonč./ There is his (absent one’s) canoe.
neˑyʼasm : /neˑyʼasam/ their (absent)
/neˑyʼasam sboklʼisdat/ in their sweathouse

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
neˑyʼass : /neˑyʼas/ them (absent) [o]
/hoˑt ʔa neˑyʼas moˑ stinta./ He loves them (absent ones) a lot.
neˑbg 7Sv happen, occur
neˑbga : /neˑpga/ happens, occurs
he̲sneˑbgiˑa : /hesneˑpgiˑya/ causes to happen for someone
/qʼoy ʔins hesneˑpgiˑya./ You behaved badly to me (“made it happen badly for me”).
neˑbgwabg : /neˑbagwapk/ will happen
neˑg see oneˑg down into a hole
ng 3sd [demonstrative nonnominative]. Also g, nk, and ∅. See Sec. 623.
geˑgs : /geˑks/ this one [o].
/geˑks ʔan sleʔa./ I saw him (this one).
hongs : /honks/ that one (remote)
/honks ʔa sʔewanʔi!/ Give to him!
honkantga : /honkantga/ with that one
/honkantga waˑtʼitga/ with that knife
neˑyʼass : /neˑyʼas/ them (absent) [o]. Here ∅.
/hoˑt ʔa neˑyʼas moˑ stinta./ He loves them (absent ones) a lot.
ngag 3Sn turtle (sp. Chelopus or Clemmys marmorata)
ngag : /ngak/ turtle
r̲r̲e̲ngag\ʼaˑkʼ : /ngankkʼaˑk/ d. little turtles
ngagm čiˑs : /ngagam čiˑs/ turtle shell (“turtle’s-home”)
ngatʼ 7S-v jump. Also mbatʼ, sbatʼ, and sgatʼ. These allomorphs are possibly segmentable, but since all possess the same meaning and since there is no good semantic identification for s or m, these forms will be treated as free variants.
mbatʼkanga : /mbatkanga/ jumps around
mbatʼqn̲a : /mbatqa/ jumps out, through
mbatʼwa : /mbatʼwa/ jumps into the water, fiat place
ngatʼčnʼa : /ngatčnʼa/ jumps along
ngatʼr̲r̲é̲čʼwa̲a : /ngatčʼwačʼwa/ jumps up and down
ngatʼdg̣i : /ngattg̣i/ jumps down from a height
sne̲ngatʼdg̣i : /snangattg̣i/ makes someone jump down
ngatʼkanga : /ngatkanga/ jumps around. Same as mbatʼkanga above
ngatʼkʼwa : /ngatkʼwa/ jumps across
ngatʼr̲kʼwa : /ngatkʼakʼwa/ jumps back and forth across
ngatʼlʼg̣a : /ngatʼlg̣a/ jumps down to the ground
ngatʼr̲lʼg̣aˑ : /ngatlʼalg̣a/ jumps up and down on the ground

263
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ngatʼmni : /ngatʼmni/ jumps up onto
r̲r̲e̲ngatʼmni : /ngangatʼmni/ d. jump up onto
ngatʼneˑga : /ngatʼneˑga/ jumps down into a hole
ngatʼpbeˑli̲ʼa : /ngatpbeˑlʼa/ jumps back and forth
ngatʼtn̲a : /ngatta/ jumps on, against
ngatʼwa : /ngatʼwa/ jumps into water
ngatʼr̲wa : /ngatʼoˑwa/ jumps around in water
ngatʼwl : /ngatʼwal/ jumps on top of
ngatʼr̲r̲wleˑqʼa : /ngatʼoˑwawleˑqʼa/ jumps up and down
ngatʼr̲r̲wleˑqʼyeˑga : /ngatʼoˑwawleˑqʼyeˑga/ starts to jump up and down on
ngatʼwllʼg̣damna : /ngatʼwallqdamna/ keeps jumping up, rearing up (as a horse)
ngatʼyeˑga : /ngatʼyeˑga/ jumps up. See oyeˑg.
ngatʼyg̣i : /ngatʼiˑg̣i/ jumps over. See oyg̣i.
sbatʼdg̣i : /sbattg̣i/ jumps down from a height. Same as ngatʼdg̣i above.
sbatʼliˑna : /sbatʼliˑna/ jumps off the edge of
sbatʼyg̣i : /sbatʼiˑg̣i/ jumps over. Same as ngatʼyg̣i above.
sgatʼdg̣i : /sgattg̣i/ jumps down from a height. Same as ngatʼdg̣i above.
ngenoˑ 3Sn mons Veneris
ngenoˑ : /ngenoˑ/ mons Veneris
ngoq 3Sn black helldiver (Branta nigricana). Given by the Pompeys as “cormorant.” Probably onomatopoetic.
ngoq : /ngoq/ black helldiver
ng̣ičʼ see g̣ičʼ be tight
ng̣o see g̣o swan
ng̣ol 3Sn jackrabbit (Lepus californicus)
ng̣ol : /ng̣ol/ jackrabbit
r̲r̲e̲ng̣ol\ʼaˑkʼ : /ng̣onqlʼaˑk/ d. little jackrabbits
ni 3Sn snowshoe. These were woven of willows and bound to the feet with sinew.
ni : /ni/ snowshoe(s)
ni 1Sp I. Also n and two portmanteaus: gew ({ni} plus {ʔm} [possessive]) and ʔis ({ni} plus {ʔi} 1Sp “you sg.” plus {ʼas} [objective]). Cf. also {noˑ} 1Sp “I (declarative).” See Sec. 522.
ni : /ni/ I [n]
/ʔat ni genwapk./ Now I will go.
ʔan : /ʔan/ I (plus {ʔa} 2Srp6 [declarative])
/honks ʔan sanʼaˑWawli./ I want her.

264
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔins : /ʔins/ you-me. See Sec. 530.
/snʼog̣iˑya ʔins hon qnoqs./ You held that rope for me.
ʔis : /ʔis/ you-me. See Sec. 530.
/moˑ ʔis sʔewanʔi!/ Give me a lot!
gew : /gew/ my
/geˑ ʔa gew!/ This is mine!
min : /min/ I-you. See Sec. 530.
/ʔat min sqoldaqnʼa gen./ Now I put this into your mouth
nis : /nis/ me [o]
/hoˑt nis dom wolaˑ./ He asked me a lot.
ni 3sa [multiplicator]. Also nʼi. See Sec. 762.
danqnʼi : /danqnʼi/ how many (times, days, years, etc.)?
/hoˑt ʔa danqnʼi ʔiLoˑls gida čiˑya?/ How many years has he lived here?
domni : /domni/ many times; many (years, days, etc.)
/noˑ ʔa honks domni sleʔa gaˑʔaˑk./ I saw him many times long ago.
labnʼi : /lapnʼi/ twice; two (years, days, etc.)
/noˑ ʔa midanksi lapnʼi gepga./ I came to your place twice.
/lapnʼi ʔiLoˑls/ two years
/lapnʼi tewnʼip/ twenty
ni 3sd 6sa 6sl [adjective formant], Also niˑ, nʼ, nʼi, and nʼi·. See Secs. 630, 73l, and 831.
r̲é̲r̲g̣emtkʼaˑni : /g̣emg̣emtkʼaˑni/ little quiet one
kani : /kani/ someone, who?
kanʼs : /kanʼs/ someone, whom? See ka.
labnʼiˑks : /lapnʼiˑks/ Tuesday
ndanniˑks : /ndanniˑks/ Wednesday
tonʼipnʼi : /tonʼipnʼi/ five [n]
/tonʼipnʼi maqlaqs ʔat goLiˑ./ Five people came in now.
tonʼipnʼis : /tonʼipnʼis/ five [o]
/noˑ ʔa tonʼipnʼis lwela./ I killed five.
wonibnʼiks : /wonipnʼiks/ Thursday
yaNWaˑni : /yaNWaˑni/ weak one, weak
nidw 7Sv guess, figure out, solve
nidw : /nidoˑ/ guesses
se̲nidw : /sindo/ guess each other, make an estimate of one another
nidwalla : /nidwalla/ guesses someone’s plot, “figures out his game”

265
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
nidws : /nidoˑs/ guessing, to guess
/g̣esga ʔan honks nidoˑs./ I can’t guess him (can’t see what he’s planning).
niklap 7S-v dance a war dance, practice for war. Informants were not sure of the meaning. Only in:
niklapeˑʼa : /niklapeˑʔa/ dances a war dance, practices for war
nisda see niˑsda all night
niw 7S-v herd, drive animals. Possibly {n} 4S-v “act with a round instrument” plus {iw} 7-Sv “do violently.” A herd of animals is treated in Klamath as a round obj.
niwčnʼa : /niwčnʼa/ herds animals along
r̲e̲ʼniwčnʼa : /ninʼoˑčnʼa/ d. herd, drive animals
niwg̣oga : /niwg̣oga/ drives animals into a container (as a corral)
niwkanga : /niwkanga/ herds animals around here and there
niwLy : /niwLi/ herds animals inside
niwqn̲a : /niwqa/ herds animals out, through, outside
niwqweˑLa : /niwqweˑLa/ herds animals down a slope
niwqʼaˑqʼa : /niwqʼaˑqʼa/ herds animals into a blind canyon. Use of {aqʼaˑqʼ} 10sv “on the lap, on the neck” here?
niwWasga : /niwWasga/ drives animals away, off
niya see niˑya recently, a little while ago
niˑ 3S-n neck
niˑs : /niˑs/ neck
r̲e̲ʼniˑkʼa : /ninʼiˑkʼa/ d. little necks
niˑ see ni [adjective formant]
niˑčg̣ 3S-n shoulder blade
niˑčg̣s : /niˑčaqs/ shoulder blade
niˑl 3Sn hair on a hide, fur
niˑl : /niˑl/ hair on a hide
niˑla̲lbli : /niˑlalbli/ gets the fur back again (as an animal at the start of the winter season)
niˑL sne
niˑLg̣ 7Sv rise (sun). Also niˑL in one form. See Sec. 334.
niˑLg̣a : /niˑLg̣a/ (sun) rises
niˑLdga : /niˑLtga/ has risen
niˑLg̣s : /niˑLaqs/ “Sunrise” (place name: near Barclay Springs)
niˑqʼa 7S-v dread, fear that one will make a mistake or hurt someone’s feelings, have an apprehension. Only in:
niˑqʼabga : /niˑqʼapga/ dreads
r̲e̲ʼniˑqʼabga : /ninʼiˑqʼapga/ d. dread

266
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
niˑsda 2Srt all night. Also nisda in apparent free variation. See Sec. 910.
/nisda hoˑt mʼaˑsʔa./ He was sick all night.
/čoy sa honk maqlaqs niˑsda swinaˑ./ Then those people sang all night. (Texts, 32.13)
/niˑsda ʔan qʼay qtančʼa./ I didn’t fall asleep all night long.
niˑya 2Srt recently, a little while ago. Also niya in apparent free variation. See Sec. 910.
/sʔaLam niˑya ni moˑ tʼwaˑYa./ I worked a lot last fall.
/niya ni g̣esga qtays./ Recently I cannot sleep.
/niˑya padaˑ gew ptisap ksonlʼa./ My father gathered hay last summer.
/homʼas naˑt wokas naˑlʼam beˑLbelʼa, waqt sa honk sa dank niˑya sʔottʼa./ Thus we fixed our wokas, just as they make it recently. (Texts, 23,5)
/čoy naʔas nis geˑ wolaˑ, niˑya./ And he asked me thus, a little while ago. (Texts, 38.24)
nǰampkʼ 7Sv throb (as a wound, headache, toothache)
nǰampkʼa : /nǰampkʼa/ throbs
nǰampkʼs : /nǰampkʼas/ the throbbing, to throb
/g̣lewiˑ nǰampkʼas./ (It) stopped throbbing.
nǰel 7S-v be bushy. Cf. also čikʼ. Only in:
se̲nǰelwʼaˑlʼdk : /senǰalwʼaˑlʼatk/ bushy
/senǰalwʼaˑlʼatk qbel gitk/ having a bushy tail
nǰoy 7S-v be numb. Only with {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to a stop,” Segmentable?
nǰoylʼg̣a : /nioylg̣a/ is numb
r̲r̲e̲nǰoylʼg̣a : /nǰonǰiˑlg̣a/ d. are numb
snenǰoylʼg̣a : /snonǰiˑlg̣a/ makes numb
nǰoylʼg̣s : /nǰoylʼaqs/ numbness
nk see ng [demonstrative nonnominative]
nka 3S-n stomach
nkas : /nkas/ stomach
r̲r̲e̲nkakʼa : /nkankkʼa/ d. little stomachs
nkas gi : /nkas gi/ has a stomach-ache
poqʼoˑnkas : /poqʼoˑnkas/ “Bucket-Belly” (man’s proper name)
nkikʼ sne
nkililkʼ 7Sv be dusty. Also kililkʼ and nkikʼ. See Sec. 334.
nkikʼdgl : /nkiktgal/ dust rises
sne̲nkikʼdgl : /sninkaktgal/ raises a dust
nkikʼdiˑla : /nkikdiˑla/ is dusty underneath

267
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
nkikʼLa̲a : /nkikLa/ is dusty on a surface, on the floor
sne̲nkikʼLa̲a : /snikakLa/ makes dust on
nkikʼLWn̲a : /nkikʼlWa/ dust is along the top
sne̲nkikʼLWn̲a : /sninkakʼlWa/ covers something with dust
nkikʼlʼg̣a : /nkikʼlg̣a/ dust settles
nkikʼtn̲a : /nkikta/ is dusty on, against
sne̲nkikʼtn̲a : /sninkakta/ makes dust on
nkikʼyeˑga : /nkikʼyeˑga/ dust rises
sne̲nkikʼyeˑga : /sninkakʼyeˑga/ raises a dust
nkililkʼa : /nkililkʼa/ is dusty. Or kililkʼa : /kililkʼa/.
sne̲nkililkʼa : /sninklilkʼa/ makes dusty
nkililkʼs : /nkililks/ dust. Or kililkʼs : /kililks/.
nkʼeysʔań̲ 7Sv shoot pl. objs. Also kʼey, nkʼey and nkʼeyseˑ. See Sec. 334.
nkʼeysʔań̲ : /nkʼeysʔan/ shoots pl. objs.
se̲nkʼeysʔań̲ : /senkʼiˑsʔan/ pl. shoot each other
nkʼeys : /nkʼeys/ war-arrow; bullet, Or kʼeys : /kʼeys/.
kʼeyse̲ls : /kʼeysals/ lead (metal)
lolog̣skʼeys : /loloqskʼeys/ gun (“fire-arrow”)
nkʼeyseˑ! : /nkʼeyseˑ!/ shoot pl. objs.!
nkʼeyseˑdga : /nkʼeyseˑtga/ been shooting pl. objs.
nkʼeyseˑlgi : /nkʼeyseˑlgi/ comes to shoot pl. objs.
r̲r̲e̲nkʼeyseˑlgi : /nkʼenkʼiˑseˑlgi/ d. come to shoot pl. objs.
nkʼeyseˑs : /nkʼeyseˑs/ the shooting pl.; to shoot pl.
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan nkʼeyseˑs./ I want to shoot pl. objs.
nkʼeyseˑ sle
non 3S-n plant (unknown sp.). This was mashed and made into a poultice for eye infections. Only in:
nonm : /nonam/ plant (sp.)
non 7S-v be frostbitten. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
nontn̲a : /nonta/ is, gets frostbitten
nontn̲dk : /nontantk/ frostbitten
r̲e̲ʼnontn̲dk : /nonʼantantk/ d. frostbitten
notak 3Sn grass (sp. of Glycerinus: Coville gives this as Agrostis perennans)
notak : /notak/ grass (sp.)
noy see nᵛ burn
noˑ 7S-v send a message to. Possibly cf. {noˑ} 7S-v “go to the land of the spirits; set (sun).” Only in:
noˑkanga : /noˑkanga/ gives someone a message (to be given to someone else)
se̲ʼnoˑkanga : /sonʼoˑkanga/ exchange messages

268
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
se̲ʼnoˑkangs : /sonʼoˑkanks/ command, message
noˑ 7S-v go to the land of the spirits; set (sun). Possibly cf. preceding entry.
noˑčnʼa : /noˑčnʼa/ goes to the land of the spirits
noˑli : /noˑli/ (sun) sets
noˑlis : /noˑlis/ spirit of a dead person
noˑlisg̣eˑni : /noˑlisg̣eˑni/ Spirit-Land. This is said to lie to the West. Informants were not clear as to its description.
noˑ 1Sp I (declarative). Also a portmanteau gew ({noˑ} plus {ʔm} [possessive]). Cf. {ni} 1Sp “I.” with which this morpheme overlaps in distribution. See Sec. 522.
noˑ : /noˑ/ I [n]
/noˑ ʔa honks sleʔa./ I (declarative) saw him.
gew : /gew/ my
/geˑ ʔa gew g̣weys./ This is my (foot)print.
gewdanksi : /gewdanksi/ my place
gewdantiˑ : /gewdantiˑ/ from me, from my
/gewdantiˑ čʼoleˑksti/ a piece of my meat
noˑs : /noˑs/ me [o]
/tqʼomʼa hoˑt noˑs./ He hit me on the head.
noˑsdalʼ : /noˑsdalʼ/ toward me
noˑsd̲at : /noˑsdat/ in me, on me
noˑstʼet : /noˑstʼet/ with me
noˑg̣ 7Sv be cooked, ripe; roast (+ {ʼa̲l} 8sv “do as the preceding says”)
noˑg̣a : /noˑg̣a/ is cooked, ripe, ready
he̲snoˑg̣a : /hosnoˑg̣a/ causes to be cooked, ripe
r̲e̲ʼnoˑg̣a : /nonʼoˑg̣a/ d. are cooked, ripe
snoˑg̣a : /snoˑg̣a/ cooks, makes ready, ripens
noˑg̣\ʼa̲la : /noˑqlʼa/ roasts over a fire
noˑg̣\ʼa̲l! : /noˑqʼal!/ roast!
noˑg̣a̲lks : /noˑg̣alks/ “Roasting-Place” (place name)
noˑg̣\ʼa̲ls : /noˑqʼals/ cooked wokas mush
noˑg̣bgs : /noˑg̣apks/ ripe
/noˑg̣apks dmolo/ ripe plum
noˑg̣dgi : /noˑqtgi/ becomes cooked, ripe, ready
noˑg̣sʔm : /noˑqsʔam/ scraps of dried fish
noˑkʼ 7-Sv taste by just touching the tongue to something. Only in:
qbᵛnoˑkʼa : /qbonoˑkʼa/ tastes by touching with the tongue
se̲qbᵛnoˑkʼa : /soqbnoˑkʼa/ wets the lips with the tongue

269
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
nqaqgi 7Sv give birth. gi is possibly {gi} 7Sv “do, be” but nqaq occurs nowhere else in the corpus, This will be left tentatively unsegmented.
nqaqgi : /nqaqgi/ gives birth to a child
nqen 4Sv shout, yell
nqena : /nqena/ shouts, yells
/kʼotʼas nqena nis./ A louse is shouting to me. (Idiomatic saying when one has a ringing in the ears.)
nqenbli : /nqembli/ shouts back, again
se̲nqenr̲r̲é̲bli : /senqamblibli/ shout back and forth at each other
nqenbln̲a : /nqembla/ shouts downstream
nqenčnʼa : /nqenčnʼa/ shouts as one goes along
nqendg̣i : /nqentg̣i/ shouts down from a height
nqenig̣amna : /nqenig̣amna/ shouts upstream
nqenkanga : /nqenkanga/ shouts around here and there
r̲r̲e̲nqenkanga : /nqenqankanga/ d. shout around
nqenkʼwa : /nqenkʼwa/ shouts across
se̲nqenr̲kʼwa : /senqankkʼakʼwa/ keep shouting back and forth across at each other
nqenkʼwbga : /nqenkʼopga/ is shouting across
nqenlamna : /nqellamna/ shouts behind (i.e., shouts at someone ahead of one)
nqenmni : /nqenmni/ shouts up at
nqenqʼya : /nqenqʼya/ shouts at someone in the road, in the doorway
nqensaqčnʼa : /nqensaqčnʼa/ follows someone shouting
nqentn̲a : /nqenta/ shouts at
nqentn̲nʼa : /nqentanʔa/ shouts repeatedly at
se̲nqentn̲nʼa : /senqantanʔa/ shout repeatedly at each other
nqotʼ 7Sv scorch
nqotʼa : /nqotʼa/ scorches (intr.)
r̲r̲e̲nqotʼa : /nqonqtʼa/ d. scorch
sne̲nqotʼa : /snonqtʼa/ scorches something
nqotʼdiˑla : /nqotdiˑla/ scorches underneath
nqotʼdk : /nqotʼatk/ scorched
nqotʼliˑga : /nqotʼliˑga/ scorches on the edge, side, forehead (as sunburn)
nqotʼlYn̲dk : /nqotʼlYantk/ scorched along the edges
nqotʼLa̲a : /nqotLa/ scorches on a surface, on top
sne̲nqotʼLa̲a : /snonqatLa/ scorches something onto a surface

270
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
nqotʼtn̲a : /nqotta/ scorches onto (as food onto a pan)
sne̲nqotʼtn̲a : /snonqatta/ scorches something onto
nqʼaq 3Sn crown of the head
nqʼaq : /nqʼaq/ crown of the head
nqʼiqʼ 7S-v weigh. Only with {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the ground.”
nqʼiqʼlʼg̣a : /nqʼiqʼlg̣a/ weighs (intr.)
sne̲nqʼiqʼlʼg̣a : /sninqʼaqʼlg̣a/ weighs something
sne̲nqʼiqʼlʼg̣oˑts : /sninqʼaqʼlg̣oˑts/ scales
nteqt 3S-n arrow (a special type which skipped over the water—used for shooting into flocks of sitting waterfowl). Possibly contains {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
nteqtys : /nteqtis/ arrow (type)
ntey 3S-n bow. The Klamath bow was usually made of yew wood and strung with sinew. Occasionally they were sinew-backed.
nteys : /nteys/ bow
r̲r̲e̲ntey\ʼaˑkʼ : /ntentiˑʔaˑk/ d. little bows
wiyaˑlm nteys : /wiyaˑlam nteys/ star constellation (unidentified) (“Wiya’s-bow”)
ntiqʼ 7S-v drip. Cf. {nčikʼ} 7S-v “melt, drip” and also {čakʼ} 7+Sv “melt.”
ntiqʼdg̣i : /ntiqtg̣i/ drips down
ntiqʼwa : /ntiqʼwa/ drips into water, flat place
ntol 7S-v flow
ntolčnʼa : /ntolčnʼa/ flows along
r̲r̲e̲ntolčnʼa : /ntontalčnʼa/ d. flow
sne̲ntolčnʼa : /snontalčnʼa/ makes flow
ntolčibga : /ntolčipga/ flows toward
se̲ntoldang̣a : /sontaldang̣a/ flow together, into each other (as two streams)
se̲ntoldg̣a : /sontaltg̣a/ flow apart, away from one another
ntolsga : /ntolsga/ flows off
ntolsgdk : /ntolsgatk/ flowing. juicy
ntolsgs : /ntolsgas/ juice
ntoltqʼaga : /ntoltqʼaga/ flows up out of
ntollYn̲čʼn̲a : /ntollYančʼa/ flows along a twisting edge (as a stream flowing along the edge of a mountain)
ntop 7S-v choke, strangle on a mouthful of food. The segmentation of tn̲ as an allomorph of {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against” is most probable but actually unattested.
ntoptn̲a : /ntopta/ chokes on a mouthful of food
r̲r̲e̲ntoptn̲a : /ntontapta/ d. choke, strangle
ntoptn̲a̲ksga : /ntoptanksga/ almost choked (the action was not begun)

271
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ntoptn̲Wiˑa : /ntoptanWiˑya/ almost choked (the action was not brought to completion)
ntopʼ see stopʼ gush
ntʼaksni see tʼaksni children
ntʼakʼ 7S-v be stuck together, glued. Cf. also {čakʼ} 7+Sv “melt” (particularly the allomorph nčakʼ), and also {nčikʼ} 7S-v “melt, drip” and {ntiqʼ} 7S-v “drip.”
se̲ntʼakʼdang̣a : /santʼakdang̣a/ are stuck to each other
sne̲ntʼakʼdang̣a : /snantʼakdang̣a/ sticks objs. together
ntʼakʼdiˑla : /ntʼakdiˑla/ is stuck on underneath
ntʼakʼkʼaˑyi̲ʼa : /ntʼakkʼaˑyʼa/ is stuck on up high
ntʼakʼliˑga : /ntʼakʼliˑga/ is stuck on the edge, on the forehead
se̲ntʼakʼmʼaˑwʼa : /santʼakmʼaˑwʼa/ one more is stuck on top (as an obj. is stuck to a pile of similar objs.)
ntʼakʼtn̲a : /ntʼakta/ is stuck to, glued to
se̲ntʼakʼtn̲a : /santʼakta/ are glued together
sne̲ntʼakʼtn̲a : /snantʼakta/ glues something on
ntʼakʼyg̣i : /ntʼakʼiˑg̣i/ is stuck on over (stuck on so that it projects out over)
ntʼaqʼ see tʼaqʼ be bare, bald, grassless
ntʼiw 7S-v fall (sg.)
ntʼiwčnʼa : /ntʼiwčnʼa/ falls along, falls as one goes along
sne̲ntʼiwčnʼa : /snintʼoˑčnʼa/ drops; idiom: has a miscarriage
ntʼiwčwoˑla : /ntʼiwčʼwoˑla/ falls off the head, hair (as a hat)
ntʼiwdg̣i : /ntʼiwtg̣i/ falls down from a height
ntʼiwdg̣nʼa : /ntʼiˑwdaqnʼa/ falls into someone’s mouth
ntʼiwkʼčʼwy : /ntʼiwkʼačʼwi/ falls into a crevice, tight place
ntʼiwliˑna : /ntʼiwliˑna/ falls off the edge, off a vehicle
r̲r̲e̲ntʼiwliˑna : /ntʼintʼoˑliˑna/ d. fall off the edge
ntʼiwLy : /ntʼiwLi/ falls inside, into
ntʼiwlʼaˑlʼa : /ntiwlʼaˑlʼa/ falls into the fire
sne̲ntiwlʼaˑlʼa : /snintoˑlʼaˑlʼa/ drops into the fire
ntʼiwlʼg̣a : /ntʼiwlʼg̣a/ falls down
sne̲ntʼiwlʼg̣a : /snintʼoˑlg̣a/ drops
sne̲ntʼiwlʼg̣! : /snintʼoˑlʼaq!/ drop (it)!
qčoˑlʔm ntʼiwlʼg̣s : /qčoˑlʔam ntʼiwlʼaqs/ “Star’s-Fall” (place name)
r̲r̲e̲sne̲ntʼiwlʼg̣ys : /snisntʼoˑlg̣is/ one who habitually drops things
ntʼiwneˑga : /ntʼiwneˑga/ falls into a hole
ntʼiwqweˑLa : /ntʼiwqweˑLa/ falls down a slope
ntʼiwsga : /ntʼiwsga/ falls off (as a patch, hair)

272
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ntʼiwtn̲lʼg̣a : /ntʼiwtallg̣a/ falls against something
ntʼiwwa : /ntʼiwwa/ falls into water, flat place
sne̲ntʼiwwa : /snintʼoˑwa/ drops something into water
ntʼiwwalla : /ntʼiwwalla/ falls into water and is lost
ntʼiwwl : /ntʼiwwal/ falls on top of
ntʼiwwloˑla : /ntʼiwoˑloˑla/ falls off the top of
ntʼiwwʼaˑlʼoˑla : /ntʼiwʔaˑlʼoˑla/ falls off the end of
ntʼiwYeˑni̲ʼa : /ntʼiwYeˑnʼa/ falls inside (as a pebble in a box)
ntʼopʼ 7Sv rot, spoil, sour
ntʼopʼa : /ntʼopʼa/ rots, spoils, sours
r̲r̲e̲ntʼopʼa : /ntʼontpʼa/ d. spoil, sour, rot
sne̲ntʼopʼa : /snontpʼa/ causes something to rot, spoil, sour
ntʼopʼdk : /ntʼopʼatk/ rotten, spoiled. sour
sne̲ntʼopʼlʼg̣a : /snotʼapʼlg̣a/ causes to rot down (as wokas pods, in order to extract the seeds more easily)
sne̲ntʼopʼlʼg̣s : /snontʼaplʼaqs/ rotted wokas (seeds and rotted pods mixed together and ready for further extraction processes)
ntʼopʼWiˑa : /ntʼopWiˑya/ almost rotted, spoiled
ntʼopʼyeˑga : /ntʼopʼyeˑga/ starts to rot, spoil, sour
ntʼosʔ 7Sv swell up (tumor). Also ntʼoseˑ. See Sec. 334.
ntʼosʔa : /ntʼosʔa/ swells up (as a tumor, cancer)
sne̲ntʼosʔa : /snontʼasʔa/ causes to swell up
ntʼoseˑdk : /ntʼoseˑtk/ swelled up, swollen
ntʼoseˑ sle
ntʼoy see tʼoy go (school of fish, flock)
N
Nač see Naˑs one
Nay 2S-l beside, on one side
Naykstʼa : /Naykstʼa/ on one side; idiom: fifty cents
/Naykstʼa ʔans weq mʼaˑsʔa./ My arm hurts on one side.
/Naykstʼa hak sa čiˑya./ They live on one side (of me).
r̲e̲Naykstʼa : /NaNiˑkstʼa/ d. on one side, on each side; idiom: d. fifty cent pieces
/hoˑt sa ʔa NaNiˑkstʼa pʼapʼaˑčʼatk./ They are blind on one side (each).
/dam ʔi NaNiˑkstʼa gitk?/ Do you have (some) fifty cent pieces?

273
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
Naykstʼant : /Naykstʼant/ beside, on one side
/hoˑt ʔa Naykstʼant qʼwanqʼatk./ He’s lame on one side.
Naytanna : /Naytanna/ all around beside
/qmag̣a ʔans Naytanna./ (He) looked all around beside me.
Naytant : /Naytant/ beside, to one side
/Naytant hay ʔi slin./ You shot to one side (of the mark).
/Naytant ʔans hoˑt čelg̣a./ He sat down to one side of me, beside me.
Naˑ sne
Naˑč sne
Naˑs 2Sa one, another, other. Also Nač, Naˑ, and Naˑč. See Sec. 721.
Naˑs : /Naˑs/ one, another
/Naˑs hiswaqs gepgabli./ One man came back.
/Naˑs dal ʔi beˑn siwga?/ Have you killed another one? (Texts, 8.46)
/tewnʼipʼant Naˑs/ eleven
/lapnʼi tewnʼipʼant Naˑs/ twenty-one
r̲e̲Naˑs : /NaNaˑs/ one at a time, one to each
/ni ʔa honkyʼas NaNaˑs lolʼiˑ./ I gave one (round obj.) to each one.
Načksept : /Načksept/ six
/Načksept ʔa naˑt gankankča./ Six of us went hunting.
r̲e̲Načksept : /NaNačksept/ six at a time
Načkseptdank\ʼaˑs : /Načkseptdankʼaˑs/ in six places
/geˑ čoLiˑs Načkseptdankʼaˑs patčʼatk./ This shirt is torn in six places.
Načkseptnʼi : /Načkseptnʼi/ six [n]. Or Načkseptdannʼi : /Načkseptdanʔi/.
/Načkseptdanʔi weˑwʼanʼs nis sleʔa./ Six women saw me.
Načkseptnʼis : /Načkseptnʼis/ six [o]. Or Načkseptdannʼis : /Načkseptdanʔis/.
/noˑ ʔa Načkseptdanʔis lilhanks slin./ I shot six deer.
Načqʼeˑgs : /Načqʼeˑks/ nine. Similar to Načksept above.
Naˑč\ʼaˑs : /Naˑčʼaˑs/ just one place, in one place
/noˑ ʔa Naˑčʼaˑs čiˑya./ I stay in one place.

274
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
Naˑčyak : /Naˑčyak/ just one, alone
/noˑ ʔa Naˑčyak čelwi./ I sit by the fire alone.
/sleʔa ʔan Naˑčyak maqlaqs./ I see just one person.
Naˑyʼant : /Naˑyʼant/ in one, in another
/Naˑyʼant maksatdat/ in one basket, in the other basket
Naˑyʼantga : /Naˑyʼantga/ with one, with another
/Naˑyʼantga psinkstga/ on another night, the next night
Naˑyʼeˑnʼm : /Naˑyʼeˑnʼam/ one’s, another’s
/qʼay Naˑyʼeˑnʼam snʼeweˑts spontg̣i!/ Don’t steal another’s wife.
Naˑyʼeˑnʼs : /Naˑyʼeˑnʼs/ one, another [o]
/hoˑt ʔa Naˑyʼeˑnʼs spontba./ He brought another one home.
nʼ
nʼ 11sv action onto, repeatedly, again and again. See Sec. 353.
ʔᵛosn̲nʼa : /ʔosanʔa/ puts a long obj. under water or earth repeatedly, under and then out again
honr̲bln̲nʼa : /hompbablanʔa/ flies back and forth up and down the river
qliwtn̲nʼa : /qliwtanʔa/ splashes, sprinkles a handful of liquid against, onto
wotn̲nʼa : /wotanʔa/ chops, strikes with a long instrument
wor̲tn̲nʼa : /wottanʔa/ chops, strikes repeatedly on
nʼ see ni [adjective formant]
nʼa 23sv [first person plural hortatory:] let us…! See Sec. 371.
r̲e̲badglnʼa! : /babatgalnʼa!/ let’s get up!
r̲e̲bonwnʼa! : /bobanoˑnʼa!/ let’s drink!
dosčnʼnʼa! : /dosčanʔa!/ let’s run!
he̲ksᵛoga̲dang̣nʼa! : /hoksakdanqnʼa!/ let’s set (our dogs) on each other!
pʼań̲ča̲nʼa! : /pʼačnʼa!/ let’s go eat!
nʼapg 20sv feels like, intends to, about to. See Sec. 366.
badglnʼapga : /batgalnʼapga/ feels like getting up
ginʼapga : /ginʼapga/ almost is, becomes
/psekst ginʼapga./ It’s almost noon.
r̲e̲pʼaˑčʼnʼapgdk : /pʼapʼaˑčnʼapgatk/ almost blind
sliń̲nʼapga : /slinʼapga/ feels like shooting

275
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wʼetʼlʼg̣nʼapga : /wʼetlʼaqnʼapga/ is about to fall down
nʼawg̣ 3S-n or 3-S-n throat. Mrs. Martin gave the 3S-n form, while others gave this with r̲é̲r̲r̲.
nʼawg̣s : /nʼawqs/ throat. Or r̲é̲r̲r̲nʼawg̣s : /nʼawqnʼawqs/.
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲r̲nʼawg̣kʼa : /nʼanʼoˑqnʼawqkʼa/ d. little throats
nʼaˑqʼa 3Sn brown bear (Euarctos americanus cinnamonum, Audubon and Bachman; Gatschet gives “Ursus americanus var. cinnamomeus”)
nʼaˑqʼa : /nʼaˑqʼa/ brown bear
r̲e̲nʼaˑqʼaʼaˑkʼ : /nʼanʼaˑqʼaʔaˑk/ d. little brown bears
nʼaˑtʼa 3Sn Wilson snipe
nʼaˑtʼa : /nʼaˑtʼa/ Wilson snipe
r̲e̲nʼaˑtʼaʼaˑkʼ : /nʼanʼaˑtʼaʔaˑk/ d. little snipes
nʼaˑtʼaksi : /nʼaˑtʼaksi/ “Snipe-Place” (place name)
nʼep 3Sn hand. Cf. also {nʼiq} 7S-v “act with the hand.”
nʼep : /nʼep/ hand
r̲e̲nʼep\ʼaˑkʼ : /nʼenpʼaˑk/ d. little hands
nʼep sdaˑ : /nʼep sdaˑ/ handful. Or sdaˑ nʼep : /sdaˑ nʼep/ (also with no juncture: /sdaˑnʼep/). Also once with a noun ending and no juncture: nʼepsdaˑʼs : /nʼepsdaˑʔas/.
nʼep\ʼa̲lbli : /nʼepʼalbli/ gets a hand back (as an artificial hand)
nʼepʔm nᵛawʼaˑlʼs : /nʼepʔam nawʼaˑlʼs/ wrist (“hand’s-flat-obj.-on-the-end”)
nʼepeˑʼa : /nʼepeˑʔa/ puts on a glove, wears a glove. See eˑʼ.
nʼepsisiˑli̲ʼa : /nʼepsisiˑlʼa/ puts on, wears a ring. See sisiˑli̲ʼ.
nʼeˑsl\ʼ 7Sv have coitus from behind (possibly sodomy, but not so translated by the informants)
nʼeˑsl\ʼa : /nʼeˑslʼa/ has sexual intercourse from behind
se̲nʼeˑsl\ʼa : /senʼeˑslʼa/ have coitus with each other
nʼeˑsl\ʼdga : /nʼeˑsaltga/ been having coitus from behind
nʼi see ni [adjective formant]
nʼi see ni [multiplicator]
nʼiq 7S-v act with the hand. Cf. {nʼep} 3Sn “hand.” Also cf. {das} 7S-v “reach. touch, act with the hand” and {tpek} 7S-v “reach.” which overlap this morpheme semantically.
nʼiqdbn̲a : /nʼiqtba/ reaches and touches (“arrives-with-the-hand”)
nʼiqdiˑla : /nʼiqdiˑla/ puts a hand under. (intr. also)
nʼiqg̣oga : /nʼiqg̣oga/ puts a hand into a container. (intr. also)
nʼiqkyamna : /nʼiqkyamna/ puts a hand around something, puts an arm around someone. (intr. also)
nʼiqkʼačweˑga : /nʼiqkʼačweˑga/ gets one’s hand stuck in a tight place
nʼiqLy : /nʼiqLi/ puts one’s hand inside. (intr. also)

276
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
nʼiq (continued)
nʼiqlʼg̣a : /nʼiqlg̣a/ puts a hand down, touches the ground
nʼiqqn̲a : /nʼiqqa/ puts a hand out, through. (intr. also)
nʼiqsn̲a : /nʼiqsa/ puts a hand under water, earth. (intr. also)
nʼiqtn̲a : /nʼiqta/ puts a hand on, against
se̲nʼiqtn̲a : /sinʼaqta/ touches oneself, each other
nʼiqtn̲alla : /nʼiqtnalla/ touches for some bad purpose, touches with sexual intentions
nʼiqtn̲lʼg̣a : /nʼiqtallg̣a/ touches, bumps with a hand
se̲nʼiqtn̲ys : /sinʼaqtis/ touching each other. In:
qʼapčʼalm se̲nʼiqtn̲ys : /qʼapčʼalam sinʼaqtis/ the ring finger (“little-finger’s-one-touching”)
nʼiqwa : /nʼiqwa/ puts a hand into water, flat place. (intr. also)
nʼiqr̲wa : /nʼiqoˑwa/ keeps putting a hand in water. has a hand in water
nʼiqwbga : /nʼiqwapga/ soaks a hand
nʼiqwibga : /nʼiqwipga/ spreads out a hand
r̲e̲nʼiqwibga : /nʼinʼaqwipga/ d. spread out a hand, holds the hands out (as in prayer)
nʼiqwl : /nʼiqwal/ puts a hand on top of. (intr. also)
nʼiqr̲r̲wleˑqʼa : /nʼiqoˑwawleˑqʼa/ waves a hand at. See eˑqʼ.
nʼiqwllʼg̣bga : /nʼiqwallqpga/ keeps a hand raised, up
nʼiqwʼiˑna : /nʼiqwʼiˑna/ puts a hand in among, into mud. (intr. also)
nʼiqyeˑga : /nʼiqyeˑga/ raises a hand
nʼiqyg̣i : /nʼiqiˑg̣i/ puts a hand above, over. (intr. also)
nʼiqywwi : /nʼiqyoˑwi/ spreads out a hand
nʼisq 3S-n little girl (7-11 years old). Only with {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive].
nʼisq\ʼaˑkʼ : /nʼisqʼaˑk/ little girl
r̲e̲nʼisq\ʼaˑkʼ : /nʼinʼasqʼaˑk/ d. little girls
nʼiˑ see ni [adjective formant]
nʼo 3S-n head
nʼos : /nʼos/ head
nʼokʼa : /nʼokʼa/ little head
r̲e̲nʼokʼa : /nʼonkʼa/ d. little heads
nʼokʼmʼč : /nʼokʼamʼč/ big old head
laˑba nʼos gidk : /laˑba nʼos gitk/ two-headed snake (“having-two-heads”). See under may.
r̲é̲r̲mʼak nʼos gidk : /mʼakmʼak nʼos gitk/ “Muddy-Brown-Headed” (man’s proper name)
nʼos\ʼa̲la : /nʼoslʼa/ gets, obtains, has a head

277
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
biblant nʼosa̲ldk : /biblant nʼosaltk/ two- headed snake (“Headed-on-both-ends”). See may.
nʼosksi : /nʼosksi/ “Head-Place” (place name)
n̲
n̲ see en̲ action away, taking away, going
o
obg 19sv [durative: continuous action or state lasting over a period of time]. Also bag and bg. See Sec. 365.
ʔibga : /ʔipga/ pl. objs. lie, are
ʔibgdgi giwk : /ʔibaktgi giwk/ in order that pl. objs. might lie, be
čʼibga : /čʼipga/ liquid stands, is. This could also be {čʼi ebg a} “brings liquid”; the forms are homophonous.
čʼinčnʼbga : /činčampga/ has one’s back to someone going along
čʼinlʼaˑlʼbga : /čʼilʔaˑlʼapga/ has one’s back to the fire
čʼintn̲bga : /čʼintampga/ has the back against, leans back against
gᵛebgbga : /gepgapga/ is coming
gᵛebgbgs : /gepgapks/ coming. E.g.,
/sdigaˑ noˑs gepgapks./ (He) smells me coming.
hinbags : /himbaks/ log
noˑg̣bgs : /noˑg̣apks/ ripe, cooked
/noˑg̣apks dmolo/ ripe plum
tonbga : /tompga/ ropelike obj. is, lies
/tompga g̣og̣e/ the river is, lies. Translated by the informant as “all along the length of the river.” (Texts, 38.32)
obln̲ 10sv downstream. Also bln̲. See Sec. 352.
honr̲bln̲nʼa : /hompbablanʔa/ flies up and down the river
nqenbln̲a : /nqembla/ shouts downstream
sdinbln̲čʼn̲a : /sdimblančʼa/ just went dipping downstream
sg̣ᵛobln̲a : /sg̣obla/ canoes downstream
sg̣ᵛobln̲bli : /sg̣oblambli/ canoes back downstream
očʼ 7-Sv [unknown meaning]. Also čʼ. Segmentation uncertain. See Sec. 334.

278
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
kʼlᵛočʼčnʼa : /kʼloččnʼa/ goes carrying a torch, fire, goes to get a firebrand from a neighbor to relight one’s own fire. See kʼlᵛ.
qbᵛočʼčnʼa : /qboččnʼa/ spits out (as tobacco juice)
qbᵛočʼdiˑla : /qbočdiˑla/ spits underneath
se̲qbᵛočʼkʼa : /soqbačkʼa/ rinses out the mouth. See qbᵛ.
slʼᵛočʼčnʼa : /slʼoččnʼa/ goes carrying a torch, fire. Same as kʼlᵛočʼčnʼa above. See slʼᵛ.
očʼisg 7-Sv suck out, make a smacking or kissing noise with the lips. Only in:
qbᵛočʼisga : /qbočʼisga/ sucks out; makes a smacking or kissing sound with the lips
očʼiˑpʼ 10sv sliding down off a tubular obj. (as trousers off legs, lead out of a pencil, etc.). Also čʼiˑpʼ, čʼpʼ, and očʼpʼ. See Sec. 352.
ʔičʼpʼa : /ʔičpʼa/ takes tubular objs. off of (as pants, leggings, shirt, etc.). Or ʔičʼiˑpʼa : /ʔičʼiˑpʼa/.
se̲ʔičʼpʼa : /siʔačpʼa/ takes off one’s own (pants, shirt, etc.). Or se̲ʔičʼiˑpʼa : /siˑčʼiˑpʼa/.
ktočʼiˑpa : /ktočʼiˑpʼa/ slides out of (as lead out of a pencil)
lᵛočʼiˑpʼa : /ločʼiˑpʼa/ takes a round obj. off of (as a ring from someone’s finger, a bandage, etc.)
se̲ʼlᵛočʼpʼa : /solʼačpʼa/ takes a tubular round obj. off of oneself
lᵛočʼpʼbli : /ločpʼabli/ takes a ring, etc. back off of
se̲ʼlᵛočʼpʼs : /solʼačpʼas/ basket-base: the first woven ring of white cattails on which the basket is to be built up
lwᵛočʼpʼa : /lwočpʼa/ undresses some (removes a tubular garment). See lwᵛ.
nᵉočʼpʼa : /nečpʼa/ takes a flat obj. off of, slides a flat obj. off (as a string figure is taken from the hands of one person to the hands of another)
sbᵛčʼoli̲ʼčʼiˑpʼa : /sbočʼalčʼiˑpʼa/ drags off a tubular obj. (as a garment)
očʼp sle
odg 19sv [past stative, in a state resulting from an action now completed:] been …ing. Also dag and dg. See Sec. 365.
ʔᵛowiˑr̲dga : /ʔowiˑtdatga/ long objs. stand in a line
čʼidga : /čʼitga/ liquid stands, is
čʼidgs : /čʼidaks/ dew
čʼiga̲dgdamna : /čʼigatkdamna/ used to keep getting water
ʔeydgdk : /ʔeytgatk/ headed
/boqboq ʔeytgatk/ white headed
ksiwlʼg̣dga : /ksiwlʼaqtga/ been dancing

279
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
pʼań̲dga : /pʼatga/ been eating
odg 10sv out of a container. Also dg. See Sec. 352.
ʔidga : /ʔitga/ takes pl. objs. out of a container
r̲e̲ʔidga : /ʔiʔatga/ d. take out pl. objs.
nᵉodga : /netga/ takes a flat obj. out of a container
nᵉodgi! : /netgi!/ take a flat obj. out!
pᵛodga : /potga/ pulls something out of a container
pᵛodgbli : /potgabli/ pulls something back out
slᵉodgbliWiˑa : /sletgabliWiˑya/ almost took a clothlike obj. back out of a container
odg̣ 10sv taking away, removing, depriving. Also dg̣. Cf. {edg̣} 10sv “dividing.” See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛodg̣a : /ʔotg̣a/ takes a long obj. away from someone
swʼenč se̲ʔᵛodg̣eˑʼs : /swʼenč soʔatg̣eˑʔas/ “Taking-the-Cradle-board-from-Each-Other” (cat’s cradle figure)
ʔidg̣a : /ʔitg̣a/ takes pl. objs. away from someone
se̲ʔidg̣a : /siʔatg̣a/ take pl. objs. away from each other, quarrel over pl. objs.
ʔidg̣bli : /ʔitg̣abli/ takes pl. objs. back from someone
čʼadg̣a : /čʼatg̣a/ takes a handful of objs. away from. Homophonous with {čʼa edg̣ a} “divides a handful.”
čʼlidg̣a : /čʼlitg̣a/ punctures and peels off with the fingernails (as the rind of a fruit)
slᵉodg̣a : /sletg̣a/ takes a clothlike obj. away from
slᵉodg̣i! : /sletg̣i!/ take a clothlike obj. away!
he̲spidg̣a : /hispatg̣a/ drag away from each other
he̲spidg̣leˑʼa : /hispatg̣leˑʔa/ play tug-of-war
odg̣i 10sv down, down from a height. Also dg̣i. See Sec. 352.
čʼadg̣i : /čʼatg̣i/ takes a handful of objs. down; strips a branch of berries
dasdg̣i : /dastg̣i/ reaches down
se̲dasdg̣ibgs : /sadastg̣ipks/ spot between the shoulderblades (“reaching-down-on-oneself”)
gᵛodg̣i : /gotg̣i/ goes down (as down a cliff, out of a tree)
ksᵛodg̣i : /ksotg̣i/ takes a living being down; idiom: puts a living obj. (as a fish) down upon a roasting stake
slᵉodg̣ibli : /sletg̣ibli/ takes a clothlike obj. back down
odg̣nʼ 10sv into the mouth, in the mouth. Also dg̣nʼ, dg̣n̲, and odg̣n̲. See Sec. 352.
čʼlᵉodg̣nʼa : /čʼletqnʼa/ puts something into someone’s mouth with the fingers

280
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼlᵉodg̣nʼwabg : /čʼletg̣anwapk/ will put something into someone’s mouth
lᵛodg̣nʼa : /lotqnʼa/ puts a round obj. into someone’s mouth; idiom: gives a baby to suck
lᵛodg̣n̲a! : /lotg̣a!/ put a round obj. into someone’s mouth!
lᵛodg̣nʼoˑla : /lotqnʼoˑla/ takes a round obj. out of someone’s mouth
lg̣ᵉodg̣nʼoˑla : /lg̣etqnʼoˑla/ striped objs. hang out of the mouth (as noodles)
ntʼiwdg̣nʼa : /ntʼiwdaqnʼa/ falls into someone’s mouth
odg̣n̲ sle
oditgoˑl 10sv out from under. Also ditgoˑl. Possibly cf. {oˑl} 15sv “finishing an action, undoing an action”? See Sec. 352.
gᵛoditgoˑla : /goditgoˑla/ goes out from under; idiom: has diarrhea
gᵛoditgoˑls : /goditgoˑls/ diarrhea
lᵛoditgoˑla : /loditgoˑla/ takes a round obj. out from under
nᵉoditgoˑlbli : /neditgoˑlabli/ takes a flat obj. back out from under
wLeˑditgoˑla : /wLeˑditgoˑla/ sweeps out from under
odiˑl 10sv under, underneath. Also diˑl. See Sec. 352.
ʔidiˑla : /ʔidiˑla/ puts pl. objs. underneath. (intr. also)
ʔidiˑlang! : /ʔidiˑlank!/ please put pl. objs. under!
ʔidiˑlangat! : /ʔidiˑlangat!/ pl. please put pl. objs. underneath!
ʔidiˑlat! : /ʔidiˑlat!/ pl. put pl. objs. under!
ʔidiˑli! : /ʔidiˑli!/ put pl. objs. under!
gᵛodiˑla : /godiˑla/ goes under
gᵛor̲diˑla : /gotdiˑla/ goes around under
gᵛor̲r̲diˑla : /gotdatdiˑla/ goes around under continually or habitually
g̣ediˑla : /g̣ediˑla/ grows underneath
r̲e̲g̣er̲diˑls : /g̣eg̣atdiˑls/ armpit hair
lᵛodiˑla : /lodiˑla/ puts a round obj. underneath. (intr. also)
se̲lᵛodiˑldk : /soldiˑlatk/ having a round obj. underneath oneself; carrying a round obj. in the armpit
odtʼ 7-Sv do transitively (?). Meaning uncertain. Also di, dtʼ and odeˑ. See Sec. 334.
nᵛodtʼa : /nottʼa/ obj. burns
r̲e̲ʼnᵛodtʼa : /nonʼattʼa/ d. objs. burn
snᵛodtʼa : /snottʼa/ burns an obj.
he̲snᵛodtʼa : /hosnattʼa/ burns oneself up
nᵛodeˑa̲ksga : /nodeˑksga/ obj. almost burned

281
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
nᵛodeˑbga : /nodeˑpga/ obj. is burning
nᵛodeˑdga : /nodeˑtga/ been burning
r̲r̲e̲snᵛodeˑdga : /snosndeˑtga/ has been burning d. objs.
nᵛodeˑkyamna : /nodeˑkyamna/ obj. burns around the edges
nᵛodeˑyeˑni̲ʼa : /nodeˑyeˑnʼa/ obj. burns inside
sʔodtʼa : /sʔottʼa/ does, works, makes. See s?
yʼoˑdtʼa : /yʼoˑttʼa/ shoots pl. times
yʼoˑdi! : /yʼoˑdi!/ shoot pl. times!
yʼoˑdiča̲a : /yʼoˑdiča/ goes to shoot pl. times. See yʼoˑ.
oga̲ 7-Sv get, obtain; perform an action once. Also ga̲. See Sec. 334.
ʔiga̲ča̲a : /ʔikča/ goes to get pl. objs.
ʔiga̲ča̲bli : /ʔikčabli/ goes back after pl. objs.
ʔiga̲ča̲iˑa : /ʔikčiˑya/ goes to get pl. objs. for someone
ʔiga̲dga : /ʔigatga/ been to get pl. objs.
ʔiga̲lgi : /ʔigalgi/ comes to get pl. objs.
ʔiga̲lgibliangat! : /ʔigalgiblyangat!/ pl. please come back to get pl. objs.!
čʼliga̲a : /čʼliga/ pinches, grabs in the fingers, claws; snags on (as a canoe on a submerged log, as a fishhook on the bottom). See čʼlᵉ.
ksᵛoga̲tn̲a : /ksokta/ sets a living obj. onto. against; sets a dog on someone. See ksᵛ.
kʼlᵛočʼga̲ča̲a : /kʼločkča/ goes to get a fire, torch
sponga̲ča̲bli : /sponkčabli/ goes to get someone
sponga̲dga : /spongatga/ been to get someone
sponga̲lgi : /spongalgi/ comes to get someone
wdᵛoga̲a : /wdoga/ hits once with a long instrument
se̲wdᵛoga̲a : /soˑtga/ hits oneself with a long instrument, hit each other
wdᵛoga̲oˑts : /wdogoˑts/ whip
og̣amn 10sv up, upstream. Also g̣amn and ig̣amn. See Sec. 352.
gᵛog̣amna : /gog̣amna/ climbs up, goes upstream
nqenig̣amna : /nqenig̣amna/ shouts upstream
sg̣ᵛog̣amna : /sg̣og̣amna/ canoes upstream
sg̣ᵛog̣amnbli : /sg̣og̣amnabli/ canoes back upstream
og̣n̲ 10sv climbing. Also g̣n̲. See Sec. 352.
gᵛog̣n̲a : /gog̣a/ climbs
r̲e̲gᵛog̣n̲a : /gokg̣a/ d. climb
gᵛog̣n̲a! : /gog̣a!/ climb!

282
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
gᵛog̣n̲dgi : /gog̣antgi/ wants someone to climb
gᵛog̣n̲ek! : /gog̣nek!/ let me climb!
gᵛog̣n̲ys : /gog̣iˑs/ the climbing, to climb
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan gog̣iˑs./ I want to climb.
og̣y 10sv swallowing, biting, snacking, into the mouth. Also g̣y. See Sec. 352.
čʼag̣y : /čʼag̣iˑ/ bites, puts a handful into the mouth
čʼlᵉog̣y : /čʼleg̣iˑ/ snacks, has a bite of food
čʼlᵉog̣yčʼa̲bga : /čʼleg̣iˑčʼapga/ just had a snack before coming
čʼlᵉog̣ynʼa! : /čleg̣iˑnʼa!/ let’s have a snack!
ksᵛog̣y : /ksog̣iˑ/ swallows a living obj. (as a whole fish)
r̲r̲e̲ksᵛog̣y : /ksoksg̣i/ d. swallow a living obj.
slʼᵛog̣y : /slʼog̣iˑ/ swallows fire
/loq ʔa slʼog̣iˑ sʔabasas./ The Grizzly swallows the sun. Term for an eclipse.
okang 12sv around, here and there. Also kang. See Sec. 354.
čʼlᵉawskanga : /čʼlawskanga/ gropes around with the fingers
lotoˑkanga : /lotoˑkanga/ carries an armload around here and there
r̲e̲nᵛotn̲yeˑgkanga : /nontanyeˑkkanga/ starts burning around here and there
swʼinkanga : /swʼinkanga/ rocks the body around, to and fro
swʼinkangoˑts : /swʼinkangoˑts/ rocking chair
wotʼwkangčnʼoˑta : /wotʼoˑkankčnʼoˑta/ waves (the tail) while going along
okʼ seeˑokʼ [inclusive]
okʼčʼw 10sv into water. Also kʼčʼw. See Sec. 352.
dᵛokʼčʼwa : /dokčʼwa/ falls into water headfirst
dᵛokʼčʼwwabg : /dokčʼoˑwapk/ will fall into water headfirst
ntʼiwkʼčʼwa : /ntʼiwkʼačʼwa/ falls into water
olčʼ see golčʼ sever pl. objs.
olgi 14sv motion toward for a purpose, coming to do. Also lgi. Cf. also {oˑlgi} 7-Sv “gather together.” See Sec. 356.
gᵛolgi : /golgi/ comes (for a purpose); idiom: attacks, comes with an evil purpose
lᵛoga̲lgi : /logalgi/ comes to get a round obj.
lᵛoga̲lgibliangat! : /logalgiblyangat!/ pl. please come back to get a round obj.!
pʼań̲lgi : /pʼalgi/ comes to eat
sponga̲lgi : /spongalgi/ comes to get someone
wqatʼlʼg̣lgiwabg : /wqatlʼag̣lgiwapk/ will come to clear forest, cut down brush

283
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
oliˑn 10sv off the edge, side; off a vehicle, overboard; on the edge. Also liˑn. See Sec. 352.
ʔiliˑna : /ʔiliˑna/ takes pl. objs. off the edge, off a vehicle, off the top (as one skims shells or peelings off of liquid)
r̲e̲ʔiliˑnat! : /ʔiˑliˑnat!/ pl. d. take pl. objs. off the edge!
ʔiliˑnča̲iˑk! : /ʔiliˑnčiˑk!/ go and take pl. objs. off the edge!
ʔiliˑni! : /ʔiliˑni!/ take pl. objs. off the edge!
čʼoqliˑna : /čʼoqliˑna/ puts the buttocks overboard; idiom: relieves oneself from a canoe
ntʼiwliˑna : /ntʼiwliˑna/ falls off the edge, off a vehicle
ntʼiwliˑnalla : /ntʼiwliˑnalla/ falls off the edge and is lost forever
yᵛqʼosliˑna : /yoqʼasliˑna/ sprains someone’s ankle. Use of {oliˑn} here?
oLal 7-Sv slide off, down. Cf. {Loˑ} 7-Sv with a similar meaning. Also Lal. See Sec. 334.
čᵛoLalčʼiˑpʼa : /čoLalčʼiˑpʼa/ tubular obj. slides off (as beads off a string)
čᵛoLaldg̣i : /čoLaltg̣i/ slides down (as a loose obj. that was hanging up: a rope, garment, etc.)
čʼinLaleˑʼa : /čʼilhaleˑʔa/ slides down on one’s back (as a child on a snow slope)
r̲e̲čʼinLaleˑʼa : /čʼičʼalhaleˑʔa/ d. slide down
oLqʼ 10sv removing hair or feathers, plucking a bird. scraping a hide. Also Lqʼ. See Sec. 352.
ʔiLqʼa : /ʔiLqʼa/ removes hair or feathers, plucks a bird, scrapes a hide
r̲e̲ʔiLqʼat! : /ʔiʔaLqʼat!/ pl. remove hair, feathers!
ʔiLqʼi! : /ʔiLqʼi!/ remove hair, feathers!
ʔiLqʼs : /ʔiLqʼas/ the plucking, scraping
/sʔaywaks hoˑt ʔiLqʼas./ He knows how to pluck (a bird).
gᵛoLqʼa : /goLqʼa/ goes off (feathers, hair); idiom: sleet falls
gᵛoLqʼs : /goLqʼas/ sleet
pᵛoLqʼa : /poLqʼa/ pulls off feathers, hair; plucks a bird
r̲e̲pᵛoLqʼa : /popaLqʼa/ d. pluck
oLy 10sv into. inside, into a house. Also Ly. See Sec. 352.
ʔiLy : /ʔiLiˑ/ puts pl. objs. inside. (intr. also).
ʔiLy! : /ʔiLiˑ!/ put pl. objs. inside!
ʔiLybliiˑa : /ʔiLiˑbliˑya/ puts pl. objs. back inside for someone
ʔiLydk : /ʔiLiˑtk/ pl. objs. inside; idiom: prisoners
ʔiLyks : /ʔiLiˑks/ jail (“pl.-objs.-inside-place”)
dᵉloLy : /delhi/ looks inside, into a house

284
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
gᵛoLy : /goLiˑ/ goes inside, into a house
lotoˑLy : /lotoˑLi/ carries an armload inside
nʼiqLybga : /nʼiqLipga/ has a hand inside
r̲r̲e̲stʼaqʼLyykiˑndk : /stʼastʼaqLiˑkiˑnatk/ having a receding hairline (“d.-being-bald-inside-from-the-edge”)
onamn 10sv in strips (as meat). Also namn. See Sec. 352.
wonamna : /wonamna/ cuts into strips with a long instrument (as meat)
r̲e̲wonamna : /woˑnamna/ d. cut into strips
oneˑg 10sv down into a hole, ditch. Also neˑg. See Sec. 352.
dinneˑga : /dinneˑga/ (sun) sets
dinneˑgs : /dinneˑks/ sunset
keˑneˑga : /keˑneˑga/ throws a handful, shovelful, down into a hole
ktiwneˑgbli : /ktiwneˑkbli/ pushes back down into a hole
ntʼiwneˑga : /ntʼiwneˑga/ falls into a hole, ditch
pečneˑgi! : /pečneˑgi!/ put a foot into a hole!
oqʼil 7-Sv bend into a circle. Only in:
spᵛoqʼillʼg̣a : /spoqʼillg̣a/ bends into a circle (as a willow wand)
osg 10sv off of, away from, out. Also sg. See Sec. 352.
ʔisga : /ʔisga/ takes pl. objs. off of, away from; idiom: picks berries
se̲ʔisga : /siʔasga/ takes pl. objs. off of oneself, each other
r̲e̲se̲ʔisga : /sisʔasga/ d. take pl. objs. off of themselves, each other
ʔisgi! : /ʔisgi!/ take pl. objs. off!
čʼlᵉᵛqitʼsga : /čʼliqatsga/ scratches off with the fingernails
dassga : /dasga/ lets go of something from the hand
g̣wᵛosga : /g̣wosga/ bites off
r̲r̲e̲stʼaqsgdk : /stʼastʼaqsgatk/ mangy, with hair coming off
osn̲ 10sv underneath, sunken deep under water, buried deep beneath earth, ashes, etc. Also sn̲. See Sec. 352.
ʔisn̲a : /ʔisa/ puts pl. objs. under water, under earth. (intr. also)
ʔisn̲a! : /ʔisa!/ put pl. underneath!
ʔisn̲ča̲wabg : /ʔisančwapk/ will go to put pl. objs. underneath
lᵛosn̲a : /losa/ puts a round obj. underneath water, earth. (intr. also)
nᵉosn̲a : /nesa/ puts a flat obj. underneath water, earth. (intr. also)
slᵉosn̲bli : /slesambli/ puts a clothlike obj. back under water, earth. (intr. also)

285
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
oteˑg 10sv deep into. Also teˑg. See Sec. 352.
g̣wᵛoteˑga : /g̣woteˑga/ bites deep into
ksᵛoteˑga : /ksoteˑga/ puts a living obj. deep into. (intr. also)
ksᵛoteˑgčʼn̲a : /ksoteˑkčʼa/ just put a living obj. deep into. Note the following idiom:
/ksoteˑkčʼa ʔan gew./ I’m slowly sinking (dying, getting weaker and weaker).
qdᵛoteˑga : /qdoteˑga/ cuts deep into
sboˑteˑga : /sboˑteˑga/ puts a leg deep into (as mud)
otn̲ 10sv on, against, attached to. Also tn̲. See Sec. 352.
ʔitn̲a : /ʔita/ puts pl. objs. onto (as beads on a string, as one attaches beads to a dress). PO also used this form for “records items on a tape recorder.”
ʔitn̲a! : /ʔita!/ put pl. objs. on!
ʔitn̲bli : /ʔitambli/ puts pl. objs. back on
čʼintn̲bga : /čʼintampga/ has the back against, leans back against
čʼlᵉmʼiqtn̲a : /čʼlimʼaqta/ clings to, depends on heavily, clutches
čʼlᵉmʼiqtn̲ys : /čʼlimʼaqtis/ “clinging-vine” (a girl who is overly dependent upon her spouse)
dastn̲a : /dasta/ touches, reaches, puts a hand on
nᵉotn̲a : /neta/ puts a flat obj. onto, against
se̲nᵉotn̲a : /senta/ holds a flat obj. against oneself
nᵉotn̲bli : /netambli/ puts a flat obj. back onto; idiom: changes diapers
nʼiqtn̲a : /nʼiqta/ lays a hand on. See nʼiq.
qbᵛotn̲a : /qbota/ puts the mouth on, against
qbᵛotn̲nʼa : /qbotanʔa/ keeps putting the mouth on
qbᵛor̲tn̲nʼa : /qbottanʔa/ keeps repeatedly putting the mouth on
otqʼag 10sv up out of (water. dirt. a hole. etc.). Also tqag. See Sec. 352.
ʔitqʼaga : /ʔitqʼaga/ takes pl. objs. up out of, digs up pl. objs. (as carrots, roots)
ʔitqʼag! : /ʔitqʼak!/ dig up pl. objs.!
r̲e̲ʔitqʼagat! : /ʔiʔatqʼagat!/ d. pl. dig up pl. objs.!
kᵛiwtqʼaga : /kiwtqʼaga/ pokes up out with a sharp instrument
lᵛotqʼaga : /lotqʼaga/ takes a round obj. up out of (water, earth, ashes). (intr. also.) See lᵛ.
slᵉotqʼaga : /sletqʼaga/ takes a clothlike obj. up out. (intr. also)
slᵉotqʼagbli : /sletqʼakbli/ takes a clothlike obj. back up out

286
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
otʼw 7-Sv throw sg. Only after {n} 4S-v “act with a round instrument” and {w} 4S-v “act with a long instrument.”
notʼwbli : /notʼoˑbli/ throws a round obj. back
notʼwčnʼa : /notʼoˑčnʼa/ throws a round obj.
notʼwčibga : /notʼoˑčipga/ throws a round obj. toward, this way
notʼwlʼaˑlʼa : /notʼoˑlʼaˑlʼa/ throws a round obj. into the fire
notʼwqn̲a : /notʼoˑqa/ throws a round obj. out, through
notʼwwa : /notʼoˑwa/ throws a round obj. into water
notʼwwl : /notʼoˑwal/ throws a round obj. on top of
notʼwy : /notʼwi/ throws a round obj. to someone. gives a round obj. by tossing it
se̲notʼwyʼaˑYa : /sontʼoˑyʼaˑYa/ throws a round obj. in front of oneself
wotʼwčnʼa : /wotʼoˑčnʼa/ throws away a long obj.
wotʼwča! : /wotʼoˑča!/ throw a long obj.!
wotʼwčnʼa̲t : /wotʼoˑčant/ can throw a long obj.
wotʼwdg̣i : /wotʼoˑtg̣i/ throws a long obj. down
wotʼwkanga : /wotʼoˑkanga/ throws a long obj. around; shakes someone up roughly
wotʼwkangčnʼoˑta : /wotʼoˑkančnʼoˑta/ waves (the tail) while going along
wotʼwkʼiˑčʼa : /wotʼoˑkʼiˑčʼa/ whirls around and throws (as a sling)
wotʼwlʼg̣a : /wotʼoˑlg̣a/ throws down upon the ground
se̲wotʼwlʼg̣a : /soˑtʼoˑlg̣a/ throw each other down
se̲wotʼwpbeˑli̲ʼa : /soˑtʼoˑpbeˑlʼa/ throws back and forth; casts a fishline
wotʼwqn̲a : /wotʼoˑqa/ throws a long obj. out, through
wotʼwqweˑLa : /wotʼoˑqweˑLa/ throws a long obj. down from, down a slope, out of a tree
wotʼwy : /wotʼwi/ throws a long obj. to someone, gives a long obj. by throwing it. Also used with other categories of objs. whose classificatory stem does not occur with {otʼw}; e.g., “gives a clothlike obj. by throwing,” “gives a living obj. by throwing,” etc.
wotʼwyg̣i : /wotʼoˑyg̣i/ throws up out of, over (as a fish jerked out of water on a line)
owang 10sv falling over (as a vertical long obj., a tree. pole). Also wang. See Sec. 352.
nᵛowanga : /nowanga/ tree burns down
snᵛowanga : /snowanga/ fells a tree by burning

287
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
qawanga : /qawanga/ pulls a heavy or pronged obj. over (as a stump). (intr. also)
qawangi! : /qawangi!/ pull it over!
wičoˑwanga : /wičoˑwanga/ (wind) blows over (a tree, etc.)
wowanga : /wowanga/ (tree, pole) falls over
r̲e̲wowanga : /woˑwanga/ d. fall over
owedg 10sv taking out of a socket. Also wedg. Cf. also {odg} 10sv “out of a container.” See Sec. 352.
lᵛowedga : /lowetga/ takes a round obj. out of a socket (as an eye)
r̲e̲lᵛowedga : /lolwetga/ d. take a round obj. out of a socket
pᵛowedga : /powetga/ pulls an obj. out of a socket
pᵛowedgi! : /powetgi!/ pull an obj. out of a socket!
owi 10sv spreading out, scattering. Also wi. Some occurrences of this morpheme are homophonous with occurrences of wy (allomorph of {oy} 10sv “giving sg.”). Cf. {aywwi} 10sv with much the same meaning. See Sec. 352.
dinwi : /dinwi/ pl. run and scatter, spread out
he̲sdᵛowi : /hosdwi/ pass a pipe to each other
r̲r̲e̲sdᵛowi : /sdosdwi/ d. pass a pipe
nʼiqwibga : /nʼiqwipga/ spreads out a hand
slᵉowi : /slewi/ spreads out a garment among
stopʼwi : /stopʼwi/ water gushes and spreads out
wʼetʼwi : /wʼetʼwi/ spreads out a substance on the earth
wʼetʼr̲wi : /wʼetʼoˑwi/ spreads out a substance all around
owiˑ 7-Sv be in a line, row, bunch. Also wiˑ. See Sec. 334.
ʔᵛowiˑčnʼa : /ʔowiˑčnʼa/ go along shoulder to shoulder in a line
ʔᵛowiˑr̲dga : /ʔowiˑtdatga/ long objs. stand in a row, line
ʔᵛowiˑkanga : /ʔowiˑkanga/ go around in a line here and there (as soldiers)
ʔᵛowiˑlʼg̣a : /ʔowiˑlg̣a/ stand up in a line
ʔᵛowiˑwl : /ʔowiˑwal/ long objs. stand in a line on top of
ksᵛowiˑdiˑla : /ksowiˑdiˑla/ puts living objs. in a line beneath
lᵛowiˑbga : /lowiˑpga/ round objs. stand side by side
lᵛowiˑdglčʼn̲a : /lowiˑtgalčʼa/ round objs. just started off in a line (as cars in a race)
lᵛowiˑkyamna : /lowiˑkyamna/ puts round objs. in a line around a central obj. (intr. also)
se̲lᵛowiˑkyamna : /solwiˑkyamna/ places round objs. in a line around oneself
lᵛowiˑlʼg̣a : /lowiˑlg̣a/ puts down round objs. in a line, row

288
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
owiˑ 10sv take home first, do first before some other action. Also wiˑ. See Sec. 352.
ʔiwiˑča̲a : /ʔiwiˑča/ goes to take pl. objs. home first (before performing some further action)
ʔiwiˑča̲angat! : /ʔiwiˑčangat!/ pl. please take pl. objs. homE first!
ʔiwiˑča̲at! : /ʔiwiˑčat!/ pl. take pl. objs. home first!
ʔiwiˑča̲iˑk! : /ʔiwiˑčiˑk!/ take pl. objs. home first!
ʔiwiˑdga : /ʔiwiˑtga/ been to take pl. objs. home first
nᵉowiˑča̲bli : /newiˑčabli/ goes to take a flat obj. back first
sgeʔan̲wiˑlʼg̣a : /sgeʔanwiˑlg̣a/ buys first (in advance)
slᵉowiˑča̲a : /slewiˑča/ takes home a clothlike obj. first
owqiˑw see wqiw extend out onto a plain, flat place
oWasg 10sv away from. off. Also Wasg. Cf. also {osg} 10sv “off of, away from, out.” See Sec. 352.
ʔiWasga : /ʔiWasga/ takes pl. objs. away. off
ʔiWasgi! : /ʔiWasgi!/ take away pl. objs.!
ʔiWasgnʼapga : /ʔiWasknʼapga/ feels like taking pl. objs. off, away
g̣wᵛoWasga : /g̣woWasga/ bites off, away
qaWasga : /qaWasga/ takes a heavy or pronged obj. away from (as a chair away from a wall)
tpoWasga : /tpoWasga/ drives (an animal, etc.) away
owʼeˑtʼ 10sv over the edge, draped off the edge. Also wʼeˑtʼ. See Sec. 352.
hiwwʼeˑtʼa : /hiwʔeˑtʼa/ (blanket, rug, mat) drapes off the edge, hangs half off the edge
he̲shiwwʼeˑtʼi! : /hisoˑʔeˑtʼi!/ make it drape off the edge!
lᵛowʼeˑtʼa : /lowʼeˑtʼa/ hangs a round obj. over the edge (intr. also); draws the body up into a ball (?)
se̲lᵛowʼeˑtʼs : /solwʼeˑts/ lavaliere, pendant (“round-obj.-suspended-off-oneself”)
tonwʼeˑtʼa : /tonwʼeˑtʼa/ ropelike obj. hangs off the edge
stonwʼeˑtʼa : /stonwʼeˑtʼa/ hangs a ropelike obj. off the edge
oy 10sv giving a single obj. Also wy and y. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛoya : /ʔoya/ gives a long obj.
r̲e̲ʔᵛoy : /ʔoʔiˑ/ d. each give a long obj.
čʼaya : /čʼaya/ gives a handful of granular objs.
r̲e̲čʼay : /čʼačʼiˑ/ d. each give a handful
čʼaya̲t : /čʼayt/ can give a handful of objs.
čʼaybli : /čʼaybli/ gives a handful back

289
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ksᵛoya : /ksoya/ gives a living obj.
lᵛoya : /loya/ gives a round obj.
r̲e̲ʼlᵛoy : /lolʼiˑ/ d. each give a round obj.
lotoˑwy : /lotoˑwi/ gives an armload of objs.
nᵉoya : /neya/ gives a flat obj.
sʔoˑwy : /sʔoˑwi/ gives a plate, tray of objs.
slᵉoya : /sleya/ gives a clothlike obj.
r̲r̲e̲slᵉoy : /slesli/ d. each give a clothlike obj.
slᵉoy! : /sley!/ give a clothlike obj.!
wotʼwy : /wotʼwi/ gives a long obj. by throwing, tossing
oyamn 10sv around, carrying or holding an obj. aimlessly
čʼlᵉoyamna : /čʼleyamna/ holds a massive, shapeless obj. (as a piece of meat, clod of dirt, etc.)
čʼlᵉor̲yamna : /čʼleyyamna/ carries a massive obj. around
nᵉor̲yamna : /neyyamna/ holds, carries a flat obj. around
qbᵛoyamna : /qboyamna/ has something in the mouth (clear inside the mouth, as a piece of candy). Cf.
qbir̲yamna : /qbiyyamna/ holds, carries in the mouth so that an end protrudes (as a dog carrying a bone)
sg̣ᵛoyamna : /sg̣oyamna/ canoes around
sg̣ᵛoyamndga : /sg̣oyamnatga/ been canoeing around
sg̣ᵛoyamnkanga : /sg̣oyamnkanga/ canoes around here and there aimlessly
oyeˑg 11sv up, raising, lifting. Also yeˑg. Cf. also {yeˑg} 17sv “beginning, starting.” See Sec. 353.
ʔiyeˑga : /ʔiyeˑga/ lifts pl. objs.
ʔiyeˑg! : /ʔiyeˑk!/ lift pl. objs.! Or:
ʔiyeˑgi! : /ʔiyeˑgi!/ lift pl. objs.!
ʔiyeˑgik! : /ʔiyeˑgik!/ let me lift pl. objs.!
dasyeˑga : /dasyeˑga/ raises a hand
dasyeˑgs : /dasyeˑks/ the raising of a hand
/g̣esga ʔan dasyeˑks./ I can’t raise a hand.
ngatʼyeˑga : /ngatʼyeˑga/ jumps up
ngatʼyeˑgdamna : /ngatʼyeˑkdamna/ keeps jumping up
ngatʼyeˑgkanga : /ngatʼyeˑkkanga/ jumps up here and there
ngatʼyeˑgkangyeˑga : /ngatʼyeˑkkangyeˑga/ starts to jump up here and there
oyeˑg̣i see oyg̣i up, above, over
oyeˑni̲ʼ 10sv inside, action inside. Also Yeˑni̲ʼ and occasionally yeˑni̲ʼ (in free variation with Yeˑni̲ʼ). See Sec. 352.
ʔiyeˑni̲ʼoˑla : /ʔiyeˑnʼoˑla/ takes pl. objs. out from inside

290
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼlᵉawsYeˑni̲ʼa : /čʼlawsYeˑnʼa/ gropes about inside with the fingers
kᵛčʼloˑsYeˑni̲ʼa : /kočʼloˑsYeˑnʼa/ mops inside. See čʼlos.
nᵛoyeˑni̲ʼa : /noyeˑnʼa/ fire burns inside
snᵛoyeˑni̲ʼa : /snoyeˑnʼa/ burns something inside
nᵛoyeˑni̲ʼdk : /noyeˑnitk/ burned inside
snᵛoyeˑni̲ʼi! : /snoyeˑnʼi!/ burn (it) inside!
oyg̣ag 10sv out of water, container. Also yg̣ag. See Sec. 352.
ʔiyg̣aga : /ʔiˑg̣aga/ takes pl. objs. out of water, out of a pot; takes money out of a pool or gambling game
gᵛoyg̣aga : /goyg̣aga/ goes out of water
gᵛoyg̣agbli : /goyg̣akbli/ goes back out of water
kčʼiyg̣aga : /kčʼiˑg̣aga/ crawls out of water
spiyg̣aga : /spiˑg̣aga/ drags something out of water
oyg̣i 10sv up, above, over. Also oyeˑg̣i, yeˑg̣i, yg̣, and yg̣i. See Sec. 352.
ʔeyyg̣i : /ʔeyiˑg̣i/ puts the head over. (intr. also)
ʔeyyg̣ioˑts : /ʔeyyag̣yoˑts/ headrest: a cloth or tule pad put under a child’s head on the cradle board
ʔiyg̣i : /ʔiˑg̣i/ puts pl. objs. over, above (intr. also); takes pl. objs. out of water (?)
ʔambo ʔiyg̣ioˑts : /ʔambo ʔiˑg̣yoˑts/ water pump
čʼinyg̣i : /čʼiniˑg̣i/ puts the back up, arches the back
hod̲yg̣i : /hoyiˑg̣i/ runs over, jumps over
hod̲r̲yeˑgi : /hoyyeˑgi/ runs, jumps back and forth over
ksᵛoyg̣i : /ksoyg̣i/ puts a living obj. over. (intr. also)
nᵉoyg̣i : /neyg̣i/ puts a flat obj. above, over. (intr. also)
se̲ʼnᵉoyg̣ibga : /senʼiˑg̣ipga/ is holding a flat obj. over oneself (as a hat, paper, book)
ngatʼyg̣i : /ngatʼiˑg̣i/ jumps over, above
ngatʼr̲yeˑg̣i : /ngatʼiˑyeˑg̣i/ jumps back and forth over
se̲ngatʼyg̣eˑʼa : /sangatʼiˑg̣eˑʔa/ jump over each other for sport, play leapfrog
slᵉoyg̣i : /sleyg̣i/ puts a clothlike obj. over. (intr. also)
he̲slᵉoyg̣i : /hesliˑg̣i/ puts a clothlike obj. over oneself
he̲slᵉoyg̣s : /hesliˑqs/ shawl
oykag 10sv escaping. Also ykag. See Sec. 352.
gᵛoykaga : /goykaga/ escapes, runs off
kčʼiykaga : /kčʼiˑkaga/ crawls away and escapes
oykiˑn 11sv to the edge, out of a fire, out of water, on the edge, in a line. Also ykiˑn. See Sec. 353.
kᵛiwykiˑna : /kiwiˑkiˑna/ pokes an obj. out of water, fire, with a sharp instrument

291
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kᵛiwykiˑni! : /kiwiˑkiˑni!/ poke it out!
kᵛiwykiˑniˑa : /kiwiˑkiˑniˑya/ pokes out of fire, water, for someone
kᵛiwykiˑns : /kiwiˑkiˑns/ “Taking-out-of-Water-with-a-Pointed-Instrument” (place name)
liwykiˑna : /liwiˑkiˑna/ group stands on the edge
r̲e̲ʼyaˑkʼa liwykiˑns : /yayʼaˑkʼa liwiˑkiˑns/ “Little-Willows-in-a-Group-on-the-Edge” (place name)
sg̣ᵛoykiˑna : /sg̣oykiˑna/ canoes to the edge, brings a canoe to the shore and out of water
r̲r̲e̲stʼaqʼLyykiˑndk : /stʼastʼaqLiˑkiˑnatk/ having a receding hairline (“d.-being-bald-inside-from-the-edge”)
oywi̲ʼ 10sv action upon pl. (usually violent action, such as biting, beating). Also ywi̲ʼ. See Sec. 352.
g̣wᵛoywi̲ʼa : /g̣woywʼa/ bites pl. objs.
ktoywi̲ʼa : /ktoywʼa/ hits, kicks pl.
ktoywi̲ʼwabg : /ktoywi wapk/ will hit, kick pl.
wdᵛoywi̲ʼa : /wdoywa/ beats, whips pl.
oYn̲ 10sv alongside, along a mountainside, cliff, twisting riverbank. Also Ya (before {obg} 19sv [durative]) and Yn̲. See Sec. 352.
dmᵛoYn̲čʼn̲a : /dmoYančʼa/ digs a tunnel alongside, along a mountainside, cliff. (intr. also)
ginYabga : /ginYapga/ is a space all along a slope
kenYn̲čʼn̲a : /kenYančʼa/ snows along a mountainside (intr. also)
lᵛoYn̲čʼn̲a : /loYančʼa/ round obj. runs along the edge, along a cliff, riverbank (as an automobile)
mbastga nqewi̲ʼYabgs : /mbastga nqewYapks/ “Breaking-Through-with-Rocks” (name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7)
sdᵛoYn̲čʼn̲a : /sdoYančʼa/ just passed a pipe along a row of persons
oyʼoˑt 10sv trading, throwing a spear (in one item only). Also yʼoˑt. See Sec. 352.
se̲ʔiyʼoˑta : /siˑyʼoˑta/ trade pl. objs. with each other
se̲ʔiyʼoˑta̲t : /siˑyʼoˑtat/ can trade pl. objs.
se̲ʔiyʼoˑtbli : /siˑyʼoˑtbli/ trade back pl. objs. Or /siˑyʼoˑtabli/.
se̲ʔiyʼoˑtčawa̲bg : /siˑyʼoˑtčwapk/ will go to trade pl. objs. with each other
he̲ksᵛoyʼoˑta : /hoksyʼoˑta/ trades a living obj. (swaps horses, changes a horse from one side of the harness to the other)
ktoyʼoˑta : /ktoyʼoˑta/ throws at (as a spear, dart)
se̲ktoyʼoˑta : /soktyʼoˑta/ throw a spear at each other
se̲nᵉoyʼoˑta : /senyʼoˑta/ trade flat objs. with each other

292
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
se̲tonyʼoˑta : /sotanyʼoˑta/ ropelike objs. cross, go together, past each other (as ropes, wires)
oˑ 7-Sv do to someone else, do from afar. Meaning uncertain. Possibly somehow connected with {iw} 7-Sv “do violently.” Only in:
diloˑčnʼa : /diloˑčnʼa/ watches someone going along
r̲e̲diloˑčnʼa : /didloˑčnʼa/ d. watch someone going
diloˑčibga : /diloˑčipga/ watches someone coming
diloˑdg̣i : /diloˑtg̣i/ watches someone going down
diloˑliˑdang̣bga : /diloˑliˑdanqpga/ is watching someone coming to meet one
diloˑmni : /diloˑmni/ watches someone going up
diloˑtʼn̲a : /diloˑtʼa/ dreams, has a premonition
diloˑtʼn̲nʼa : /diloˑtʼanʔa/ dreams about someone, has a premonition about someone
g̣itʼoˑtn̲nʼa : /g̣itʼoˑtanʔa/ pours over someone (as water, perfume)
se̲g̣itʼoˑtn̲nʼa : /siqtʼoˑtanʔa/ pours over oneself
oˑl 15sv finishing an action, undoing an action, completing and ceasing an action. See Sec. 361.
se̲ʼnᵉakʼčʼwy : /sanʼakčʼwi/ puts a handkerchief into one’s own pocket, cupboard, tight place
se̲ʼnᵉakʼčʼwyoˑla : /sanʼakčʼawyoˑla/ takes a flat obj., handkerchief, etc., out of one’s own pocket, cupboard, tight place
nᵉawl : /nawal/ puts a flat obj. on top of
nᵉawloˑla : /nawloˑla/ takes a flat obj. off the top of
pečqn̲a : /pečqa/ puts a foot through, out
pečqn̲oˑla : /pečqnoˑla/ pulls a foot out, through
slᵉaqaˑyi̲ʼa : /slaqaˑyʼa/ puts a garment, clothlike obj., into the bushes, trees, in among
slᵉaqaˑyi̲ʼoˑla : /slaqaˑyʼoˑla/ picks out a clothlike obj. from among bushes, jumbled objects
slᵉiwyʼg̣oˑlbli : /slewiˑg̣oˑlabli/ takes a clothlike obj. back out of a container
stʼaqʼčwoˑla : /stʼaqčwoˑla/ is getting bald
wčaˑqʼoˑla : /wčaˑqʼoˑla/ finishes sharpening a long instrument
oˑlgi 7-Sv gather together. Also woˑlgi in one form. Cf. also {olgi} 14sv “motion toward for a purpose, coming to do.” See Sec. 334.
se̲ʔioˑlgi : /siʔoˑlgi/ gathers pl. objs. together
se̲ʔioˑlgibli : /siʔoˑlgibli/ gathers pi. objs. back together
se̲gᵛoˑlgi : /sogoˑlgi/ gather together
se̲lᵛwoˑlgi : /solwoˑlgi/ gathers a round obj.; coils into a ball (as string, rope)

293
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
oˑli 10sv down off, down a bank; beating, winning. Also liˑ. See Sec. 352.
gᵛoˑli : /goˑli/ goes down off, down a bank; beats in a game
gᵛoˑlia̲t : /goˑlit/ can go down off; can win
gᵛoˑlidamna : /goˑlidamna/ keeps going down off; keeps winning
gᵛoˑlis : /goˑlis/ the going down off; the winning
/g̣esga ʔa hoˑt goˑlis./ He can’t win.
dᵉloˑli : /deloˑli/ looks down off
noˑli : /noˑli/ (sun) goes down, sets. See noˑ.
stopʼoˑli : /stopʼoˑli/ (water) gushes down off
oˑt 20sv [instrumental noun formant] (with {s} 24sv [noun formant]); performing the action of the verb simultaneously with the action of another verb in the predication. See Sec. 366.
ʔesnkʼoˑta : /ʔesnkʼoˑta/ while crying
/hoˑt ʔa ʔesnkʼoˑta sg̣epgabli./ He rowed back while crying.
ʔeyyg̣ioˑts : /ʔeyyag̣yoˑts/ headrest; a cloth or tule pad put under a child’s head on the cradleboard
bonwoˑta : /bonwoˑta/ while drinking …; drinks with a certain obj.
/hoˑt ʔa bonwoˑta swinaˑ./ He sang while drinking.
bonwoˑts : /bonwoˑts/ something to drink with; cup, glass, etc.
čᵛawloˑts : /čawloˑts/ chair
gᵛadbn̲oˑta : /gatbnoˑta/ while arriving; idiom: intrudes upon
/gatbnoˑta hak wiččambli./ (He) had no more than arrived when he became anxious to return.
hemkangoˑts : /hemkangoˑts/ telephone
wotʼwkangčnʼoˑta : /wotʼoˑkankčnʼoˑta/ while waving (his tail) around
/hont honk dičʼeˑwʼa ʔat mʼaYas mna sleˑbapgok, dadaˑt honk gena, qbel honk wotʼoˑkankčnʼoˑta mna./ He liked to look at his shadow, when he went, waving his tail around. (Texts, 9.28)
p
p 10sv (?) [unknown meaning]. Only in:
g̣elpa : /g̣elpa/ (dog, animal) is hot
pᵛ 4S-v pull
pᵛᵛdoqʼsga : /podaqsga/ pulls off (as pine needles from a branch), strips by pulling
pᵛᵛdoˑqʼa : /podoˑqʼa/ pulls out, off (as a tuft of grass)

294
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
pᵛ (continued)
pᵛačwoˑla : /pačwoˑla/ pulls something off of someone’s head (as a hat)
pᵛačʼiˑkʼa : /pačʼiˑkʼa/ pulls and twists, wrings
pᵛakʼčʼwyoˑla : /pakčʼawyoˑla/ pulls out of a tight place (as out of a pocket, corner, cupboard)
pᵛakʼyoˑla : /pakʼyoˑla/ pulls open; strips a branch of berries
pᵛaLaˑsg̣n̲a : /paLaˑsg̣a/ pulls and rips open (as a sack of grain)
r̲e̲pᵛaLaˑsg̣n̲a : /papLaˑsg̣a/ d. rip open
pᵛawʼiˑnoˑla : /pawʼiˑnoˑla/ pulls out from among, out of mud
pᵛčayi̲ʼa : /pačyʼa/ pulls a strip off, pulls and gashes
pᵛčaˑyi̲ʼa : /pačaˑyʼa/ tears off pi. strips
r̲e̲pᵛčaˑyi̲ʼa : /papčaˑyʼa/ d. pull off pi. strips
spᵛčʼaˑy\ʼr̲dg̣nʼa : /spačʼaˑytdatqnʼa/ pulls and pinches someone’s mouth (as a horse’s mouth with a bridle)
pᵛčʼiWpʼa : /pičʼoˑhpʼa/ pulls and bends (as a bar of iron)
r̲e̲pᵛčʼiWpʼa : /pipčʼoˑhpʼa/ d. pull and bend
pᵛedg̣a : /petg̣a/ tears in two, divides by pulling
se̲pᵛedg̣a : /sepatg̣a/ divide among ones elves by pulling apart
pᵛeqn̲a : /peqa/ pulls through, out, outside
pᵛettʼa : /pettʼa/ tears a hole
r̲e̲pᵛettʼa : /pepattʼa/ d. tear a hole
pᵛgatʼa : /paktʼa/ pulls and breaks in two (as a string)
pᵛkʼačʼa : /pakčʼa/ pulls off someone’s head
pᵛkaˑčʼa : /pakʼaˑčʼa/ pulls off pl. heads
pᵛkatʼsga : /pakʼatsga/ pulls someone’s tooth
se̲pᵛkʼatʼsga : /sapkʼatsga/ pulls one’s own tooth
pᵛkʼoˑsa : /pokʼoˑsa/ roughs someone up, pulls and dishevels someone
pᵛkʼyeˑwʼa : /pekʼyeˑwʼa/ pulls open the vagina
se̲pᵛkʼyeˑwʼa : /sepkʼyeˑwʼa/ pulls open one’s own vagina
spᵛLeˑčnʼa : /speLeˑčnʼa/ pulls a row, furrow; hoes along. See Leˑ.
pᵛLoˑli̲ʼa : /poLoˑlʼa/ pulls apart a tangle, pulls off (as fuzz, burrs)
pᵛlʼewlʼg̣a : /pelʼoˑlg̣a/ pulls down a limber obj. without breaking it (as a sapling). See lʼew.
pᵛodga : /potga/ pulls out of a container
se̲pᵛodga : /sopatga/ takes out of one’s own container
pᵛodg̣a : /potg̣a/ pulls away from someone, takes an obj. away from
se̲pᵛodg̣a : /sopatg̣a/ pull something away from each other

295
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
pᵛ (continued)
pᵛodg̣nʼoˑla : /potqnoˑla/ pulls something out of someone’s mouth
pᵛolčʼa : /polčʼa/ pulls and breaks pl. objs. (as cords, reeds, threads)
pᵛoLqʼa : /poLqʼa/ pulls off feathers, hair; plucks a bird
r̲e̲pᵛoLqʼa : /popaLqʼa/ d. pluck a bird
pᵛosga : /posga/ pulls off, away
r̲e̲se̲pᵛosga : /sospasga/ d. pull off of each other (as each other’s hair, clothes)
pᵛotqʼaga : /potqʼaga/ pulls up out (as a root)
pᵛowedga : /powetga/ pulls out of a socket
r̲e̲pᵛowedga : /popwetga/ d. pull an obj. out of a socket
pᵛqewi̲ʼa : /peqwʼa/ pulls and breaks
pᵛqeˑwi̲ʼa : /peqeˑwʼa/ pulls and breaks pi.
r̲e̲pᵛqeˑwi̲ʼa : /pepqeˑwʼa/ d. pull and break pl.
spᵛqʼalʼlʼg̣a : /spaqallg̣a/ pulls and folds (a cloth, etc.)
r̲r̲e̲spᵛqalʼlʼg̣aˑ : /spaspqʼallg̣a/ d. fold
pᵛqʼeˑčʼa : /peqʼeˑčʼa/ pulls and leaves marks, scratches
pᵛqʼočʼa : /poqčʼa/ pulls and bends out of shape
r̲e̲pᵛqʼočʼa : /popaqčʼa/ d. bend an obj. out of shape
pᵛqʼoli̲ʼlʼg̣a : /poqʼallg̣a/ pulls and bends, crumples up
pᵛqʼosliˑna : /poqʼasliˑna/ pulls and sprains (someone’s arm or leg)
pᵛtʼačʼa : /patčʼa/ pulls apart, tears. See tʼačʼ.
pᵛtʼekʼa : /petkʼa/ tears off a bit, little piece. See tʼekʼ.
pᵛtʼoˑqʼa : /potʼoˑqʼa/ pulls out someone’s hair. See tʼoqʼ.
pᵛyʼoqʼsga : /poyʼaqsga/ pulls out one hair. See yʼoqʼ.
pačʼačʼwi 2Srt now, right now. Cf. also {pačʼit} 2Srt “now.” This form is rare in the corpus.
pačʼačʼwi : /pačʼačʼwi/ right now
/pačʼačʼwi ni genwapk./ I’ll go right now.
pačʼit 2Srt now. See also the preceding entry.
pačʼit : /pačʼit/ now
/dam ʔi kanʼs pačʼit sleʔa?/ Did you see anyone just now?
/ʔaMkʼa ni pačʼit padaˑ skoˑl gičwapk./ Maybe I’ll go to school this summer.
/qʼa ʔa g̣atdaks pačʼit./ It’s awfully cold now.
/homʼas hok doˑ yanaˑ, naˑnok wʼetpga, sleˑs pačʼit gin./ It is thus down there, all lying, visible even now. (Texts, 26.5)
/pačʼit sa qʼay homʼas gi./ Now they’re not like that. (Texts, 38.125)

296
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
padaˑ 3Sn summer
padaˑ : /padaˑ/ summer
/gen padaˑ ni honks tʼwaˑYa./ I work for him this summer.
/niˑya padaˑ/ last summer
/Naˑyʼantga padaˑ/ summer before last, summer after next
/ʔonʼčeˑ padaˑ/ next summer
padg̣ 7-Sv mash flat
čᵛpadg̣a : /čapatg̣a/ sits on and mashes flat
yᵛpadg̣a : /yapatg̣a/ mashes flat with the foot, feet
yᵛpadg̣a̲ksga : /yapatg̣aksga/ almost mashed flat with the feet (the act was never begun)
yᵛpadg̣Wiˑa : /yapatqWiˑya/ almost mashed flat with the feet (the act was begun but not completed)
pag 7Sv bark (as a dog, coyote). Cf. {pakʼ} 7Sv “scream.”
paga : /paga/ barks
r̲e̲paga : /papga/ d. bark
sne̲paga : /snapga/ makes a dog bark
pags : /paks/ the barking, to bark
/geˑ wačʼaˑk paks bil sʔaywaks./ This dog only knows how to bark.
pagsdgi : /pakstgi/ in:
/qʼa pakstgi!/ (You) bark a lot! (i.e., be quiet!)
pagsdgiangat! : /paksdagyangat!/ in:
/qʼa paksdagyangat!/ (You pl.) bark a lot!
pagst : /pakst/ the barking [ref]
/domna ʔan honks pakst./ I hear him barking.
pagtn̲nʼa : /paktanʔa/ barks at
paksa 3Sn Big Wokas Bay. Unanalyzable.
paksa : /paksa/ Big Wokas Bay
pakʼ 7Sv scream. Only in:
r̲é̲r̲pakʼa : /pakpakʼa/ screams; crows (rooster)
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲pakʼa : /papakpakʼa/ d. scream
sne̲r̲é̲r̲pakʼa : /snapakpakʼa/ makes someone scream
r̲é̲r̲pakʼa̲ksga : /pakpakʼaksga/ almost screamed
r̲é̲r̲pakʼdamna : /pakpakdamna/ keeps screaming
r̲é̲r̲pakʼs : /pakpaks/ the screaming, to scream
/g̣esga ʔan pakpaks./ I can’t scream.
pal 7Sv dry up (as a river, liquid in a pot)
pala : /pala/ dries up (intr.)

297
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
spala : /spala/ dries something up
r̲r̲e̲spala : /spaspla/ d. dry something up
spal! : /spal!/ dry (it) up!
r̲r̲e̲spalat! : /spasplat!/ pl. dry up!
spals : /spals/ the drying, to dry something
/g̣esga ʔan gen skodas spals./ I can’t dry this blanket.
paltn̲a : /palta/ dries up on (as soup boils dry and sticks to the sides of a pot)
r̲e̲paltn̲a : /papalta/ d. dry onto
spaltn̲a : /spalta/ dries something onto
palwys : /palwis/ where something has dried
g̣og̣e palwys : /g̣og̣e palwis/ dry riverbed
pal 7-Sv tattoo. Only in:
čʼipaleˑʼa : /čʼipaleˑʔa/ tattoos someone
se̲čʼipaleˑʼa : /sičpaleˑʔa/ tattoos oneself, gets oneself tattooed
se̲čʼipaleˑʼs : /sičpaleˑʔas/ tattooing
paL 7S-v stoop, crouch. Only in:
paLlʼg̣a : /paLlg̣a/ stoops down, crouches. Also rec. /palhg̣a/.
wʼas paLlʼg̣s : /wʼas paLʔaqs/ sp. coyote (Gatschet gives “Vulpes velox”)
papg̣ 3S-n board, lumber
papg̣s : /papg̣as/ board, lumber
r̲e̲papg̣kʼa : /papapqkʼa/ d. little boards
papg̣s\ʼa̲laˑ : /papg̣aslʼa/ makes boards, lumber
paps 7Sv be stupid
papsa : /papsa/ is stupid
papsys : /papsis/ stupidity, stupid one
qʼapapsys : /qʼapapsis/ “Awfully-Stupid” (woman’s proper name). Possibly: /qʼa papsis/?
patʼ 7-Sv nail, pin
kᵛpatʼdang̣a : /kapatdang̣a/ pins, nails something together
se̲kᵛpatʼdang̣a : /sakpatdang̣a/ pins, nails two objs. to one another
se̲kᵛpatʼmʼaˑwʼa : /sakpatmʼaˑwʼa/ pins something onto other similar objs.
kᵛpatʼtn̲a : /kapatta/ pins to, onto, against
npatʼkʼya : /mpatkʼya/ nails shut with a round instrument
npatʼtn̲a : /mpatta/ nails onto, against
npatʼtn̲oˑts : /mpattnoˑts/ hammer
swᵛpatʼtn̲a : /swapatta/ ties to (as a horse to a tree)

298
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
patʼoˑ 3Sn cheek
patʼoˑ : /patʼoˑ/ cheek
r̲e̲patʼoˑʼaˑkʼ : /papatwʼaˑk/ d. little cheeks
payaˑqʼo 3Sn pocket. From English?
payaˑqʼo : /payaˑqʼo/ pocket
pbeˑli̲ʼ 10sv back and forth. Probably also occurs with an allomorph with an initial vowel, but this was not elicited. See Sec. 352.
ʔipbeˑli̲ʼa : /ʔipbeˑlʼa/ carries pi. objs. back and forth
se̲ʔipbeˑli̲ʼa : /siʔapbeˑlʼa/ carry pl. objs. back and forth to each other
lotoˑpbeˑli̲ʼa : /lotoˑpbeˑlʼa/ carries an armload back and forth
lotoˑpbeˑli̲ʼwabg : /lotoˑpbeˑliwapk/ will carry an armload back and forth
tonpbeˑli̲ʼa : /tompbeˑlʼa/ rope-like obj. runs back and forth (as a telephone wire). See ton.
se̲wotʼwpbeˑli̲ʼa : /soˑtʼoˑpbeˑlʼa/ throw a long obj. back and forth to each other; casts a fishline back and forth
pč 7sn 3sp 6sd 2sa like, similar to. See Secs. 452, 541, 671, 674, and 742.
čagpča : /čakpča/ blue bead (a type traded in by the early settlers) (“like-serviceberries”)
gewpči : /gewpči/ like mine
g̣ewčyspči : /g̣ewčispči/ like a wolf
honpči : /hompči/ that kind [n]
/hompči hak ʔa hoˑt./ He’s that very sort.
honpča : /hompča/ that kind [o]
/hompča ni sanʼaˑWawli./ I want that kind.
honpčant : /hompčant/ in that kind
/hompčant maksatdat/ in that kind of basket
honpčantga : /hompčantga/ with that kind
/hompčantga dwantga/ with something like that
se̲hongpči : /sohangapči/ alike
/sohangapči ʔa gew yamnas./ My beads are alike.
r̲e̲taˑnabkʼapči : /tataˑnapkʼapči/ like little turnips
pčikʼ 7S-v brush (hair)
pčikʼdg̣a : /pčiktg̣a/ combs the hair away, apart
se̲pčikʼdg̣a : /sipčaktg̣a/ parts one’s hair
pčikʼlʼg̣a : /pčikʼlg̣a/ brushes someone’ s hair
r̲r̲e̲pčikʼlʼg̣a : /pčipčakʼlg̣a/ d. brush the hair
se̲pčikʼlʼg̣a : /sipčakʼlg̣a/ brushes one’s own hair
pčikʼlʼg̣dk : /pčikʼlg̣atk/ having the hair brushed

299
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
pčikʼyeˑga : /pčikʼyeˑga/ brushes someone’s hair up (as an upswept hairdo)
pčiń̲ 7Sv twist together to form rope; twist two tules together to make the base of a basket
pčiń̲ : /pčin/ twists into rope; twists a basket-base
r̲r̲e̲pčiń̲ : /pčipčan/ d. twist
pčiń̲yeˑga : /pčiyeˑga/ starts to twist a rope, etc.
pčʼoˑqʼ 7Sv be soft (as blanket, skin, hide, cloth, etc.)
pčʼoˑq : /pčʼoˑq/ soft, softly
/moˑ ʔi pčʼoˑq dastis./ You are very soft to the touch.
pčʼoˑqʼa : /pčʼoˑqʼa/ is soft
pčʼoˑqʼdgi : /pčʼoˑqtgi/ becomes soft
r̲r̲e̲pčʼoˑqʼdgi : /pčʼopčʼoˑqtgi/ d. become soft
sne̲pčʼoˑqʼdgi : /snoptoˑqtgi/ softens (as one softens a hide)
peč 3Sn 7S-v foot; act with the foot
peč : /peč/ foot
r̲e̲peč\ʼaˑkʼ : /pepčʼaˑk/ d. little feet
qoˑʼs peč : /qoˑʔas peč/ “Bogeyman-Foot” (woman’s proper name)
peč\ʼa̲la : /pečlʼa/ gets a foot (as a wooden leg)
peč\ʼa̲ltn̲dk : /pečʼaltantk/ “Footed-on” (basketry design: Barrett, pi. 3)
pečkʼwa : /pečkʼwa/ puts a foot across. (intr. also)
pečLy : /pečLi/ puts a foot inside. (intr. also)
pečlʼg̣a : /pečlg̣a/ puts a foot down, on the ground
pečlʼg̣Wiˑs : /pečlʼaqWiˑs/ footprint
pečneˑga : /pečneˑga/ puts a foot into a hole
pečqn̲a : /pečqa/ puts a foot through, out, outside. See eqn̲.
pečtʼleˑg̣i : /pečtʼleˑg̣i/ puts a foot over, puts a foot astride a horse. (intr. also)
pečwa : /pečwa/ puts a foot into water, flat place. (intr. also)
pečwl : /pečwal/ puts a foot on top of. (intr. also)
r̲e̲pečwl : /pepačwal/ d. put a foot on top of
pečwloˑla : /pečoˑloˑla/ takes a foot off the top of
pečwʼiˑna : /pečwʼiˑna/ puts a foot among, into mud
pečyg̣i : /pečiˑg̣i/ puts a foot over, above. (intr. also)
r̲e̲pečyg̣i : /pepčiˑg̣i/ d. put a foot over
pečʼaqʼ 7-Sv dent and knock off a little bit. Only in:
npečʼaqʼliˑna : /mpečʼaqʼliˑna/ dents, knocks a little off the edge with a round instrument
npečʼaqʼsga : /mpečʼaqsga/ dents and knocks off a little