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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
dᵉl (continued)
dᵉlawl : /dalwal/ looks at the top of
dᵉlawllʼg̣a : /dalwallg̣a/ looks up
sdᵉlawllʼg̣s : /sdalwallqs/ sight on a gun, nock on an arrow
dᵉlayʼaˑYa : /dalyʼaˑYa/ looks over here, this way
se̲dᵉlayʼaˑYbga : /sadalyʼaˑYapga/ are looking over at one another
dᵉlebli : /delbli/ looks back
se̲dᵉlebli : /sedalbli/ looks back. behind oneself
dᵉleliˑdg̣nʼbga : /deliˑtg̣ampga/ watches someone coming (“as if you were looking into his mouth”—PO)
dᵉleLWn̲a : /dellWa/ looks along the top
dᵉleLWn̲ys : /dellWis/ sights of a gun
dᵉlelʼg̣a : /dellg̣a/ looks down at the ground
dᵉleqn̲a : /delqa/ looks out, through
he̲sdᵉleqn̲a : /hesdalqa/ makes someone look through
dᵉleqn̲ik : /delqnik/ let me look through, out
dᵉleqn̲ks : /delqanks/ smokehole (“look-through-place”)
dᵉleqn̲nʼa : /delqanʔa/ looks in and out
r̲e̲dᵉleqn̲nʼa : /dedalqanʔa/ let us look through
dᵉlewa : /delwa/ looks into water, flat place
se̲dᵉlewas : /sedalwas/ mirror, reflection
dᵉlig̣oga : /delg̣oga/ looks inside a container
dᵉlodg̣i : /deltg̣i/ looks down (from a height)
dᵉlodg̣ik : /deltg̣ik/ let me look down
dᵉlodg̣nʼbga : /deltg̣ampga/ is looking into someone’s mouth
dᵉlodiˑla : /deldiˑla/ looks underneath
se̲dᵉlodiˑldamna : /sedaldiˑldamna/ keeps looking underneath oneself
dᵉlodiˑlks : /deldiˑlks/ fishing spot (a place where there is a submerged log or rocky shelf beneath which fish are found) (“look-underneath-place” )
dᵉlokanga : /delkanga/ looks around here and there
dᵉloliˑna : /delliˑna/ looks off the edge, overboard
dᵉloLy : /delhi/ looks inside
dᵉlosn̲a : /delsa/ looks deep underneath water
dᵉloteˑga : /delteˑga/ looks deep into (a hole, fissure)
dᵉlowqiˑwa : /deloˑqiˑwa/ looks far out (as across a plain, lake)
dᵉloyg̣i : /deliˑg̣i/ looks over, out of a hole, over to shore from the middle of a river
dᵉloˑli : /deloˑli/ looks down off of

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
delčnʼa : /delčnʼa/ looks
r̲e̲delčnʼa : /dedalčnʼa/ d. look
sne̲delčnʼa : /snedalčnʼa/ makes look
delčnʼbga : /delčampga/ is looking; idiom: is awake; idiom: almost (with {wikʼaˑ} 2Sl “near”):
/wikʼaˑ delčampga čʼiˑkčʼiˑks leqeˑwis./ (He) came pretty close to wrecking the wagon.
/wikʼaˑ delčampga wčʼiqlʼaqs./ (He) almost fell down.
delčnʼoˑts : /delčnʼoˑts/ telescope
delsaqčnʼa : /delsaqčnʼa/ looks at someone ahead
diloˑčibga : /diloˑčipga/ watches someone coming. See oˑ.
dᵛ 4S-v act with the hands, fingers; rub, knead
dᵛčʼabkʼa : /dačʼapkʼa/ mashes up with the fingers (as hamburger)
dᵛčʼisqa : /dičʼasqa/ wrings out, squeezes dry
r̲e̲dᵛčʼisqa : /ditčʼasqa/ d. wring out, squeeze
dᵛčʼoˑli̲\ʼa : /dočʼoˑlʼa/ peels off an outer layer (as the skin of a potato, root)
dᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /dalʼaˑkʼa/ smears, daubs. See lʼaˑkʼ.
dᵛlʼoˑmi̲\ʼa : /dolʼoˑmʼa/ paints, smears the face with color, pitch
se̲dᵛlʼoˑmi̲\ʼa : /sotlʼoˑmʼa/ paints one’s own face
dᵛpʼosqʼa : /dopʼasqʼa/ squeezes gently. tests by squeezing (as a fruit)
dᵛqʼoˑli̲\ʼa : /doqʼoˑlʼa/ rubs with the hands
se̲dᵛqʼoˑli̲\ʼa : /sotqʼoˑlʼa/ rubs the hands together
dᵛtčʼoˑsa : /dotčʼoˑsa/ rubs something on (as ointment)
se̲dᵛtčʼoˑsa : /sodatčʼoˑsa/ rubs something onto oneself, each other
dᵛtʼabkʼa : /datʼapkʼa/ mashes up with the fingers
dᵛtʼabkʼkʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /datʼapkkʼiˑmʼa/ mashes with the fingers all around the edges
dᵛ 4S-v swim (fish). Possibly related to {dᵛ} 4S-v “act upon a slender vertical obj.; fall headfirst”?
dᵛamničʼn̲a : /damničʼa/ just swam upstream
dᵛen̲a : /dena/ fish swims along
dᵛer̲wa : /dewwa/ fish swims around
r̲e̲dᵛer̲wa : /dedoˑwa/ d. fish swim
dᵛobln̲čʼn̲a : /doblančʼa/ just swam downstream
dᵛotqʼaga : /dotqʼaga/ fish rises, swims up to the surface
dᵛ 4S-v act upon a slender vertical obj. (as a pole, stick); fall head-first
dᵛabaˑtn̲a : /dabaˑta/ puts a vertical obj. next to, against (as one leans a pole against a wall). (intr. also)

102
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
dᵛ (continued)
dᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼa : /dabaˑyʼa/ leans a vertical obj. diagonally against. (intr. also)
dᵛadgl : /datgal/ raises an erect obj.; puts the head up
dᵛakyamna : /dakyamna/ puts vertical objs. around (as fence posts, pilings). (intr. also)
sdᵛakyamna : /sdakyamna/ fills in around with boards, mats
he̲sdᵛakyamna : /hasdakyamna/ fills in around oneself, tucks oneself in
dᵛkʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /dakʼaˑyʼa/ puts a vertical obj. up high (as a radio aerial), (intr. also)
dᵛakʼya : /dakʼya/ closes with a vertical obj. (intr. also)
sdᵛakʼya : /sdaˑkʼya/ dams up, closes with a vertical obj.
pomm sdᵛakʼys : /pomam sdakʼiˑs/ beaver’s dam
dᵛalamna : /dalamna/ puts a vertical obj. on the back (as a cradleboard). (intr. also)
dᵛaliˑga : /daliˑga/ puts a vertical obj. on the edge, bank. (intr. also)
dᵛaliˑgs : /daliˑks/ “Standing-on-the-Bank” (place name)
dᵛawl : /dawal/ puts a vertical obj. on top. (intr. also)
sne̲dᵛawl : /snadwal/ makes a vertical obj. stand on top
dᵛawllʼg̣bga : /dawlʔaqpga/ vertical obj. is sticking up on top
r̲r̲e̲sdᵛawllʼg̣s : /sdasdoˑlʔaqs/ California quail (so called because of its head plume)
dᵛawloˑla : /dawloˑla/ falls headfirst off the top
čʼeg̣s dᵛawls : /čʼeqs dawals/ “Blackbird-Standing-on-Top” (place name)
sdᵛayʼaˑYa : /sdayʼaˑYa/ dams up in front of
dᵛeLWn̲a : /deLWa/ vertical obj. stands upright on the top, along a ridge, by a fire
sdᵛeLWn̲a : /sdeLWa/ stands a vertical obj. up along the top, by a fire
sdᵛeLWnoˑts : /sdeLoˑnoˑts/ roasting stick
dᵛelʼg̣a : /delg̣a/ puts a vertical obj. on the ground, erects a pole (intr. also); falls down headfirst
dᵛer̲r̲lʼg̣a : /delg̣lg̣a/ falls hard headfirst
r̲e̲dᵛelʼg̣a : /dedalg̣a/ erects d.; d. fall headfirst
he̲sdᵛelʼg̣eˑ\ʼs : /hesdalg̣eˑʔas/ top (child’s toy)
dᵛeqn̲a : /deqa/ puts a vertical obj. through. (intr. also)
dᵛeqn̲ys : /deqiˑs/ type of knife with a crosspiece handguard. This was used for skinning.

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
dᵛ (continued)
dᵛeqʼya : /deqʼya/ puts a vertical obj. in the road. doorway. (intr. also)
dᵛewa : /dewa/ puts a vertical obj. into water, flat place. (intr. also)
sdᵛewa : /sdewa/ mixes up a batch of dough (“puts a vertical obj. into water, etc.”)
se̲dᵛewbga : /sedoˑpga/ is putting a vertical obj. into, upon oneself; idiom: (woman) is fornicating
dᵛewdamna : /dewdamna/ keeps putting an erect obj. into liquid, flat place (as one dips a pen into ink)
dᵛewlʼg̣a : /dewlg̣a/ puts a vertical obj. down into liquid, flat place (intr. also); falls into liquid, flat place, headfirst (as an arrow falls into a field); idiom: wokas is unripe (i.e., buds stand erect)
se̲dᵛewlʼg̣a : /sedoˑlg̣a/ (woman) fornicates
dᵛewlʼg̣s : /dewlʼaqs/ unripe wokas
r̲e̲se̲dᵛewlʼg̣ys : /sesdoˑlg̣is/ prostitute (“habitual-fornicatress” )
dᵛews : /dews/ hymen
dᵛikLa : /dikLa/ puts a vertical obj. on top of a load
se̲dᵛikLs : /sidakLas/ rump (translation?)
dᵛiwyʼg̣a : /diwiˑg̣a/ puts a vertical obj. into a container (as an arrow into a quiver)
dᵛi wyʼg̣lʼg̣a : /diwyʼag̣lg̣a/ falls hard into headfirst
dᵛobga : /dopga/ vertical obj. stands, is
dᵛodiˑla : /dodiˑla/ puts a vertical obj. under. (intr. also)
sdᵛodiˑla : /sdodiˑla/ braces underneath with a vertical obj.
sdᵛodiˑls : /sdodiˑls/ center-pole of a winter house
dᵛokʼčʼwa : /dokčʼwa/ falls into water headfirst
dᵛokʼčʼwwabg : /dokčʼoˑwapk/ will fall in headfirst
dᵛoliˑna : /doliˑna/ puts a vertical obj. off the edge. (intr. also); jumps off headfirst
dᵛoLy : /doLiˑ/ puts a vertical obj. inside, (intr. also)
dᵛoLys : /doLiˑs/ knife handle
dᵛosn̲a : /dosa/ puts a vertical obj. deep under water, earth (intr. also); plunges headfirst underwater
dᵛosn̲lʼg̣a : /dosallg̣a/ sets up a pole, etc., deeply buried
dᵛotn̲a : /dota/ puts a vertical obj. on. (intr. also)
sdᵛotn̲a : /sdota/ stands vertical obj. erect on

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sdᵛotn̲ys : /sdotiˑs/ plume (on a bird)
dᵛsilʼlʼg̣a : /disallg̣a/ bends an erect vertical obj. down. See silʼ.
dᵛtʼepʼkyamna : /detʼapkyamna/ puts vertical objs. in a line around, in a circle around
dᵛtʼepʼkiˑmi̲\ʼa : /detʼapkʼiˑmʼa/ puts vertical objs. in a circle around the edge (as around a lake, hole)
dᵛ 5-S-v hit, strike
ndᵛoga̲a : /ndoga/ hits once with a round instrument
ndᵛoga̲s : /ndoks/ little round fighting rock (given as “tommyhawk”)
sdᵛobga : /sdopga/ stabs pl. times with a sharp instrument
sdᵛqʼečʼa : /sdeqčʼa/ shapes the edge of something sharp (as an arrowhead)
wdᵛobga : /wdopga/ whips, hits with a long instrument
se̲wdᵛobga : /soˑdapga/ whip each other
wdᵛoga̲a : /wdoga/ hits once with a stick, long instrument
se̲wdoga̲a : /soˑtga/ hits oneself. each other
wdᵛoga̲oˑts : /wdogoˑts/ whip
wdᵛoywi̲\ʼa : /wdoywʼa/ beats, whips pl.
da see d̲at [locative:] on, at, against
dadaˑ 2Sri ever, sometimes, when? See Sec. 1024.
/dadaˑ ʔi genwapk?/ When will you go?
/dadaˑ ʔis gelwipgalgi!/ Come and visit me sometime!
/qʼay dadaˑ homʼas gi!/ Don’t ever do that!
/qʼay ʔan dadaˑ sleʔa./ I never saw it.
dadaˑdi : /dadaˑdi/ how far?
/čoy honk qdaktʼa, dadaˑdi hok sanʼaˑWawli./ Then he cut it off, as far as he wanted it.
/dadaˑdi ʔi gen waytas genwapk?/ How far will you go today?
dadaˑt : /dadaˑt/ when
/dat ʔi čʼiˑya, dadaˑt ʔi gida lobiˑdaˑnʼa gatba?/ Where did you live when you came here for the first time?
/g̣esga ʔan domnas, dadaˑt ʔi čʼosak hemkankdamna./ I can’t hear when you keep talking always.
dag see odg [past stative:] been doing
dak 2Srp5 instead, rather, but, on the other hand. This particle is difficult to translate. It turns the attention of the speaker to a new subject or to a subject somehow contrasting with the previous one.
/nen dak qʼay dič./ But that’s no good. (Texts, 3.44)
/qʼay dak mis ni dmesgwapk./ But I won’t take it away from you. (Texts, 3.60)

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/ʔi dak ʔa čiˑya./ But you stay right here. (Texts, 12.35)
/noˑ dak mis sleˑbabagwapk./ I, on the other hand, will watch you. (Texts, 14.49)
/hoˑt sa dak qʼay kʼeˑkʼat bi, laˑbi hok sa lobiˑni./ But they were not so big, those first two. (Texts, 14.71)
/ʔi ʔa didaččʼa lwela, naˑt dak hon qʼoyčʼa./ You kill the good ones, but we (kill) the bad. (Texts, 15.51)
/ʔi dak sʔaywaktanwapk./ You, on the other hand, ought to know.
dal 2Srp4 [interrogative]. This particle usually occurs with some other interrogative word in the utterance. Cf. {dam} 2Srp2 [interrogative] also. See Sec. 1046.
/kakni dal hok sa biblankstʼa wawʼaˑpga?/ Who are they sitting on both sides?
/dam dal ʔi kʼet gmočatk?/ Are you that old?
/danni dal gida maqlaqs gi?/ How many people are here?
/qʼay dal ʔi qtana?/ Didn’t you sleep?
/ʔi dal neneˑnʼs qʼeˑlʼa?/ Is that you making that racket?
/waq dal ʔi gyank gatba?/ How did you come?
/waq dal ʔi?/ What’s the matter with you?
dal\ʼ 7Sv argue, emphasize, speak clearly, depend upon
r̲é̲r̲dal\ʼa : /daldalʼa/ argues
he̲sr̲é̲r̲dal\ʼa : /hasdaldalʼa/ argues the rights and wrongs of a case
sdal\ʼtn̲a : /sdalta/ speaks clearly, emphasizes a point
dal\ʼtn̲bga : /daltampga/ depends upon someone’s support
dalʔan sne
dalʔaˑ sne
dalʔaˑk 2Sra truly, straightly. Also dalʔaˑ and (RD) dalʔan. Possibly related to {dᵉl} 4S-v “look,” or to {delʔn̲} 7Sv “face” or to both.
dalʔaˑk : /dalʔaˑk/ straightly, truly
/hoˑt ʔa dalʔaˑk sʔabaˑ./ He told it truly.
/g̣eg̣oˑ swiˑs dalʔaˑk./ (I) can’t sing correctly
ledalʔaˑni : /ledalʔaˑni/ mischievous. RD gave ledalʔanni : /ledalʔanni/ (even recorded /ledallanni/, but probably a misrecording)
/hoˑt ʔa ledalʔaˑni hiswaqs./ He is a mischievous man.
dalčʼi 3Sn arrow. Klamath arrows consisted of a reed shaft (cf. {tg̣ap} {saˑl}), pointed with flint or obsidian, and feathered with duck or goose feathers, Mr. Pompey stated that golden eagle feathers were best.

106
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
dalčʼi : /dalčʼi/ arrow
r̲e̲dalčʼi\ʼaˑkʼ : /dadalčyʼaˑk/ d. little arrows
dalʼ 12sn 5sp 9sd 9sa 7sl toward. Also lʼ. See Secs. 457, 541, 671, 674, 761, and 832.
čiˑsdalʼ : /čiˑsdalʼ/ toward home
/hoˑt ʔa čiˑsdalʼ gepga./ He’s coming toward home.
gidalʼ : /gidalʼ/ this way, toward here
goniˑlʼ : /goniˑlʼ/ toward the other way; idiom: worse (also possibly {goniˑ} + {nalk} 2Sre1 “than”)
hongsdalʼ : /honksdalʼ/ toward him
monaˑdalʼkniˑ : /monaˑdalʼkniˑ/ Satan (“the-one-from-underneath”)
steLbkstʼadalʼ : /steLapkstʼadalʼ/ toward the right side
dam 2Srp2 [interrogative]. Cf. also {dal} 2Srp4 [interrogative]. See Secs. 910, 921, and 1046.
/dam ʔi han sleʔa?/ Do you see that?
/dam ʔins bloʔaˑk gint ʔins čʼleyank?/ Would you give me even a little piece of fat? (Texts, 12.14)
/dam mat ʔi honkt hoˑskanga?/ Do you recall that? (Texts, 38.6)
dam\ʼoˑ : /damʼoˑ/ whether yet
/delqa ʔan, damʼoˑ čʼmokst./ I looked out (to see) whether it was dark yet.
/sdigaˑ hoˑt mna čʼoleˑks, damʼoˑ ntʼopst./ He smelled his meat (to see) whether it was spoiled yet.
damn 20sv [habitual:] doing over and over. See Sec. 366.
kčʼiˑkʼiˑmi̲\ʼblidamna : /kčʼiˑkʼiˑmiblidamna/ keeps crawling around and around something again
lᵛoLydamna : /loLiˑdamna/ keeps putting a round obj. inside; keeps putting beads on a string
r̲r̲e̲wLeˑliˑnblidamna : /wLewLeˑliˑnablidamna/ keeps brushing off d. again
wʼetqn̲damniˑwabg : /wʼetqandamniˑwapk/ will keep throwing pl. out for someone
damn sne
damnoń̲ 7Sv travel, wander. Also damn. See Sec. 334.
damnoń̲ : /damnon/ travels, wanders
r̲e̲damnoń̲ : /dadamnon/ d. travel, wander
sne̲damnoń̲ : /snadamnon/ cause someone to travel
damniˑa : /damniˑya/ travels for
damnoń̲! : /damnon!/ travel!
damnoń̲a̲t : /damnot/ can travel

107
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
damnoń̲dga : /damnotga/ been travelling, wandering
damnoń̲kanga : /damnokanga/ wanders around
damnoń̲nʼa : /damnonʼa/ let’s travel
damnoń̲s : /damnos/ travelling, wandering
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan damnos./ I want to travel.
r̲e̲damnoń̲wys : /dadamnowis/ wanderer. Also recorded r̲e̲damnys : /dadamnis/.
monaˑ r̲e̲damnys : /monaˑ dadamnis/ gopher (“wanderer-beneath”)
psin r̲e̲damnoń̲wys : /psin dadamnowis/ “Night-Wanderer” (man’s proper name)
dan 3sp [possessive theme formant]. See Secs. 541 and 542.
gewdant : /gewdant/ in my
/gewdant wončǰat/ in my canoe
gewdantiˑ : /gewdantiˑ/ from me, my
/gewdantiˑ čʼoleˑkstiˑ/ a piece of my meat
maˑlʼmdantga : /maˑlʼamdantga/ with your pl.
/maˑlʼamdantga waˑtʼitga/ with your pl. knife
midansikniˑ : /midansikniˑ/ from your place, people of your place
dan see dankʼ [inclusive, emphatic]
dangač 3Sn hard palate, top of the mouth
dangač : /dangač/ palate
dang̣ 11sv together, meeting
se̲ʔidang̣a : /siˑdang̣a/ pl. objs. meet each other (polite way of saying that one has brought a gift for someone)
se̲čʼliga̲dang̣a : /sičʼlakdang̣a/ are “hung up” in sexual intercourse
hosdang̣a : /hosdang̣a/ meets someone
kᵛiwdang̣a : /kiwdang̣a/ sticks together two pointed objs.
he̲ksᵛoga̲dang̣nʼa! : /hoksakdanqnʼa!/ let’s sick (our dogs) on each other!
wičdkʼliˑdang̣a : /wičdakʼliˑdang̣a/ snow, storm blows to meet a person as he is travelling
se̲tondang̣a : /sotandang̣a/ wires, ropes, roads meet
dank 3Sn some time ago, a long time ago, This item is morphologically a noun, since it occurs with {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive] and apparently with {s} 6sn [noun ending]. It also occurs with adjective and exogenic locative suffixes. Tactically, occurrences of {dank} are temporals. For a similar case, cf. {gaˑ} 3S-n “long ago, in myth times.”
/dam mat sa dank hiˑt čiˑya, loldam gin?/ Did they live there at that time, even in the winter? (Texts, 38.25)

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
dank (continued)
/čoy honk sʔaywakta dank, dič neˑpga, domiˑ wetiˑs./ And (I) knew long ago, it was good, much to laugh at. (Texts, 38.134)
/homʼas naˑt wokas naˑlʼam beˑLbelʼa, waqt sa honk sa dank niˑya sʔottʼa./ Thus we fixed our wokas, just as they make it recently. (Texts, 23.5)
/čoy ni ǰoˑnas čʼis sʔabiˑya, kat mis dank čʼosak sleˑlgi./ And I told June also, who always used to come to see you awhile back. (Texts, 38.165)
dank\ʼaˑkʼ : /dankʼaˑk/ a little while ago
/čoy nis laˑbi dankʼaˑk wola, naʔas./ So two (people) asked me a little while ago… (Texts, 38.56)
danknʼi : /danknʼi/ one from a long time ago
/dičʼiˑ lis hok maqlaqs, danknʼi naˑt maqlaqs./ People were good, we Indians of a long time ago. (Texts, 38.98)
dankskniˑ : /dankskniˑ/ afterwards
/dankskniˑ sa nen naʔas ʔelg̣a saqʼwehkʼis hoˑt./ Afterwards they named it “the Ball Court.” (Texts, 10.51)
dankt : /dankt/ some time ago [ref], at that time
/dankt hoˑt ʔambotdat gewi!/ Go and live in the water for a long time! (Texts, 4.34).
/čoy dankt hok dič neˑpga homʼas giwk, waq nen ni geˑks naʔas gi./ And long ago it was good, because it was thus, as I have told this one. (Texts, 38.131)
/čoy hok dankt gaˑʔaˑk pʼaLa sam hok gi./ And at that time long ago they used parching mats. (Texts, 22.24)
danktkniˑ : /danktkniˑ/ for a long time
/čoy honk homʼas danktkniˑ newlg̣a honk./ Then for a long time he plotted thus. (Texts, 4.295)
dank 3sa [inclusive, emphatic]. Also dan. See Sec. 750.
ndankseptdannʼi : /ndankseptdanʔi/ eight [n]
ndankseptdannʼis : /ndankseptdanʔis/ eight [o]
ndankseptdank\ʼaˑs : /ndankseptdankʼaˑs/ in eight places
Načkseptdannʼi : /Načkseptdanʔi/ six [n]
/ʔat ʔa Načkseptdanʔi gida qaqta./ Now six are sleeping here.
Načkseptdank\ʼaˑs : /Načkseptdankʼaˑs/ in six places

109
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
Načqeˑgsdannʼi : /Načqʼeˑksdanʔi/ nine [n]
Načqʼeˑgsdannʼis : /Načqʼeˑksdanʔis/ nine [o]
/noˑ ʔa Načqʼeˑksdanʔis hihaswaqsas sleʔa./ I saw nine men.
dann sne
danq 2Sri how much, how many? Also dann. See Secs. 722 and 1024.
danna : /danna/ how much, many? [o]
/danna ʔi lačʼas gitk?/ How many houses do you have?
/danna ʔi lilhanks slin?/ How many deer did you shoot?
danni : /danni/ how much, many? [n]
/danni hay mi lačʼas gi?/ How many houses are yours?
/danni ʔa mi wač?/ How many horses (are) yours?
danq : /danq/ how much?
/danq ʔi wokas loykʼa?/ How much wokas did you pick?
/danq hay ni ʔambo g̣ittanwapk?/ How much water should I pour on?
danqnʼi : /danqnʼi/ how many times (days, years, etc,)
/danqnʼi waytas ʔi čiˑ wapk?/ How many days will you stay?
/danqnʼi mat ʔi ʔiLoˑls gi?/ How many years (old) are you?
daplal 3Sn loon (Colymbus torquatus)
daplal : /daplal/ loon
daqč 7Sv scratch
daqča : /daqča/ scratches someone
se̲daqča : /sadaqča/ scratches oneself
r̲e̲se̲daqča : /sasdaqča/ d. scratch themselves, each other
se̲daqčoˑts : /sadaqčoˑts/ back scratcher; animal’s dew-claw
daqmil 3Sn hat. PO only; she stated that this was not Klamath, but that she had heard certain older people using it.
daqmil : /daqmil/ hat
daqʼ 7Sv be sharp-edged
daqʼa : /daqʼa/ is sharp-edged
daqʼdk : /daqʼatk/ sharp-edged
daqʼnʼi : /daqnʼi/ “Sharp-One” (place name)
das 7S-v reach, touch, act with the hand. Cf. also {nʼiq} 7S-v “act with the hand,” which overlaps this morpheme semantically.
dasbli : /dasbli/ reaches back, again
se̲dasbli : /sadasbli/ reaches behind oneself

110
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
dasčnʼbga : /dasčampga/ extends a hand
dasčibga : /dasčipga/ reaches toward
dasdbn̲a : /dastba/ reaches, touches. See adbn̲.
dasdg̣i : /dastg̣i/ reaches down
se̲dasdg̣ibgs : /sadastg̣ipks/ spot between the shoulder-blades (“reaching-down-on-oneself”)
dassga : /dasga/ lets go of, releases from the hand
dassgi! : /dasgi!/ let go!
daskyamna : /daskyamna/ embraces, reaches around
se̲daskyamna : /sadaskyamna/ reaches behind oneself
dastn̲a : /dasta/ reaches, touches
dastn̲a! : /dasta!/ touch!
daswa : /daswa/ puts a hand into water, flat place
dasr̲wa : /dasoˑwa/ keeps putting a hand into water, flat place
daswʼaˑYa : /daswaˑYa/ helps someone by steadying with a hand, steers someone along
dasyeˑga : /dasyeˑga/ raises a hand
dat see d̲at [locative:] on, at, in
datg̣lam 2Sl half, middle, center. Possibly datg̣lm.
datg̣lam : /datg̣lam/ half. middle. center
/datg̣lam bil hok noyeˑnitk./ It’s only half burned out inside.
datg̣lamdalʼ : /datg̣lamdalʼ/ toward the center
datg̣lamni : /datg̣lamni/ middle finger (“middle-one”)
dawaˑqʼy 7Sv carry pig-a-back
dawaˑqʼya : /dawaˑqʼya/ catches from behind, as if to get on pig-a-back
he̲sdawaˑqʼya : /hasdwaˑqʼya/ carries someone pig-a-back
dawiˑq 3S-n root (sp.). This white root grows on a low plant similar to the wild parsnip (about 6 inches high). The plant has yellow flowers and grows in prairie country.
dawiˑqs : /dawiˑqs/ root (sp.)
daˑk 2Sre1 self. This item often occurs to emphasize reflexive action.
/bidaˑk ʔa hislan./ He shot himself.
/baˑtdaˑk ʔa hihaslan./ They shot themselves (or “each other”).
/sleʔa ʔan honk, noˑ daˑk čʼis./ I saw it, I myself also. (Texts, 18.39)
/kiwtg̣anwapk daˑts min, qʼay ʔi daˑk snʼog̣ank nʼepbatga./ However, I’ll put it into your mouth, you not taking it yourself with your hands. (Texts, 11.49)

111
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/čoy honk baˑt daˑk geˑk sa maqlaqs homʼas gaˑʔaˑk čiˑya./ So these Indians lived that way among themselves long ago. (Texts, 21.36)
daˑkda 3S-n doctor. From English.
daˑkdas : /daˑkdas/ doctor
daˑla 3Sn money, dollar. From English.
daˑla : /daˑla/ money, dollar
daˑlaa̲la : /daˑlala/ earns money
daˑnʼa 3sr [unknown meaning]. Also daˑnʼi in apparent free variation. Only in:
lobydaˑnʼa : /lobiˑdaˑnʼa/ the first time. Also lobydaˑnʼi : /lobiˑdaˑnʼi/.
/dam ʔi hoˑskanga dadaˑt basdin lobiˑdaˑnʼa gatba?/ Do you remember when the white men first came? (Texts, 38.5)
/waq lis ʔi lobiˑdaˑnʼa?/ How did you (say) it first? (Texts, 38.281)
daˑnʼi sle
daˑslaˑt 3S-n mountain lion (Gatschet: “Cougar, Felis concolor”)
daˑslaˑts : /daˑslaˑts/ mountain lion
daˑts 2Srp5 however, on the other hand
/čoy daˑts Naˑčyak snʼeweˑčkʼaة/ But however one was a little girl… (Texts, 4.2)
/ʔi daˑts sʔaywakta./ However, you know it. (Texts, 4.324)
/čoy daˑts hok maˑns qʼeˑgi, ʔaysis./ However, he was gone for a long time, ʔaysis. (Texts, 4.326)
/dič daˑts ʔaˑt čiˑwapk!/ You pl. however live well! (Texts, 4.360)
/moˑ ʔi kʼičkʼaˑni ʔoˑč daˑts./ However, you are still very small. (Texts, 14.21)
dbn̲ see adbn̲ arriving, reaching, coming home
ddadw see dwaˑ something, what?
ddadwa see dwaˑ something, what?
ddyeˑmi̲\ʼ see dyeˑmi̲\ʼ be hungry
debl 7S-v drop, let something slip, fumble. Also deplat (RD only, in free variation with forms with debl). Only in:
deblsga : /debalsga/ drops, lets slip. RD also deplatsga : /deplatsga/.
r̲e̲deblsga : /detbalsga/ d. drop
sne̲deblsga : /snetbalsga/ makes someone drop

112
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
deblsga̲ksga : /debalsgaksga/ almost dropped
dek 7S-v receive; net fish
dekčnʼks : /dekčanks/ “Netting-Place” (place name: Skillethandle Point)
dekdang̣a : /dekdang̣a/ receives
dekdang̣liˑga : /dekdang̣liˑga/ receives with hand outstretched
deklʼg̣a : /deklg̣a/ nets fish
del see dᵉl look
delʔn̲ 7Sv face. Only in noun constructions except for an occurrence with {dk} 24sv “in a state of.” Possibly related to {dᵉl} 4S-v “look” or to {dalʔaˑk} 2Sra “truly, straight,” or to both.
delʔn̲dk : /delʔantk/ faced. E.g.,
/balbal delʔantk/ white faced
delʔn̲ys : /delʔis/ face
r̲e̲delʔn̲yˑkʼ : /dedalʔiˑk/ d. little faces
deliˑn 7Sv leave alone, let go of. Possibly contains {oliˑn} 10sv “off the edge, side.”
deliˑna : /deliˑna/ leaves alone, lets go
deliˑnat! : /deliˑnat!/ pl. leave alone!
deliˑni! : /deliˑni!/ leave alone, let go!
delwg 7Sv attack, pounce on
delwga : /deloˑga/ attacks, pounces on
r̲e̲delwga : /dedloˑga/ d. attack. Also recorded /dedaloˑga/.
se̲delwga : /sedloˑga/ attack each other. Also recorded /sedaloˑga/.
delwg! : /delwak!/ attack!
delwgs : /delwaks/ the attack; to attack
/hoˑt ʔa delwaks wipga./ He escaped the attack.
deplat see debl drop, let slip, fumble
det 2Sri how much, how big? See Sec. 1024.
det : /det/ how much? how big?
/det ʔa geˑ seˑsatk?/ How much is it priced?
/sg̣iloˑlg̣a ʔa detba gist./ He figured out how big it was. See {bi} 1Sp “he-she-it [intensive]” and Sec. 520 ff.
/det bi čik ʔi gi?/ How big were you? (Texts, 38.9)
/čoy honk ʔat moˑnʼs weq gawʼal, kʼet ba det bi honk bi gi./ So then he found a big limb, as big as he was. (Texts, 4.22)
/dwaˑ hak det gin qwaˑtʼant/ no matter how hard (Texts, 34.23)

113
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
dew 7S-v feed baby birds (?). Only recorded in:
dewdg̣nʼa : /dewdaqnʼa/ feeds baby birds
dewy 7Sv shoot a bow and arrow, gun, once
dewy : /dewiˑ/ fires a gun once, shoots one arrow
r̲e̲dewy : /dedwi/ d. shoot once
dewyiˑa : /dewyiˑya/ shoots once for someone
dewys : /dewiˑ s/ the shooting
/sanʼaˑWawli dewiˑs./ wants to fire a gun, bow and arrow, once.
deyoˑw 7Sv dare someone to do
deyoˑwa : /deyoˑwa/ dares someone to do
/deyoˑwa ʔans gentgi giwk./ He dared me to go.
r̲e̲deyoˑwa : /dedyoˑwa/ d. dare
deˑLq 3Sn armor vest. This was made of elkhide and covered with slats of hardwood or bone.
deˑLq : /deˑLaq/ armor vest
deˑLq\ʼaˑkʼ : /deˑLqʼaˑk/ little armor vest
deˑWi 7Sv leave (an amount of something); abandon (someone)
deˑWi : /deˑWi/ leaves (as food on one’s plate); abandons
deˑWičʼn̲a : /deˑWičʼa/ just left, rejected
deˑWičʼn̲iˑa : /deˑWičʼniˑya/ just left for someone
/deˑWičʼniˑya ʔins nanqa./ He left some for me.
dg see odg [past stative] been doing
dg see odg out of a container
dgi 8sv turn, become. Also ˑ dgi. See Sec. 340.
taˑkdgi : /taˑktgi/ turns red
bem\ʼdgi : /bemtgi/ becomes confused, rattled
boˑsdgi : /boˑstgi/ turns black
boˑsdgidiˑla : /boˑstgidiˑla/ turns black underneath
qboldgi : /qboltgi/ makes one feel slightly nauseated (as by eating candy which is too sweet)
dgi 22sv want someone to do. See Sec. 368.
deliˑndgi : /deliˑnatgi/ wants someone to let go
qabaˑtn̲dgi : /qabaˑtantgi/ wants someone to put a heavy or pronged obj. up against
qbᵛapsa̲dgi : /qbapsatgi/ wants someone to taste
qdᵛolčʼdgi : /qdolčʼatgi/ wants someone to cut off pl.
/hoˑt ʔa daˑkdas sag̣oˑtga mna čʼoˑks qdolčʼatgi giwk./ He begged the doctor to cut off his legs.
sdigdgi : /sdiktgi/ wants someone to smell
dgl see adgl picking up, raising, getting up

114
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
dg̣ see edg̣ dividing, distributing
dg̣ see odg̣ taking away, depriving
dg̣i see odg̣i down
dg̣nʼ see odg̣nʼ in the mouth
dg̣n̲ see odg̣nʼ in the mouth
di 7sn place of. See Sec. 452.
čʼayangsdi : /čʼayanksdi/ “Berry (sp.)-Place” (place name)
qdᵛawldi : /qdawaldi/ “Cut-on-Top-Place” (place name)
qdaydi : /qdaydi/ “Rock-Place” (place name)
di 4S-v drip, flow, boil up
didg̣i : /ditg̣i/ drips down
diǰqʼa : /dičqʼa/ drips onto, flows onto and covers
sne̲diǰqʼa : /snidačqʼa/ causes to drip onto
diLy : /diLiˑ/ drips, flows into
dilʼg̣a : /dilg̣a/ drips down, leaks down
sdilʼg̣a : /sdilg̣a/ makes drip down: renders grease
dilʼg̣La̲a : /dilqLa/ drips down onto a surface
ditn̲a : /dita/ drips onto
ditqʼaga : /ditqʼaga/ liquid boils up out
ditqʼags : /ditqʼaks/ “Boiling-Out” (place name)
diwa : /diwa/ drips, flows into water, into a flat place
diwiˑ : /diwiˑ/ flows and spreads out, in a line; rapids flow
diwiˑs : /diwiˑs/ rapids
diwiˑ\ʼaˑkʼs : /diwiˑʔaˑks/ “Little-Rapids-Place” (place name: two different places)
diččʼ sne
dičʼ 2Sra well, good. Also diččʼ. See Sec. 722.
dičʼ : /dič/ well
/moˑ dič hoˑt swinaˑ./ He sings very well.
/qʼay ʔan dič hoˑskanga./ I don’t remember well.
dičʼeˑwi̲\ʼa : /dičʼeˑwʼa/ likes, is glad. See eˑwi̲\ʼ.
dičʼaˑ : /dičʼaˑ/ good [o]
/noˑ ʔa dičʼaˑ boqs honks loya./ I gave him a good camas root.
r̲e̲diččʼa : /didaččʼa/ d. good [o]
/didaččʼa ʔan honks sʔewanʔa./ I gave him d. good ones.
dičʼiˑ : /dičʼiˑ/ good [n]
/hoˑt ʔa moˑ dičʼiˑ hiswaqs./ He is a very good man.
r̲e̲diččʼi : /didaččʼi/ d. good [n]
/hoˑt sa ʔa didaččʼi qoqiˑʔaqs./ They are good shamans.

115
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
dičʼiˑkʼaˑni : /dičʼiˑkʼaˑni/ little good one, pretty one
/hoˑt snʼeweˑčkʼa dičʼiˑkʼaˑni./ That little girl is pretty
digaˑga\ʼ 3S-n mountain quail (Oreortyx picta). Onomatopoetic: its cry is /digaˑga digaˑga!/.
digaˑga\ʼs : /digaˑgaʔas/ mountain quail
dil see dᵉl look
diln 7S-v roll
dilnbli : /dilambli/ rolls over, rolls back
sdilnbli : /sdilambli/ rolls something over, back
dilnčnʼa : /dilančnʼa/ rolls along
sdilnčnʼa : /sdilančnʼa/ rolls something along
sdilnčisamni : /sdilančisamni/ feels like rolling something along
sdilndglčʼn̲a : /sdilantgalčʼa/ just started rolling something off, just started to drive off in a car
dilndg̣i : /dilantg̣i/ rolls down
dilnǰqʼa : /dilančqʼa/ rolls onto and covers (as an avalanche, stone, horse)
dilnkanga : /dilankanga/ rolls around here and there
sdilnkanga : /sdilankanga/ rolls something around here and there
dilnkʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /dilankʼiˑmʼa/ rolls around in a circle
sdilnkʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /sdilankʼiˑmʼa/ rolls something around in a circle, drives around in circles
dilnlʼg̣a : /dilallg̣a/ rolls up into a ball, circle
sdilnlʼg̣a : /sdilallg̣a/ rolls something up
sdilnr̲r̲lʼg̣a : /sdilalʔag̣lg̣a/ rolls to a stop, stops something from rolling
sdilnlʼg̣s : /sdilalʔaqs/ circle of willows; wheel (?)
dilnmni : /dilanmni/ rolls uphill
sdilnmni : /sdilanmni/ rolls something uphill, drives uphill
dilnneˑga : /dilanneˑga/ rolls into a hole
r̲r̲e̲sdilnneˑga : /sdisdlanneˑga/ rolls d. into a hole
dilnpbeˑli̲\ʼa : /dilampbeˑlʼa/ rolls back and forth
he̲sdilnpbeˑli̲\ʼa : /hisdlampbeˑlʼa/ drives back and forth
dilnqweˑLa : /dilanqweˑLa/ rolls downhill
sdilnqweˑLa : /sdilanqweˑLa/ rolls something downhill
sdilnqʼya : /sdilanqʼya/ rolls something into the road
sdilnqʼyoˑla : /sdilanqʼyoˑla/ rolls something off the road, drives off the road

116
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
sdilntʼleˑg̣i : /sdilantʼleˑg̣i/ rolls something over a mountain, into the next room
dilnwa : /dilanwa/ rolls into water, flat place
dilnr̲wa : /dilnoˑwa/ rolls around in water
sdilnwa : /sdilanwa/ rolls something into the water, flat place
sdilnwllʼg̣a : /sdilanwallg̣a/ drives up, rolls something up
sdilnwloˑla : /sdilnoˑloˑla/ rolls something off the top of, drives off the top of
sdilnwlyeˑga : /sdilanwalyeˑga/ rolls something up out, drives up out
dilnwʼiˑna : /dilanwʼiˑna/ rolls among, into mud
dilnYeˑni̲\ʼa : /dilanYeˑnʼa/ rolls inside of
din 7S-v rise, set (sun). Possibly the same as “pl. run” or “lie (animal),” but no convincing semantic identification.
dinlʼg̣a : /dillg̣a/ (sun) is stationary (?)
/psekst dillg̣a./ it is high noon
dinneˑga : /dinneˑga/ (sun) sets
dinneˑgksi : /dinneˑkksi/ “Sunset-Place” (place name)
dinneˑgnʼapga : /dinneˑknʼapga/ is about to set
dinneˑgs : /dinneˑks/ sunset
dinyg̣i : /diniˑg̣i/ (sun) rises
sʔabas dinyg̣i : /sʔabas diniˑg̣i/ “Sun-Rises” (cat’s cradle figure)
dinyg̣ioˑla : /dinyag̣yoˑla/ has already risen
dinyg̣is : /diniˑg̣is/ sunrise
din 7S-v pl. run
dinbčʼa : /dimpčʼa/ pl. run out of sight
dinčnʼa : /dinčnʼa/ pl. run along
dinčnʼnʼa : /dinčanʔa/ let’s run!
dindglčʼn̲a : /dintgalčʼa/ pl. just ran off
se̲dinlgiˑ : /sidallgi/ pl. come running to each other
dinr̲LWn̲nʼa : /dillhaLLoˑnʔa/ pl. run along the top
he̲sdinpbeˑli̲\ʼa : /hisdampbeˑlʼa/ pl. cause to run back and forth, ride horses back and forth
dinneˑga : /dinneˑga/ pl. run down into a hole, ravine
dintlnčnʼa : /dintlančnʼa/ pl. run alongside
dintqʼapsa : /dintqʼapsa/ pl. run down from a height
r̲e̲dintqʼapsa : /didantqʼapsa/ d. groups run down
dinwa : /dinwa/ pl. run into water, flat place
dinwbga : /dinwapga/ pl. are running in water

117
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
dinwi : /dinwi/ pl. run and scatter, spread out
dinyahʔa : /dinyahʔa/ pl. run and hide
dinyeˑga : /dinyeˑga/ pl. run up, jump up fast
din 7s-v lie (animal). Possibly the same as one or both of the homophonous morphemes given above, but no convincing semantic identification.
dinbga : /dimpga/ animal is lying down
r̲e̲dinbga : /didampga/ d. are lying down
dinbg! : /dimbak!/ stay lying down!
dindiˑla : /dindiˑla/ animal lies under
dinLa̲a : /dilha/ animal lies on a surface, floor
dinlʼg̣a : /dillg̣a/ animal lies down
he̲sdinlʼg̣a : /hisdallg̣a/ makes an animal lie down (by force)
sne̲dinlʼg̣a : /snidallg̣a/ makes an animal lie down (by words or persuasion)
dinlʼg̣! : /dilʔaq!/ lie down!
dinqʼya : /dinqʼya/ animal lies in the road, doorway
dintʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /dintʼaˑwʼa/ animal lies in the sunshine
dintʼiˑta : /dintʼiˑta/ animal lies just outside the door
dinwa : /dinwa/ animal lies in water, flat place
wisingm dinws : /wisingam dinwas/ “Snake’s Lying-in-Water” (place name)
din 7-Sv tamp, pound down, stuff down
ktding̣oga : /kding̣oga/ stuffs, packs inside a container
ktdinlʼg̣a : /kdillg̣a/ tamps down tight
ktdinYeˑni̲\ʼa : /kdinYeˑnʼa/ packs tightly inside
wdinYeˑni̲\ʼa : /wdinYeˑnʼa/ pounds around inside with a long instrument, tamps down inside
din 3-Sn bell. From Chinook Jargon.
r̲e̲r̲din : /dindan/ bell
dinʼaˑ 2Srt once. Also ditnʼa (after {r̲e̲} 1pr [distributive] with the meaning of “sometimes”). See Sec. 910.
dinʼaˑ : /dinʼaˑ/ once
/čoy ni sleʔa dinʼaˑ./ So I saw once. (Texts, 17.31)
/čoy naˑlʼs gatbnoˑta basdin honk dinʼaˑ wewleˑqsas woksalpks./ And once the white men attacked us old ladies gathering wokas. (Texts, 27.4)
/beˑn ʔan giwapk, dinʼaˑk./ I’ll do it once again, once more. (Texts, 2.22)

118
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲e̲ditnʼa : /didatnʼa/ sometimes
/čoy goniˑtʼaˑk ni didatnʼa qʼay dič gi./ Though even at that I did not do right sometimes, perhaps.
/ʔoˑč mis waq gin ʔelqtgi, didatnʼa hoˑt sa čičmʼangatk./ Let them call you something, sometimes, those young men. (Texts, 37.19)
/didatnʼa hak hoˑt lʔega./ He gets drunk sometimes.
diqʼ 7Sv throb, beat hard (heart). Only in:
r̲é̲r̲diqʼa : /diqdiqʼa/ heart throbs, beats hard (as from fear or pain)
dis 7S-v mature (?). Only in:
disdbn̲a : /distba/ matures, gets one’s full growth
r̲e̲disdbn̲dk : /didastbantk/ d. full grown ones
ditgoˑl see oditgoˑl out from under
ditnʼa see dinʼaˑ once
diˑgi 3Sn dog’s proper name. Unanalyzable.
diˑgi : /diˑgi/ dog’s proper name
diˑl see odiˑl under, underneath
dk 24sv in a state of having been …ed. Forms ending in {dk} are syntactic adjectives. See Secs. 381 and 1031.
ʔeydgdk : /ʔeytgatk/ headed. E.g.,
/boqboq ʔeytgatk/ white headed
čʼawʼigdk : /čʼawʼigatk/ crazy person, one gone crazy
čʼawʼigaˑkʼidk : /čʼawʼigaˑkʼitk/ little crazy one
čʼawʼigmčʼigdk : /čʼawʼigamčʼigatk/ big old crazy one
čʼlᵉebgiˑwabgdk : /čʼlepgiˑwapgatk/ to bring a massive obj. for someone; to have brought for
/yʼaMtgi čʼlepgiˑwapgatk mis./ (He) forgot to bring (meat) for you. \
se̲nᵉakʼydk : /sankʼitk/ patched on one’s own (clothing)
slᵉakʼaˑyi̲\ʼdk : /slakʼaˑyitk/ clothlike obj. hung up
wčeˑwi̲\ʼdk : /wčeˑwitk/ pl. broken by a long instrument
dkʼ 7-Sv blizzard (?). Possibly also in {g̣atdkʼ} 7Sv “be cold,” but this is not otherwise segmentable. Only in:
wičdkʼa : /wičtkʼa/ blizzards
wičdkʼs : /wičdaks/ blizzard. See wič.
dlelg̣ 7Sv start (talking, making a basket). Possibly contains {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to the ground.”
dlelg̣a : /dlelg̣a/ starts

119
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
dlelg̣s : /dlelqs/ place where one begins a basket
dlol 3Sn cricket
dlol : /dlol/ cricket
dmᵛ 4S-v dig a tunnel
dmᵛeqn̲a : /dmeqa/ tunnels through; idiom: is greedy, grabby all to oneself
dmᵛkʼačʼa : /dmakčʼa/ digs on someone’s head (for lice)
se̲dmᵛkʼačʼa : /sadmakčʼa/ delouses oneself
dmᵛkʼačʼik! : /dmakčʼik!/ let me delouse (you)!
dmᵛodiˑla : /dmodiˑla/ digs, tunnels underneath
dmᵛoYn̲čʼn̲a : /dmoYančʼa/ tunneled around alongside
dmesg 7Sv take away, deprive, seize. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
dmesga : /dmesga/ takes an obj. away from someone, deprives, seizes by force
r̲e̲dmesga : /dedmasga/ d. take away, deprive
dmetčʼ 7Sv wash (clothes, hair). Cf. also {ǰoqʼ} 7-Sv “wash (fruit, body, dishes),” {saǰaqw} 7Sv “wash (hands),” and {stabačkʼ} 7Sv “wash.” The areas of semantic reference are not clear. This item occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive].
dmetčʼa : /dmetčʼa/ washes (clothes, hair)
r̲e̲dmetčʼa : /dedmatčʼa/ d. wash
se̲dmetčʼa : /sedmatčʼa/ washes one’s own (clothes, hair)
dmetčʼiˑa : /dmetčʼiˑya/ washes for someone
dmetčʼoˑla : /dmetčʼoˑla/ finishes washing
dmetčʼwabg : /dmetčʼwapk/ will wash
r̲e̲dmetčʼys : /dedmatčʼis/ washerman (or -woman)
dmey 7Sv scrape for grubs in the earth, Possibly related to {mey} 7Sv “dig” or to {dmᵛ} 4S-v “tunnel,” or to both. Only in:
dmeya : /dmeya/ scrapes for edible grubs
dmo 7S-v start. Segmentation uncertain, Occurs only with {yeˑg} 17sv “starting, beginning.” Possibly an idiom with {dmᵛ} 4S-v “tunnel”?
dmoyeˑga : /dmoyeˑga/ starts (work, journey)
sʔabas dmoyeˑgnʼapga : /sʔabas dmoyeˑknʼapga/ the month is about to start
dmo see tmo grouse
dmolo 3Sn wild plum
dmolo : /dmolo/ wild plum
dmolo\ʼa̲lča̲a : /dmolwʼalča/ goes to gather wild plums
dmoloʔm : /dmoloʔam/ wild plum sp.
do see doˑ over there

120
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
dodiˑqʼ 7Sv dream
dodiˑqʼa : /dodiˑqʼa/ dreams
dodiˑqʼlʼg̣a : /dodiˑqʼlg̣a/ foresees in a dream (as a shaman does)
dodiˑqʼs : /dodiˑqs/ dream
dodod 3S-n whistler duck. Onomatopoetic: its cry is : /dodot! dodot!/. Possibly r̲é̲dod, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
dodods : /dodots/ whistler duck
dodoˑ interjection Look out! Be careful! Possibly r̲e̲doˑ but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms. Only in:
dodoˑ! : /dodoˑ!/ look out! be careful!
dodoˑq 3S-n earwax. Possibly r̲e̲doˑq, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
dodoˑqs : /dodoˑqs/ earwax
dogwʼ 3-S-n fish hawk (Pandion carolinensis). Also dogwʼaˑ. See Sec. 430.
r̲é̲r̲dogwʼs : /dokdokwʼas/ fish hawk
r̲é̲r̲dogwʼˑkʼ : /dokdogoˑk/ little fish hawk. Or:
r̲é̲r̲dogwʼaˑkʼa : /dokdokwʼaˑkʼa/. RD gave the first form, BL the latter.
dogwʼaˑ sle
dokwa 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable.
dokwa : /dokwa/ place name: the mouth of the Williamson River
dokwakniˑ : /dokwakniˑ/ people of Dokwa
dola 2Sre1 together, with. See Sec. 1021.
dola : /dola/ together, with
/noˑ ʔa pkʼisa gew dola čiˑya./ I live with my mother.
/dam ʔi noˑs dola gent?/ Can you go with me?
/čoy sqelʼamʼč honk dola čiˑya, honk gist./ And Old Marten lived with him, being him. (?) (Texts, 10.4)
/dadaˑ lis hoˑt dola čiˑya./ When he lived with (me). (Texts, 38.269)
/čoy honk ʔat hok snʼeweˑčkʼa čʼosak gena dola, gankankča./ Now then that little girl always went with him, went hunting. (Texts, 4.69)
se̲dola : /sodla/ together
/dič ʔa sa sodla gyank čiˑya./ They lived very well together.
/gawʼal ʔa sas honk sodla gipks./ He found them together.

121
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
dom 2Sa many, much, a lot
dom : /dom/ much, a lot
/dom ʔa sa swina./ They sang a lot.
/dom ʔa naˑt pʼan./ We ate a lot.
r̲e̲dom : /dodam/ d. many, a lot
/dodam hak ʔa geˑ siʔakLa./ He put too many (things) on his (plate).
domaˑ : /domaˑ/ many [o]
/domaˑ ʔa hoˑt lwela./ He slew many.
domaˑlm : /domaˑlam/ many’s, of many
/domaˑlam wač snʼog̣a./ He caught the horses of many.
domaˑs : /domˑas/ many places
/domaˑs ʔan sleʔa./ I’ve seen many places.
r̲e̲domaˑs : /dodmaˑs/ d. many places
/dodmaˑs ʔan damnon./ I wandered in many different places.
domdwaˑ : /domdwaˑ/ a lot of things, riches
/hoˑt ʔa domdwaˑ gitk./ He has a lot of things (i.e., “is rich”).
domeˑnʼm : /domeˑnʼam/ many’s, of many
/domeˑnʼam wqeplʼaqs gida gi./ The summer houses of many are here.
domeˑnʼs : /domeˑnʼs/ many [o]
/domeˑnʼs ʔan sleʔa./ I saw many.
domant : /domant/ in many
/domant wqeplʼaqsdat/ in many summer houses
domantga : /domantga/ with many; idiom: a lot together
/domantga dalčʼitga siwga honks./ (He) killed him with many arrows.
/domantga ʔa hoˑt sa gena./ A lot of them went.
domiˑ : /domiˑ/ many [n]
/domiˑ ʔa gatba./ Many arrived.
domni : /domni/ many times, many (days. years, etc.)
/domni ʔan lwela kyem./ I caught (lit. “killed”) fish many times.
/domni waytas hoˑt qʼay dwaˑ sʔottʼa./ He did nothing for many days.
domn 7Sv hear, obey, understand
domna : /domna/ hears, obeys, understands
r̲e̲domna : /dodamna/ d. hear
se̲domna : /sodamna/ hear each other

122
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
domndgi : /domnatgi/ let him hear
domnek! : /domnek!/ let me hear!
domnna : /domanʔa/ let’s hear
domns : /domnas/ hearing, obeying, understanding
le domns : /le domnas/ fun
qʼay domns : /qʼay domnas/ noise, racket
dopʼ 7Sv boil. The Pompeys gave forms with r̲e̲r̲, while others gave r̲é̲r̲. See also {stopʼ} 7S-v “gush, boil” (?).
r̲e̲r̲dopʼa : /doptpʼa/ boils. Or: r̲é̲r̲dopʼa : /dopdopʼa/.
sne̲r̲e̲r̲dopʼa : /snodaptpʼa/ causes to boil
r̲é̲r̲dopʼdgiwk : /dopdoptgiwk/ in order to boil
/čwa čʼikʼaˑyʼa dopdoptgiwk./ (She) hung up the potatoes to boil.
r̲é̲r̲dopʼyeˑga : /dopdopʼyeˑga/ starts to boil
dos 7S-v pl., few run. This is said to denote a smaller number of actors than {din} 7S-v “pl. run.”
dosčnʼa : /dosčnʼa/ pl., few run
dosčnʼat! : /dosčnʼat!/ pl., few run!
dosčnʼa̲t : /dosčant/ pl., few can run
r̲e̲dosčnʼbli : /dodasčambli/ pl., few run back
dosdglčʼn̲a : /dostgalčʼa/ pl., few just ran off
doskanga : /doskanga/ pl., few run around here and there
dosr̲kyamna : /doskakyamna/ pl., few run around and around something
doslamna : /doslamna/ pl., few run behind
dosr̲liˑna : /doslalliˑna/ pl., few run along the bank, up and down the edge
doslYn̲čʼn̲a : /doslYančʼa/ pl., few run along the twisting edge of a river. mountainside
dosLWn̲a : /doslWa/ pl., few run up onto, along the top
dosLWn̲a! : /doslWa!/ pl., few run along the top!
dostln̲čʼn̲a : /dostlančʼa/ pl., few just ran alongside
dostʼleˑg̣i : /dostʼleˑg̣i/ pl., few run over a mountain
dosYn̲čʼn̲a : /dosYančʼa/ pl., few run along the edge of a cliff, along a riverbank
dos\ʼ 7Sv shiver, tremble from cold. Only in:
r̲é̲r̲dos\ʼa : /dosdosʔa/ shivers from cold
dot 3Sn tooth
dot : /dot/ tooth
dot\ʼaˑkʼ : /dotʼaˑk/ little tooth
r̲e̲dot\ʼaˑkʼ : /dottʼaˑk/ d. little teeth

123
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
dotʔmʼč : /dotʔamʼč/ big old tooth
r̲e̲dotʔmʼč : /dodatʔamʼč/ d. big old teeth
dot\ʼa̲la : /dotlʼa/ teethes
gosodot : /gosodot/ “Pig-Tooth” (woman’s proper name)
doydi 3Sn duckling (baby duck). Cr. {swʼiˑg} 3S-n “duckling” (just out of the egg).
doydi : /doydi/ duckling
doylkʼat 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable.
doylkʼat : /doylkʼat/ place name: a village on Little Wokas Bay
doˑ 7S-v act upon a prone long obj., a long bundle, etc.
doˑbga : /doˑpga/ prone obj. lies (as a person on a stretcher)
doˑčnʼa : /doˑčnʼa/ carries a prone obj. along
doˑdiˑla : /doˑdiˑla/ puts a prone obj. underneath. (intr. also)
doˑkanga : /doˑkanga/ carries a prone obj. around; idiom: shifts the bones from one hand to another in the handgame before hiding them
doˑkangs : /doˑkanks/ quiver. Description not known, nor checked with other words for “quiver.”
doˑkʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /doˑkʼaˑyʼa/ puts a prone obj. up high (as a bundle of willows among the rafters). (intr. also).
r̲e̲doˑkʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /dodoˑkʼaˑyʼa/ puts d. prone objs. up high. (intr. also)
doˑkʼya : /doˑkʼya/ puts a prone obj. (poultice) on someone’s buttocks, closes with a prone obj.
se̲doˑkʼydk : /sodoˑkʼitk/ having a poultice on one’s buttocks
doˑlamna : /doˑlamna/ puts a prone obj., poultice, etc. on someone’s back. (intr. also)
doˑtn̲a : /doˑta/ puts something on a prone obj. (as a poultice on a sick person)
se̲doˑtn̲a : /sodoˑta/ puts a poultice on oneself
doˑtn̲ys : /doˑtis/ poultice
doˑwa : /doˑwa/ puts a prone obj. in water, flat place. (intr. also)
doˑwl : /doˑwal/ puts a prone obj. on top. (intr. also)
se̲doˑwldk : /sodoˑwaltk/ having a prone obj. on top (as a bundle of willows on the head)
doˑ 2Sl over there. Also do. See Sec. 821.
doˑ : /doˑ/ over there
/delča doˑ!/ Look over there!
doʔé̲t : /doʔot/ right over there
/hoˑt ʔa doʔot čiˑya./ He lives right over there.
doʔé̲tnʼi : /doʔotnʼi/ one from right over there

124
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
doˑ (continued)
doˑdalʼ : /doˑdalʼ/ toward there, the other way
/hoˑt ʔa doˑdalʼ hoččipgabli./ He came running back the other way.
doˑg̣eˑni : /doˑg̣eˑni/ the other end
/čoy sa doˑg̣eˑni soˑčLa./ Then they build a fire on the other end.
doˑkniˑ : /doˑkniˑ/ from there
/čoy loˑs Naˑs beˑn hontgalčʼa, doˑkniˑ./ Then one goose flew off again, from there. (Texts, 8.17)
doˑksi : /doˑksi/ at that place over there
/noˑ ʔa doˑksi pʼnana honk./ I buried it at that place there.
doˑkstʼa : /doˑkstʼa/ across over there
/hoˑt ʔa doˑkstʼa g̣og̣e čiˑya./ He lives across the river.
doˑkstʼant : /doˑkstʼant/ across on that side
/noˑ ʔa doˑkstʼant honks sleʔa./ I saw him across over there.
doˑna : /doˑna/ around over there
/hoˑt ʔa doˑna damnon./ He wandered around over there.
doˑs : /doˑs/ there where, where
/ʔat honk sleʔa, doˑs sam lolʼalbakWiˑs./ Now she saw it, where their lying-place was. (Texts, 4.180)
/qawdoˑgiˑs hok čiˑya doˑkstʼant doˑs hak git gombat wikʼaˑt./ The qawdoˑgi’s lived across right where Pelican Bay is nearby. (Texts, 11.3)
doˑst : /doˑst/ there where [ref]
/čoy Naˑs ni sʔabwapk naʔas, doˑ, doˑst ni nen sʔabaˑ, niˑLaqs ginaˑtʼa hiˑt./ And I will tell about one there, where I have told (before), on this side of NiˑLaqs there. (Texts, 18.9)
doˑstdalʼ : /doˑstdalʼ/ toward where
/ة doˑstdalʼ čoy ʔan sʔaywakta sas gepgablyokst./ … toward where I know they will be returning. (Texts, 12.11)
doˑstd̲at : /doˑstdat/ in where
/sʔottʼiˑwapk ʔa maˑts ni, doˑstdat gyank lwelwapk naˑnok sqoks./ I will make (something) for you pl., in which (“in where”) you will kill (fish) every spring. (Texts, 26.65)

125
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
doˑstkniˑt : /doˑstkniˑt/ from where [ref]
/doˑstkniˑt honk gena,/ from where he had gone, (Texts, 19.58)
doˑtanna : /doˑtanna/ all around over there
/geˑ čiˑkʼis doˑtanna, hoˑt slʼoqoˑps./ These living-places were over there all around, those house-pits. (Texts, 38.33)
doˑtant : /doˑtant/ over there
/hoˑt lis ʔa doˑtant čiˑya./ He lives over there.
dwa sne
dwaˑ 2Sa something, what? Also ddadw, ddadwa, and dwa. See Sec. 721.
dwaˑ : /dwaˑ/ something, what?
/dwaˑ ʔi sanʼaˑWawli?/ What do you want?
/qʼay dwaˑ./ Nothing at all.
r̲e̲ddadwa : /datdadwa/ all sorts of things
r̲e̲ddadwʔmʼč : /datdadoˑʔamʼč/ all sorts of big old things
dwant : /dwant/ in something, in what? Or: dwantd̲at : /dwantdat/.
/dwantdat maksaʔaˑkkʼatdat liwiˑg̣a?/ In which little basket did (you) put it (round obj.)?
dwantga : /dwantga/ with something, with what
/dwantga sleg̣oˑtstga wčoˑčlʼa./ (He) made it into kindling with some axe.
dwaˑlm : /dwaˑlam/ something’s
/dwaˑlam čʼoleˑks/ something’s meat
domdwaˑ : /domdwaˑ/ many things, riches
/hoˑt ʔa domdwaˑ gitk./ He has many things (i.e., “is rich”)
naˑnokdwaˑ : /naˑnokdwaˑ/ everything
/hoˑt ʔa naˑnokdwaˑ sʔewanʔa./ He gave everything.
dwičqʼ 7Sv spit out a large seed
dwičqʼa : /dwičqʼa/ spits out a large seed
dwičqʼs : /dwičqʼas/ chokecherry (Prunus demissa)
dyeˑmi̲\ʼ 7Sv be hungry. Also ddyeˑmi̲\ʼ (in free variation after r̲e̲ with dyeˑmi̲\ʼ). Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive]. See Sec. 334.
dyeˑmi̲\ʼa : /dyeˑmʼa/ is hungry
r̲e̲dyeˑmi̲\ʼa : /dedyeˑmʼa/ d. are hungry. Or: r̲e̲ddyeˑmi̲\ʼa : /detdyeˑmʼa/.
sne̲dyeˑmi̲\ʼa : /snedyeˑmʼa/ makes one hungry
dyeˑmi̲\ʼs : /dyeˑmis/ hunger
/dyeˑmistga čʼoˑqʼa./ They died of hunger.

126
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
d̲
d̲a sne
d̲at 12sn 5sp 9sd 9sa 2Sl 7sl [locative:] on, at, in. Also da, dat, and d̲a. See Secs. 457, 541, 671, 674, 76l, 821, and 831. See Sec. 281 for the morphophonemics of d̲.
dakstʼa : /dakstʼa/ on which side
/dakstʼa ʔams mʼaˑsʔa?/ On which side does it hurt you?
dat : /dat/ somewhere, where?
/dat lis ʔi gena?/ Where are you going?
/ʔat ni gena dat./ Now I’m going someplace.
datkniˑ : /datkniˑ/ from where, people from somewhere
/datkniˑ ʔa hoˑt?/ Where’s he from?
g̣aloˑd̲at : /g̣aloˑwwat/ in the sky
hontd̲a : /hontda/ in that one. Or: hontd̲at : /hontdat/.
/hontda baˑksdat/ in that box. Or:
/hontdat baˑksdat/ in that box
kowaˑd̲at : /kowaˑʔat/ on the white crane
lakʼiˑd̲at : /lakʼiˑyyat/ on the forehead
somd̲at : /sommat/ in the mouth
somr̲r̲d̲at : /sommatdat/ right in the mouth
weqd̲at : /weqg̣at/ on the arm
woksd̲at : /wokasdat/ in the wokas
d̲atga see tga [instrumental]
e
ebg 17sv coming, action toward the speaker. Also bg. See Sec. 363.
čʼibga : /čʼipga/ brings liquid. This could also be {čʼi obg a} “liquid stands, is”; the forms are homophonous.
čʼinčibgbga : /čʼinčipgapga/ has back to someone coming this way. The second bg is an allomorph of {obg} 19sv [durative].
gᵛebga : /gepga/ comes (“goes-toward-the-speaker”)
gᵛebgbga : /gepgapga/ is coming
gᵛebgbli : /gepgabli/ comes back
gᵛebgi! : /gepgi!/ come!
lotoˑčibga : /lotoˑčipga/ brings an armload
nᵉebgiˑa : /nepgiˑya/ brings a flat obj. for someone
ebl see hebl flare up

127
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ebli 18sv back. again, returning, behind. Also bli. See Sec. 364.
ʔᵛebli : /ʔebli/ brings back a long obj.; overturns a long obj. (as a canoe)
he̲sʔᵛebli : /hesʔabli/ overturns oneself
ʔᵛebli! : /ʔebli!/ bring it back (long obj.)!
ʔᵛebliat! : /ʔeblyat!/ pl. bring it back!
sčibgbliiˑa : /sčipgabalyiˑya/ brings a bunch of objs. back for someone. Also recorded: /sčipgabliˑya/.
sg̣ᵛebli : /sg̣ebli/ turns a canoe back; overturns a canoe
he̲sg̣ᵛer̲r̲é̲bli : /hesg̣ablibli/ turns one’s canoe back again and again
se̲tpekblibga : /setpakblipga/ is reaching behind oneself
ečʼ see ʔečʼ suckle
edg̣ 10sv dividing, distributing. Also dg̣. Cr. also {odg̣} 10sv “taking away from.” See Sec. 352.
bᵛedg̣a : /betg̣a/ divides a hide, skin
se̲bᵛedga : /sebatg̣a/ divide a hide among oneselves
se̲čʼadg̣a : /sačʼatg̣a/ divide a handful of objs. among oneselves
se̲tondg̣a : /sotantg̣a/ wires, rope like objs., roads, etc. divide, branch off from each other
edw 7-Sv taste. Only in:
qbᵛedw : /qbedoˑ/ tastes something
qbᵛedw! : /qbedoˑ!/ taste it!
qbᵛedwat! : /qbedwat!/ pl. taste!
r̲r̲e̲qbᵛedwat! : /qbeqbadwat!/ d. pl. taste!
ek 23sv [first person singular hortatory:] let me…! Also eˑk, ik, iˑk, and k. Occurrences of the various allomorphs of this morpheme are unpredictable, and examples are thus given in full under each verb stem morpheme (wherever obtained). See Sec. 371.
ʔiyeˑgik! : /ʔiyeˑgik!/ let me pick up pl. objs.!
bonwik! : /bonwik!/ let me drink!
domnek! : /domnek!/ let me hear!
gawʼliˑek! : /gawliˑyek!/ let me find (it) for (you)!
qbᵛapsa̲eˑk! : /qbapseˑk!/ let me taste
sleʔiˑk! : /sleʔiˑk!/ let me see!
eliˑ 10sv going to meet someone (or something) coming toward. Also liˑ. See Sec. 352.
dᵉleliˑdg̣nʼbga : /deliˑtg̣ampga/ watches someone coming (“as if you were looking into his mouth” —PO)
diloˑliˑdang̣bga : /diloˑliˑdanqpga/ is watching someone coming to meet one

128
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
gᵛeliˑdang̣a : /geliˑdang̣a/ goes to meet someone coming
wičdkʼliˑdang̣a : /wičdakʼliˑdang̣a/ (snow, blizzard) blows toward a person traveling along
eliˑg see aliˑg on the bank, edge
eliˑw 10sv on the very edge. Also liˑw. See Sec. 352.
ʔiwliˑwa : /ʔiwliˑwa/ is on the very edge; place name
čᵛeliˑwa : /čeliˑwa/ sits on the very edge (of a river, precipice)
tgᵛeliˑwbga : /tgeliˑwapga/ is standing on the very edge
elwy 10sv by the fire; along the edge; into water. Also lwy. See Sec. 352.
čᵛelwy : /čelwi/ sits by the fire
gᵛelwy : /gelwi/ goes by a fire
gᵛelwybga : /gelwipga/ vis its
se̲gᵛelwybga : /segalwipga/ visit each other
gᵛelwybgdgi : /gelwipgatgi/ wants someone to visit
/satma honks gelwipgatgi giwk./ (He) invited him to visit.
gᵛsaqlwybga : /gasaqlwipga/ follows into the water
ksᵛelwy : /kselwi/ puts a living obj. by the fire. (intr. also)
yaˑs ksᵛelwys : /yaˑs kselwis/ “Willow-Beside-the-Edge” (place name)
eLa̲ 13sv onto, onto a surface, on a vehicle. Also La̲. Possibly related to {ikL} 10sv “down on top, on a load, pile, vehicle” or to {eLWn̲} 10sv “down, down on top, along the top.” See Sec. 352.
ʔiLa̲a : /ʔiLa/ puts pl. objs. onto
ʔiLa̲bga : /ʔiLapga/ is loading pl. objs. on
ʔiLa̲oˑla : /ʔiLoˑla/ takes pl. objs. off the top, off a wagon, load, canoe
dilʼg̣La̲a : /dilqLa/ drips down onto a surface, onto the floor
pewLa̲a : /pewLa/ puts few round objs. down upon; few round objs. above a decade (in counting: see Sec. 1031)
yanLa̲a : /yalha/ puts few nonround objs. down upon; few nonround objs. above a decade (in counting: see Sec. 1031)
weLa̲bga : /weLapga/ throws a load onto
eLWn̲ 10sv down on top of, along the top, down. Also LWn̲. Cf. also last entry above and {ikL} 10sv “on top of a load, vehicle, pile.” See Sec. 352.
ʔiLWn̲a : /ʔiLWa/ puts pl. objs. down flat upon
ʔiLWn̲a! : /ʔiLWa!/ put pl. onto!
r̲e̲ʔiLwn̲at! : /ʔiˑLoˑnat!/ d. pl. put pl. objs. onto!
ʔiLWn̲ys : /ʔiLWis/ sinew bow-backing

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼiLWn̲a : /čʼiLWa/ liquid lies flat on the top of, along the top
sčʼiLWn̲a : /sčʼiLWa/ spreads liquid out on; irrigates
kčʼir̲LWn̲nʼa : /kčʼiLLaLLoˑnʔa/ crawls around and around on the top, along the top
wʼinLWn̲čʼn̲a : /wʼillWančʼa/ lies on the stomach on top of, slides down on the stomach
elʼg̣ 12sv down, to a stop, to the ground, finishing. Also lg̣. See Sec. 354.
ʔilʼg̣a : /ʔilg̣a/ puts down pl. objs.; buries a person, food
se̲ʔilʼg̣a : /siʔalg̣a/ puts down pl. on oneself, buries oneself
se̲ʔilʼg̣eˑ\ʼa : /siʔalg̣eˑʔa/ pit pl. objs. against one another, put up money against each other in gambling
se̲ʔilʼg̣iˑys : /siʔalg̣iˑyas/ neighborly person (“one-putting-down-pl.-objs.-for-each-other”)
ʔilʼg̣s\ʼa̲ls : /ʔilqsʔals/ to put down pl. objs. In:
/qʼelyʼak pʼas ʔilqsʔals./ (He) has no food to bur;
ʔilʼg̣sg̣eˑni : /ʔilqsg̣eˑni/ graveyard
čʼinlʼg̣a : /čʼillg̣a/ stoops down
čʼinr̲lʼg̣a : /čʼilʔalg̣a/ stoops continuously
čʼinlʼg̣s : /čʼilʔaqs/ the stooping
hod̲tn̲lʼg̣a̲ksga : /hottallg̣aksga/ almost ran into
toqʼlʼg̣a : /toqʼlg̣a/ stops
wčʼiqʼlʼg̣a : /wčʼiqʼlg̣a/ falls down
emčn̲ 7-Sv (?) have, get. Also mčn̲. Meaning and form dubious; possibly 10sv. See Sec. 334.
se̲\ʼlᵛemčn̲dk : /selʼamčantk/ having a round obj.
/waˑtʼi ʔa geˑ selʼamčantk./ This one has a knife.
nᵉemčn̲a : /nemča/ has, gets a flat obj.
se̲\ʼnᵉemčn̲dk : /senʼamčantk/ having a flat obj.
en̲ 10sv action away, taking away, going. Also n̲. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛen̲a : /ʔena/ takes a long obj.
r̲e̲ʔᵛen̲a : /ʔeʔa/ d. take long objs.
bᵛen̲a : /bena/ slits buckskin, cuts a hide
ʔen̲a : /ʔena/ takes pl. objs.
gᵛen̲a : /gena/ goes
sne̲gᵛen̲a : /snega/ makes someone go
gᵛen̲! : /gen!/ go!
gᵛen̲a̲t : /gent/ can go
gᵛen̲bga : /gempga/ is going
gᵛen̲bgs : /gempks/ the going [durative]
/nqenta hiswaqsas gempks./ (I) called to the man going along.

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
gᵛen̲bli : /gembli/ returns, goes back, again
gᵛen̲dgiwk : /gentgiwk/ in order to go
/tbeˑwa ʔan honks gentgiwk./ I ordered him to go.
gᵛen̲eˑk! : /geneˑk!/ let me go!
gᵛen̲nʼa! : /genʔa!/ let’s go!
gᵛen̲ys : /geys/ the going; to go
/g̣esga ʔan geys./ I can’t go.
r̲e̲gᵛen̲ys : /gegnis/ habitual goer
pse r̲e̲gᵛen̲ys : /pse gegnis/ Venus (“Goer-by-Day”)
eqn̲ 10sv outside, out, through. Also qn̲. See Sec. 352.
ʔiqn̲a : /ʔiqa/ takes pl. objs. through, outside, out of
ʔiqn̲a! : /ʔiqa!/ take pl. objs. out!
ʔiqn̲at! : /ʔiqnat!/ pl. take pl. objs. out!
r̲e̲ʔiqn̲bliiˑa : /ʔiˑqambliˑya/ takes pl. objs. back outside for [d]
gᵛeqn̲a : /geqa/ goes through, outside
gᵛeqn̲ča̲a : /geqanča/ goes outside for a purpose; idiom: goes out to relieve oneself
gᵛeqn̲čʼn̲a : /geqančʼa/ just stepped outside
gᵛeqn̲lʼg̣a : /geqallg̣a/ idiom: wets the bed
gᵛeqn̲nʼa : /geqanʔa/ goes in and out
pečqn̲a : /pečqa/ puts the foot outside. through
pečqn̲bga : /pečqampga/ foot is sticking out, through
pečqn̲čʼn̲a : /pečqančʼa/ just put the foot through (as through a rotten floorboard)
pečqn̲lʼg̣a : /pečqallg̣a/ gets the foot tangled in wire or cord, puts the foot down through
pečqn̲oˑla : /pečqnoˑla/ pulls the foot out through
se̲wqʼotʼqn̲dk : /soˑqʼatqantk/ having one’s hair knotted at the crown. Use of {eqn̲} here?
eqweˑL 10sv down the hill, out of a tree, down a slope. Also qweˑL. See Sec. 352.
kteqweˑLa : /kteqweˑLa/ (log, avalanche) slides downhill
ntʼiwqweˑLbli : /ntʼiwqweˑLabli/ falls back down a slope
wotʼwqweˑLa : /wotʼoˑqweˑLa/ throws down from a height, out of a tree
wotʼwqweˑLi! : /wotʼoˑqweˑLi!/ throw it down!
eqʼy 10sv in the road, in the doorway. Also qʼy. See Sec. 352.
lᵛeqʼya : /leqʼya/ puts a round obj. in the road, in the doorway (intr. also); drives a car, wagon, into the road
se̲lᵛeqʼybli : /selqʼibli/ drives one’s car. wagon, back onto the road

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
se̲\ʼlᵛeqʼyoˑla : /selʼaqʼyoˑla/ drives off the road.
Note also the dance song of the porcupines (Text 4.337):
/čeˑli, čeˑli. naˑlʼs ʔam kani lelqʼiqʼit!/ Porky, Porky, let somebody cut our wrists! (Possibly r̲e̲lᵛ er̲r̲qʼya̲t ?)
nᵉeqʼya : /neqʼya/ puts a flat obj. in the road, in the doorway. (intr. also)
saˑykʼa\ʼaˑkʼ nᵉeqʼys : /saˑykʼaʔaˑk neqʼiˑs/ “Little-Plain-Lying-in-the-Way” (place name)
nqenqʼya : /nqenqʼya/ shouts at someone in the road
ettʼ 7-Sv tear a hole (?). Since this occurs only after ᵛ, it is likely that this is not the best morphophonemic shape: possibly *tetʼ, *tʼetʼ, *detʼ, etc. Only recorded in:
pᵛettʼa : /pettʼa/ tears a hole
r̲e̲pᵛettʼa : /pepattʼa/ d. tear a hole
etʼleˑg̣i 10sv across, astride, over a mountain, into another room. Also tʼleˑg̣i and pʼleˑg̣i (the latter in one place name only). See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛetʼleˑg̣i : /ʔetʼleˑg̣i/ takes a long obj. over a mountain, into another room
gᵛetʼleˑgi : /getʼleˑgi/ goes over a mountain, into another room
gᵛer̲tʼleˑg̣iˑ : /gettʼatʼleˑg̣i/ keeps going back and forth over a mountain, from one room to another
gwen̲pʼleˑgis : /gwempʼleˑgis/ “Tracking-Over” (place name)
pečtʼleˑg̣ičʼn̲a : /pečtʼleˑg̣ičʼa/ just put a foot over, straddles a horse
ew 10sv in water, in a flat place; in, on the female genitals. Also w. See Sec. 352.
ʔiwa : /ʔiwa/ puts pl. objs. into water, flat place. (intr. also)
ʔiw! : /ʔiw!/ put pl. objs in water, flat place!
ʔiwank : /ʔiwank/ having put pl. objs. in water, flat place
r̲e̲ʔiwat! : /ʔiˑwat!/ pl. put d. pl. objs. in!
ʔiwdk : /ʔiwtk/ pl. objs. in a state of being in liquid, flat place
ʔiwys : /ʔiwiˑs/ gifts to the groom at the marriage (“pl.-objs.-in-a-flat-place”; i.e., gifts laid in the center of the marriage gathering)
dᵛewa : /dewa/ vertical obj. stands erect in liquid, in a flat place: falls headlong into liquid, flat place
dᵛews : /dews/ hymen. See dᵛ.
hiwwa : /hiwwa/ spreads out a blanket, clothlike obj. in water, flat place. (intr. also)

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
hiwws : /hiwwas/ “Spread-Out-in-Water” (place name)
kʼlᵛočʼwa : /kʼločʼwa/ fishes by torchlight. Also slʼᵛočʼwa : /slʼočʼwa/ with the same meaning.
kʼlᵛočʼws : /kʼločʼoˑs/ torch
nᵉewa : /newa/ puts a flat obj. in water, flat place, over a woman’s genitals. (intr. also)
se̲nᵉewa : /senwa/ puts a flat obj. over one’s own genitals (woman)
nʼiqwa : /nʼiqwa/ puts a hand into water, flat place
nʼiqr̲wa : /nʼiqoˑwa/ keeps putting a hand into water, flat place
nʼiqwbga : /nʼiqoˑpga/ soaks the hand(s)
eWa̲ 10sv along the back. Also Wa̲. Cf. also {eLWn̲} 10sv “along the top, along a ridge, down on top.” See Sec. 352.
g̣isWa̲a : /g̣isWa/ steps on someone’s back. (Texts, 4.235)
lg̣ᵉeWa̲a : /lg̣eWa/ has a stripe along the back
r̲r̲e̲lg̣ᵉeWa̲bga : /lg̣elg̣aWapga/ has d. stripes along the back. (Unchecked: only Texts, 9.22)
ey sne
eˑ 3-S-n daughter. Also ey and eˑy. See Sec. 430.
beˑa̲b : /beˑp/ daughter
beˑa̲b\ʼaˑkʼ : /beˑpʼaˑk/ little daughter
beya̲ldga : /beyaltga/ been to see one’s daughter
se̲beya̲ldk : /sebyaltk/ related to each other as parent-daughter
beysa̲b : /beysap/ daughters
beysa̲ldga : /beysaltga/ been to see one’s daughters
beysa : /beysa/ daughters [o]
beysm : /beysam/ daughters’
beˑya : /beˑya/ daughter [o]
beˑym : /beˑyam/ daughter’s
eˑ sne
eˑ\ʼ 4sn 8sv be an article of wearing apparel (?). Also eˑ. See Sec. 340. Only in:
nʼepeˑ\ʼa : /nʼepeˑʔa/ puts on a glove, wears a glove
nʼepeˑbli : /nʼepeˑbli/ puts a glove back on
r̲e̲nʼepeˑbli : /nʼenpeˑbli/ d. put gloves back on
nʼepeˑs : /nʼepeˑs/ glove
r̲e̲nʼepeˑkʼa : /nʼenpeˑkʼa/ d. little gloves
eˑ\ʼ 13sv in a game, competition, for fun. Also rarely leˑ\ʼ. See Sec. 355.
ʔᵛodg̣eˑ\ʼa : /ʔotg̣eˑʔa/ takes away from (in a game)

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
swʼenč se̲ʔᵛodg̣eˑ\ʼs : /swʼenč soʔatg̣eˑʔas/ “taking-the-cradle-from-each-other” (cat’s cradle figure)
se̲ʔilʼg̣eˑ\ʼa : /siʔalg̣eˑʔa/ pit pl. objs. against each other, put up money against each other in gambling
čʼinLa̲leˑ\ʼa : /čʼilhaleˑʔa/ slides down on the back (as child on a snow slope)
he̲spidg̣leˑ\ʼa : /hispatg̣leˑʔa/ play tug-of-war
se̲\ʼwinyg̣ieˑ\ʼa : /siwʼanyag̣yeˑʔa/ outdo each other in a game, competition
eˑk see ek [first person singular hortatory:] let me…!
eˑmʼi see ʼeˑmʼi time of, season of
eˑnʼ see yʼeˑnʼ [nonnominative theme formant]
eˑqʼ 11sv doing repeatedly in the air. See Sec. 353.
ngatʼr̲r̲wleˑqʼa : /ngatʼoˑwawleˑqʼa/ jumps up and down
ngatʼr̲r̲wleˑqʼyeˑga : /ngatʼoˑwawleˑqʼyeˑga/ starts to jump up and down
nʼiqr̲r̲wleˑqʼa : /nʼiqoˑwawleˑqʼa/ waves a hand at
nʼiqr̲r̲wleˑqʼiˑa : /nʼiqoˑwawleˑqʼiˑya/ waves at someone for a purpose (as for a signal)
sdigsr̲r̲wleˑqʼa : /sdiksoˑwawleˑqʼa/ sniffs the air with nose held high, smells the breeze
eˑwi̲\ʼ 8sv be what the preceding adverb says. Possibly related to {ewn̲} 7Sv “be full”?
dičʼeˑwi̲\ʼa : /dičʼeˑwʼa/ likes, is glad
se̲diččʼeˑwi̲\ʼa : /sidaččʼeˑwʼa/ like each other. Also recorded /sidačʼeˑwʼa/.
dičʼeˑwi̲\ʼiˑa : /dičʼeˑwʼiˑya/ likes (something) for someone
qʼoyeˑwi̲\ʼa : /qʼoyeˑwʼa/ is sad
r̲e̲qʼoyeˑwi̲\ʼa : /qʼoqʼyeˑwʼa/ d. are sad
sne̲qʼoyeˑwi̲\ʼa : /snoqʼyeˑwʼa/ makes someone sad
qʼoyeˑwi̲\ʼdk : /qʼoyeˑwitk/ sad. one who is sad
Possibly also in qʼoyseˑwi̲\ʼa : /qʼoyseˑwʼa/ “is glad, happy,” but no *{qʼoys} has been identified.
eˑy see eˑ daughter
g
g 3sd [nominative plural]. Also ∅. See Sec. 623.
geˑg sa : /geˑk sa/ they (proximate)
/geˑk sa ʔa sʔottʼa./ These (people) did it.

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
hoˑd sa : /hoˑt sa/ they (remote). Here the allomorph is ∅.
neˑg sa : /neˑk sa/ they (absent)
g see ng [nonnominative]
gᵛ 4S-v go, move of one’s own volition
gᵛabaˑtn̲a : /gabaˑta/ lands on, goes to shore
gᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼlʼg̣a : /gabaˑyilg̣a/ goes to the end (of a canyon)
gᵛabčʼa : /gapčʼa/ goes out of sight
gᵛadbn̲a : /gatba/ arrives, comes home
gᵛadbn̲bli : /gatbambli/ returns home, arrives back
gᵛ adbn̲oˑta : /gatbnoˑta/ intrudes upon
gᵛakʼapsdi : /gakʼapsdi/ replaces, takes someone’s place. See akʼapsdi.
gᵛakʼiˑčʼa/ turns around
gᵛakiˑmi̲\ʼa : /gakʼiˑmʼa/ goes around the edge of
gᵛakʼwa : /gakʼwa/ goes across
gᵛakʼwčʼa̲bgbli : /gakʼoˑčʼapgabli/ just came back across
gᵛakʼwkʼys : /gakʼoˑkʼis/ ford
gᵛakʼya : /gakʼya/ goes shut; goes onto the buttocks
gᵛalamna : /galamna/ goes behind, at the back of
gᵛalčʼwy : /galčʼwi/ goes right up to
se̲gᵛalčʼwybli : /sagalčʼwibli/ go back together again
gᵛaLn̲čʼn̲a : /gaLančʼa/ just went alongside, beside
gᵛalʼaˑlʼa : /galʼaˑlʼa/ goes into a fire; idiom: visits someone when they are not at home
gᵛamni : /gamni/ climbs, goes up
sne̲gᵛamni : /snagamni/ makes go up
gᵛamnioˑts : /gamnyoˑts/ ladder
gᵛaqyeˑtn̲a : /gaqyeˑta/ passes by close to
gᵛatqʼapsa : /gatqʼapsa/ goes down from a height
gᵛattala : /gattala/ goes from house to house
gᵛatʼamsg̣a : /gatʼamsg̣a/ goes between
gᵛawawča̲a : /gawawča/ travels from place to place, person to person
gᵛawl : /gawal/ goes on top of
gᵛawllʼg̣a : /gawallg̣a/ goes up
gᵛawloˑtkys : /gawloˑtkʼis/ lodge ladder
gᵛawlyeˑga : /gawlyeˑga/ goes up onto
gᵛawʼaˑYa : /gawʼaˑYa/ goes before and waits
gᵛawʼiˑna : /gawʼiˑna/ goes among. See awʼiˑn.
gᵛayahʔa : /gayahʔa/ hides
sne̲gᵛayahʔa : /snagyahʔa/ makes someone hide

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
gᵛ (continued)
gᵛayaˑdgoˑla : /gayaˑtgoˑla/ avoids, gets out of the way
gᵛaywwi : /gayoˑwi/ go and spread out, disperse
gᵛebga : /gepga/ comes. See ebg.
se̲gᵛedg̣a : /segatg̣a/ part from each other; idiom: make a treaty
gᵛeliˑdang̣a : /geliˑdang̣a/ goes to meet
gᵛelwy : /gelwi/ goes by a fire
gᵛelwybga : /gelwipga/ visits. See elwy.
gᵛeLa̲oˑla : /geLoˑla/ gets off a vehicle, horse
gᵛelʼg̣a : /gelg̣a/ goes to a stop, turns out as, finishes
sne̲gᵛelʼg̣a : /snegalg̣a/ finishes something
gᵛen̲a : /gena/ goes. See en̲.
gᵛeqn̲a : /geqa/ goes out, through. See eqn̲.
gᵛeqweˑLa : /geqweˑLa/ goes down a slope, hill
gᵛetʼleˑg̣i : /getʼleˑg̣i/ goes over a mountain, into another room. See etʼleˑg̣i.
gᵛewa : /gewa/ goes into water, flat place
gᵛig̣oga : /gig̣oga/ goes into a container
gᵛiǰqʼa : /gičqʼa/ goes onto and covers; pounces on (as a cougar does its prey)
gᵛiwbaˑtn̲a : /giwbaˑta/ goes up against (as a log drifts across the bow of a boat)
gᵛiwčnʼa : /giwčnʼa/ goes along
sne̲gᵛiwčnʼa : /snigoˑčnʼa/ sends something
gᵛiwdbn̲a : /giwtba/ (letter, gift) arrives
gᵛiwdbn̲lʼg̣a : /giwtballg̣a/ arrives and stops; hits a snag (with a canoe)
gᵛiwdg̣i : /giwtg̣i/ soars down (as a bird)
gᵛiwlčʼwy : /giwlačʼwi/ comes upon (as bad times)
gᵛiwlʼg̣a : /giwlg̣a/ goes down, falls down; is born
gᵛiwtn̲a : /giwta/ (letter, gift) reaches
sgᵛiwtn̲a : /sgiwta/ owes money to
sne̲gᵛiwtn̲a : /snigoˑta/ sends a letter, gift
r̲r̲e̲sne̲gᵛiwtn̲bli : /snisngoˑtambli/ d. send a letter, gift, back again
gᵛiwyʼg̣a : /giwiˑg̣a/ goes into a container; idiom: is satisfied. Recorded /g̣iwiˑg̣a/; see Sec. 282.
se̲gᵛiwyʼg̣a : /sigoˑyg̣a/ is satisfied with something for oneself, each other; are satisfied with each other
gᵛiwyʼg̣iˑa : /giwiˑg̣iˑya/ is satisfied with something for someone

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KLAMATH DICTIONARY
gᵛ (continued)
gᵛobln̲čʼn̲a : /goblančʼa/ just went downstream
gᵛor̲bln̲oˑta : /gopbablnoˑta/ while going back and forth downstream. Also recorded /gopbablanoˑta/.
gᵛodg̣i : /gotg̣i/ goes down a cliff, out of a tree
gᵛoditgoˑla : /goditgoˑla/ goes out from underneath; idiom: has diarrhea
gᵛoditgoˑls : /goditgoˑls/ diarrhea
gᵛodiˑla : /godiˑla/ goes under. See odiˑl.
gᵛog̣amna : /gog̣amna/goes up. Also recorded /g̣og̣amna/.
gᵛog̣na : /gog̣a/ climbs. Also recorded /g̣og̣a/. See og̣n̲.
gᵛolčʼa : /golčʼa/ comes apart, breaks easily
gᵛolgi : /golgi/ comes to with a purpose; idiom: goes toward with an evil purpose: attacks
gᵛolgičʼn̲a : /golgičʼa/ surprised (an enemy)
gᵛoliˑna : /goliˑna/ goes off the edge; leaves behind, beats in a game
gᵛoLqʼa : /goLqʼa/ goes off (feathers, hair); idiom: sleet falls
gᵛoLqʼs : /goLqʼas/ sleet
gᵛoLy : /goLiˑ/ goes inside
gᵛoneˑga : /goneˑga/ goes down into a hole
gᵛosga : /gosga/ comes off (as color, warts, etc.)
gᵛotn̲a : /gota/ goes onto; attacks (as a disease)
gᵛotqʼaga : /gotqʼaga/ goes up out of
gᵛotqʼags : /gotqʼaks/ the going up out of; idiom: measles
čʼomsʔm gᵛotqʼags : /čʼomsʔam gotqʼaks/ “Sucker’s Going-up-Out” (place name)
g̣osʔm gᵛotqʼags : /g̣osʔam gotqʼaks/ “Swan’s Going-up-Out” (place name)
gᵛowqiˑwa : /goˑqiˑwa/ goes out into a flat place; idiom: runs away from home
gᵛowqiˑwbga : /goˑqiˑwapga/ is extending out over a flat place, liquid (as a tree hangs out over water)
gᵛoWasga : /goWasga/ goes away
se̲gᵛoWasga : /sokWasga/ leave each other, separate
gᵛoyg̣aga : /goyg̣aga/ goes up out of water
gᵛoyg̣i : /goyg̣i/ goes out, over, out of water
gᵛoyg̣ičʼa̲bgbli : /goyg̣ičʼapgabli/ comes back over
gᵛoykaga : /goykaga/ escapes, runs off
gᵛoykiˑna : /goykiˑna/ goes out of fire, water
se̲gᵛoˑlgi : /sogoˑlgi/ gather together

137
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
gᵛoˑli : /goˑli/ wins in a game, beats (“goes-down-off”)
gᵛsaqčnʼa : /gasaqčnʼa/ follows. See saq.
ga see geˑ this (proximate)
gabo 3Sn coat. From Chinook Jargon (French “capote”).
gabo : /gabo/ coat
r̲e̲gabo\ʼaˑkʼ : /gagapwʼaˑk/ d. little coats
gal see kʼal\ʼ cut
gagaˑnʼa 3Sn dwarf, troll. These were a race of tiny people with immense strength who lived deep in the forests, especially near Crater Lake. They were stated to be historical beings, rather than mythological, and many reports of encounters with them by living persons were told to the author. They are reputed to be primarily malicious and mischievous. See Text 20. Possibly r̲e̲gaˑnʼa but no distributive or intensive meaning and no attesting forms.
gagaˑnʼa : /gagaˑnʼa/ dwarf, troll
gan 7S-v hunt
gankanga : /gankanga/ hunts
r̲e̲gankanga : /gagankanga/ d. hunt
gankangča̲a : /gankankča/ goes hunting
gankangdga : /gankanktga/ been hunting
gankangdgdamna : /gankanktkdamna/ used to keep hunting
r̲e̲gankangys : /gagankangis/ hunter
ganr̲liˑga : /gallalliˑga/ hunts along the bank, shore
gantn̲a : /ganta/ sneaks up on, ambushes
ganr̲wa : /ganoˑwa/ hunts (for waterfowl) in the water
ganwča̲a : /ganoˑča/ goes to hunt waterfowl
ganwlgi : /ganwalgi/ comes to hunt waterfowl
gatʼ sne
gattʼ 7+Sv break, cut in two, chop down. Also gatʼ. See Sec. 334.
gattʼa : /gattʼa/ breaks in two
g̣wᵛgatʼa : /g̣waktʼa/ bites in two
qdᵛgatʼa : /qdaktʼa/ cuts off
qdᵛgatʼdk : /qdaktʼatk/ cut off
qdᵛgatʼi! : /qdaktʼi!/ cut it off!
wgattʼa : /wgattʼa/ chops in two, chops down
yᵛgatʼa : /yaktʼa/ cuts in two, breaks in two with the foot
qʔis yᵛgatʼs : /qʔis yaktʼas/ “Rattlesnake-Cut-in-Two” (place name)
gawi 3Sn bird (sp.). This is a little brown speckled bird.
gawi : /gawi/ bird (sp.)

138
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
gawʼl 7Sv find. Possibly {gᵛ} 4S-v “go” plus an otherwise unattested morpheme *{awʼl}.
gawʼl : /gawʼal/ finds
r̲e̲gawʼl : /gakwʼal/ d. find
se̲gawʼl : /sakwʼal/ finds oneself, each other
gawʼlbli : /gawʼalbli/ finds again, restores
gawʼliˑa : /gawliˑya/ finds for someone
gay 7-Sv trim, prune a tree. Only in:
wgaya : /wgaya/ trims a tree, prunes with a long instrument
wgayiˑa : /wgayiˑya/ prunes a tree for someone
gaykʼ 7Sv be silly (as a young girl), giggly
gaykʼa : /gaykʼa/ is silly, giggly
r̲e̲gaykʼa : /gagiˑkʼa/ d. are silly
gaˑ 3S-n (?) long ago, in ancient times, in the myth age. This could very well be classed as 2Srt, except that it appears with {a\ʼˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive] (meaning?). The resultant construction occurs before adjective and locative suffixes. The class membership of this morpheme is thus still in doubt.
gaˑ\ʼaˑkʼ : /gaˑʔaˑk/ long ago, in myth times
/čoy ni sleʔa dinʼaˑ, Naˑs snʼeweˑts homʼas gist gaˑʔaˑk, —tʼeyn gaˑʔaˑk, dadaˑt ʔan honk sʔaywakta./ So I saw once, a woman doing thus, long ago—in the recent long ago, that I know of. (Texts, 17.31)
/homʼas hoˑt kʼolyʼaˑʔaˑk gaˑʔaˑk čiˑya./ In that way Little Coyote lived long ago. (Texts, 16.61)
/gaˑʔaˑk maˑns geˑ wač gida gi, maqlaqs ʔiwʔiˑna./ These horses have been here for a long time, among the Indians. (Texts, 24.18)
gaˑ\ʼaˑkʼkni : /gaˑʔaˑkkniˑ/ people of the old times
/čoy honk homʼas gaˑʔaˑkkniˑ maqlaqs gi./ And the people of long ago were that way. (Texts, 21.33)
gaˑ\ʼaˑkʼnʼi : /gaˑʔaˑknʼi/ one from long ago
/geˑ dak tʼeynni, gaˑʔaˑ knʼi geˑ./ This one, however, is new; that one is an old one.
gaˑni : /gaˑni/ one from long ago
/čoy hok naʔas sʔabatk, gaˑni nen sʔaps naʔas./ And it was told that way, that old time story thus. (Texts, 15.76)
/dwaˑ hak hok gaˑni hok dwaˑ—sʔasʔapg̣leˑʔas dwaˑ./ It is something from the old times—some myth. (Texts, 38.45)

139
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲e̲gaˑwaˑs : /gagaˑwaˑs/ mythological humans (apparently the same as: /psewdiwaˑs/, q.v.)
gaˑm 7Sv grind with mortar and pestle
gaˑma : /gaˑma/ grinds with a mortar and pestle
gaˑmiˑa : /gaˑmiˑya/ grinds for someone
gaˑmoˑts : /gaˑmoˑts/ pestle. Or: gaˑmkʼys : /gaˑmkʼis/. See Barrett, p. 284.
ga̲ see oga̲ get, obtain, perform an action once
ge see geˑ this (proximate)
gew see noˑ I, and also ni I.
geˑ 2Sd this (proximate). Also ga and ge. Cf. also {geˑ} 2Sl “there, over there”—possibly the same? See Secs. 622, 650, and 660.
geˑ : /geˑ/ this (proximate)
/geˑ ʔa sʔottʼa./ This one did it.
/geˑ ʔa hiswaqs sʔottʼa./ This man did it.
gaʔas : /gaʔas/ this way
/gaʔas hoˑt sʔottʼa./ He does it this way.
gemʼas : /gemʼas/ this way, in this fashion
/gemʼas sʔodeˑ!/ Do it this way!
gen : /gen/ this
/gen lačʼasdat/ in this house. Or gentd̲at lačʼsd̲at : /gentdat lačʼasdat/.
gen\ʼs : /genʼs/ this way. Or geneˑnʼs : /geneˑnʼs/.
/geneˑnʼs hoˑt sʔottʼa./ He made it this way.
genpči : /gempči/ like this
/gempči ʔan sanʼaˑWawli./ I want one like this.
gentga : /gentga/ with this
/gentga waˑtʼitga/ with this knife
gengs : /genks/ this one [o]. Rare; see Sec. 522.
/genks ʔan ʔibeˑlʼa./ I take care of him.
geˑg sa : /geˑk sa/ these (proximate) [n]
/geˑk sa ʔa gepga./ These are coming.
geˑgs : /geˑks/ this one [o]
/geˑks ʔan siwga./ I killed this one.
geˑlʼm : /geˑlʼam/ this one’s
/geˑlʼamksi/ this one’s place
/geˑlʼam waˑtʼi ʔa geˑ./ This is this one’s knife.
geˑyʼasm : /geˑyʼasam/ their (proximate)
/geˑyʼasam wnawnga sleʔa./ (I) saw their sons.
geˑyʼass : /geˑyʼas/ them (proximate) [o]
/geˑyʼas ʔa sleʔa./ (I) saw them.

140
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
geˑ 2Sl there, over there. Cf. the preceding entry—possibly the same.
geˑkstʼant : /geˑkstʼant/ on that side
/čoy mna tobaksa slambliˑya Naykstʼant loloqs, čoy bi geˑkstʼant./ He laid down a bed for his sister on one side of the fire, and for himself on the other. (Texts, 4.15)
geˑna : /geˑna/ all around there
/noˑ ʔa geˑna honks haYkanga./ I tracked him all around there.
geˑni : /geˑni/ one from there
/geˑni čik hoˑt, dičʼiˑ hompči dwaˑ./ It is from over there, something good like that. (Texts, 38.237)
geˑt : /geˑt/ there, over there
/čoy moˑwatwaˑs geˑt yantant čiˑya./ And the Pit River people lived there below. (Texts, 21.40)
geˑt\ʼiˑt : /geˑtʼiˑt/ over there
/čoy geˑtʼiˑt snʼeweˑts g̣lega./ And over there a woman died. (Texts, 32.3)
r̲e̲geˑt\ʼiˑt : /gegeˑtʼiˑt/ d. over there
/čoy honk gegeˑtʼiˑt boˑs hok ntʼiwlg̣a soˑlǰis./ And they were falling on both sides of him, soldiers. (Texts, 28.4)
geˑtant\ʼiˑt : /geˑtantʼiˑt/ over there, the other side
/giˑwas geˑtantʼiˑt hiˑt/ there on the other side of Crater Lake. (Texts, 10.52)
geˑtantkniˑ : /geˑtantkniˑ/ from that side
/čoy honk kani snʼog̣a, geˑtantkniˑ, wag̣eˑn gidaˑtantkniˑ./ So somebody seized it, from that side, perhaps from this side. (Texts, 10.123)
geˑtkniˑ : /geˑtkniˑ/ from there
/geˑtkniˑ dinʼaˑ moˑwatwaˑsg̣eˑnkniˑ gatbnankة/ From there once a Pit River having come… (Texts, 19.7)
geˑtnʼi : /geˑtnʼi/ one from there
/čoy honk geˑks qʼay kani sʔasʔapg̣leˑʔiˑya geˑtnʼisة?/ And did anyone tell this one the myth from over there…? (Texts, 38.83)
gi 7Sv be, become, do. This verb functions as an optional copula and in a large number of somewhat idiomatic constructions. Syntactic constructions involving {gi} are discussed in Secs. 1025, 1031, 1042, and 1045.

141
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
gi (continued)
gi : /gi/ is, does
/hoˑt ʔa qyoqs gi./ He is a shaman.
/qʼay homʼas gi!/ Don’t do (it) thus!
Note also constructions with nouns:
ligal gi : /ligal gi/ plays cards
nkas gi : /nkas gi/ has a stomach-ache
pleya gi : /pleya gi/ prays
giank : /gyank/ having been, done
/homʼas gyank qtančʼa./ Having done thus, (he) fell asleep.
gibgs : /gipks/ in a state of being
/gawʼal sas sodla gipks./ (He) found them being together
gidamna : /gidamna/ keeps being, doing
/waˑ! gidamna./ (He) keeps going “waˑ!”
gidgi : /gitgi/ wants someone to do. Usually in constructions like:
/sgoywi ʔans waˑsi gitgi giwk/ (He) sent me to be inside.
gidk : /gitk/ having, in a state of being
/domdwaˑ gitk hoˑt./ He has many things.
/taktak nʼos gitk/ having a red head (“redheaded”)
/maˑns gitk/ it being a long time
gikanga : /gikanga/ is, does around here and there. Only in the idiomatic construction:
/dat gikanga/ is disappointed
ginʼapga : /ginʼapga/ is almost
/psekst ginʼapga/ it’s almost noon
gioˑlank : /gyoˑlank/ (or /giwlank/) having become, passed, been
/tonʼip psinks giwlank/ five nights having passed
gis : /gis/ the being
/mboˑsant psin gis/ tomorrow night (“being tomorrow night”)
gisi : /gisi/ while being
/moˑyʼeˑnʼs gisi selwal./ While (I) was grown up, (they) fought the war.
gist : /gist/ being [ref]
/sʔaywakta honks dat gist./ (I) know where he is
/sg̣iloˑlg̣a det ba gist./ (He) measured how big it was.
giwabg : /giwapk/ will be, do
/qʼay ʔan sʔaywakta dwaˑ waq giwapk./ I don’t know what I’m going to do.

142
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
giwk : /giwk/ being, because of being, in order to be, do
/dwaˑ sa waq giwk gena?/ Why did they go?
/qʼay ʔan sʔaywakta dwaˑ waq giwk./ I don’t know why
/tbeˑwa ʔan honks gepgablitgi giwk./ I ordered him to come back.
giWiˑdk : /giWiˑtk/ used to be
/geˑ ʔa honklʼam lačʼas giWiˑtk./ This used to be his house.
gi see akʼy closing; on the buttocks
gida 2Sl here. Also gidaˑ and git. See Sec. 821.
gida : /gida/ here
/gida hok ntʼiwtg̣i./ It fell down here.
gidad̲at : /gidatdat/ on here, here
/čoy honk Naˑyʼant Naˑs hoˑlg̣a gidatdat, snʼeweˑčkʼa./ And one jumped down on one side right here, a little girl. (Texts, 4.463)
gidakniˑ : /gidakniˑ/ from here, people from here. Or gidaˑkniˑ : /gidaˑkniˑ/.
gidalʼ : /gidalʼ/ toward here, this way
/hoˑt ʔa gidalʼ g̣isčipga./ He’s walking this way.
gidaˑna : /gidaˑna/ all around here
/gidaˑna naˑt maqlaqs bil gida domiˑ gi./ Only we Indians were many around here. (Texts, 38.18)
gidaˑn\ʼs : /gidaˑnʼs/ one from here [o]
/sanʼaˑWawli sʔaps beˑn, gidaˑnʼs naˑlʼam daˑk g̣eˑlatiˑ, gidaˑnʼs, ة/ I wish to tell again, (about) our own region here, right here, … (Texts, 19.1)
git : /git/ here (in free variation with gida)
/git geˑt yanaˑ/ right down below here
gidaˑ sle
gin 7S-v be a space (in location, in time)
ginbaˑtn̲a : /gimbaˑta/ is a space right up to, up to shore
ginr̲dga : /gintdatga/ is a hole, has a hole
r̲e̲ginr̲dga : /gigantdatga/ d. have holes
ginr̲dgs : /gintdadaks/ hole
gindiˑla : /gindiˑla/ is a space underneath
ging̣oga : /ging̣oga/ is a space inside, in a container
ging̣ogdk : /ging̣ogatk/ being a space inside
/ʔaˑdiˑ ging̣ogatk/ deep inside
ginkanga : /ginkanga/ is a space around here and there
moˑ ginkangs : /moˑ ginkanks/ “Big-Space-Around” (place name)

143
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
gin (continued)
ginkʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /ginkʼiˑmʼa/ is all around the edge
ginkʼwa : /ginkʼwa/ is a space across
r̲e̲ginkʼwdk : /gigankʼotk/ being d. spaces across
sne̲ginkʼya : /snigankʼya/ leaves an open space for, a space of time. Use of {aky} here?
ginlʼg̣a : /gillg̣a/ is a space
sne̲ginlʼg̣iˑa : /snigallg̣iˑya/ makes room for
ginneˑga : /ginneˑga/ is a space deep in a hole
ginqn̲a : /ginqa/ is a space through, hole through
sne̲ginqn̲a : /sniganqa/ makes a hole through
qday ginqn̲ys : /qday ginqis/ “Hole-Through-Rocks” (place name)
ginqʼya : /ginqʼya/ is a space in the road
sne̲ginqʼya : /sniganqʼya/ leaves a space for someone to pass
ginsg̣n̲a : /ginsg̣a/ is a space through a tubular obj.
sne̲ginsg̣n̲a : /snigansg̣a/ drills a hole through
ginteˑga : /ginteˑga/ is a space deep into
r̲e̲ginteˑgs : /giganteˑks/ deep holes, chuckholes
gintʼamsg̣a : /gintʼamsg̣a/ is a space between
gintʼleˑg̣i : /gintʼleˑg̣i/ is a space over a mountain
gintʼleˑg̣idk : /gintʼleˑg̣itk/ being a space over
/ʔaˑdiˑ gintʼleˑgitk/ far over the mountain
ginwa : /ginwa/ is a space in water, flat place
ginr̲wa : /ginoˑwa/ is a space all over the water, flat place
sne̲ginwa : /sniganwa/ leaves a space in water, flat place; leaves time for; idiom: allows wokas to ripen further before picking
ginws : /ginwas/ flat place, valley
ginr̲wl : /ginoˑwal/ is spread all over the top
ginyeˑga : /ginyeˑga/ is a space up, high
ginyeˑgst : /ginyeˑkst/ being high [ref]
/sg̣iloˑlg̣a dadaˑdi ginyeˑkst./ (He) measured how high it was.
ginyg̣i : /giniˑg̣i/ is a space over, up the river
ginYabga : /ginYapga/ is a space along the slope
ginYatbys : /ginYatbis/ corner in the mountains, a box canyon
ginYeˑni̲\ʼa : /ginYeˑnʼa/ is a space inside
gin 2Sre2 even, any. See Sec. 1021.
/dat gin ni genwapk./ I’ll go anywhere at all.

144
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/doˑˑm sa didaččʼa gin snʼog̣a, homʼas gyank./ They caught a great many, even very good ones, doing thus. (Texts, 15.70)
/ʔoˑč gin dak naˑt dedyeˑmistga čʼoˑqʼwapk./ But later on even we will die from hunger. (Texts, 15.28)
/dwaˑˑˑ dak gin geˑ g̣inčampga čʼosak?/ But whatever is this one pointing at always? (Texts, 39.6)
/qʼay gin qʼa dič./ Not even awfully well. (Texts, 10.1)
/homʼas hak čik honk hoʔot ʔat, moˑmʼs gin ʔitbambli datdadwa hompča, datdadwa gin, dam—doˑs gin hok siwga, dwaˑ gin hokt./ Now he was the very same kind, he brought back even very large things like that, anything at all. many—even there he killed, whatever it might be. (Texts, 14.67)
ginaˑ 2Sl this way, on this side
ginaˑ : /ginaˑ/ on this side, over here
/čoy bi ginaˑ čiˑya, ʔiWWasga ginaˑkstʼa, honk moˑnʼs g̣og̣e ginaˑkstʼa./ And he himself lived on this side. far off on this side, on this side of the great river. (Texts, 9.11)
ginaˑg̣eˑni : /ginaˑg̣eˑni/ on this side, this end
/gida hok čiˑya, ginaˑg̣eˑn./ They lived here, on this side. (Texts, 18.82)
ginaˑkstʼa : /ginaˑkstʼa/ on this side. See under ginaˑ above for an example.
ginaˑt : /ginaˑt/ this way
/ginaˑt hay ʔi goLiˑ!/ Come inside this way!
ginaˑtant : /ginaˑtant/ this way, over here
/hoˑt ʔa ginaˑtant čiˑya./ He lives over this way.
ginaˑtdalʼ : /ginaˑtdalʼ/ this way, toward here
/čʼosni ginaˑtdalʼ hoččipgabli./ He came running back this way forever. (Texts, 12.41)
ginaˑtʼa : /ginaˑtʼa/ on this side
/hiˑt hon čiˑya sa, niˑLaqs honk ginaˑtʼa./ They lived there, on this side of NiˑLaqs. (Texts, 18.27)
ginʼa 3-Sn [unknown meaning], Apparently only in:
Weˑg̣sginʼa : /Weˑqsginʼa/ sp. of duck similar to a teal
Possibly also in:
wačginʼa : /wačginʼa/ raccoon (but no attesting forms)
gislaˑ\ʼ 7Sv have a use for. Idiomatic: “have (no) use for a thing or person.” Possibly contains {gi} 7Sv “be, do.” Only in:
gislaˑ\ʼa : /gislaˑʔa/ has a use for
/qʼay ni honkyʼas dwaˑ waq gislaˑʔa./ I have no use for them.

145
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
git see gida here
gitgo 3Sn thing, “what-you-may-call-it.” This may be analyzable as {gi} 7Sv “be, do” plus a unique allomorph of {dk} 24sv “in a past state.” Note that in 1877 Gatschet gives “tko” as the commonest allomorph of this morpheme. This form will be left unsegmented for the present, however.
gitgo : /gitgo/ thing, “what-you-may-call-it”
r̲e̲gitgo\ʼaˑkʼ : /gigatkwʼaˑk/ d. little things
gitgoʔmʼč : /gitgoʔamʼč/ big old thing
giwʔ 3S-n pine squirrel (Sciurus douglassii)
giwʔs : /giwʔas/ pine squirrel
giˑs see kniˑ from, person or people from
giˑw 3S-n Crater Lake (place name). Only in:
giˑws : /giˑwas/ Crater Lake
gmay 7Sv tease, play a joke. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
gmaya : /gmaya/ teases, plays a joke, game
r̲e̲gmay : /gagmi/ d. tease. play a joke
se̲gmay : /sagmi/ tease each other
gmeˑteˑt 2Sra (?) helter-skelter. every which way. Rare occurrence in the corpus prevents certain class identification.
gmeˑteˑt : /gmeˑteˑt/ helter-skelter
/noˑ ʔa naˑnok gew soloˑtis gmeˑteˑt wbeqa./ I threw all my clothes out helter-skelter.
gmo 3S-n proper name: Gmokʼamʼč. This item occurs only in construction with {ʔmʼč} 6sn [augmentative] (allomorph kʼmʼč). This mythological figure is perhaps the most prominent of all the Klamath myth characters. filling the role of culture-hero, transformer, and trickster. His name is possibly related to {gmoč} 7Sv “be old” (since he is usually depicted as an old man). For descriptions of Gmokʼamʼč and his role in Klamath culture, see Gatschet (1890), Spier (1930), and particularly Stern (1953 and 1956a).
gmokʼmʼč : /gmokʼamʼč/ Gmokʼamʼč
gmokʼmʼčm : /gmokʼamʼčam/ Gmokʼamʼč’s
gmokʼmʼčs : /gmokʼamʼčas/ Gmokʼamʼč [o]
gmoč 7Sv be old. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
gmoča : /gmoča/ gets old, is old
r̲e̲gmoča : /gogmča/ d. are old, get old
gmočdk : /gmočatk/ old, old person
gmočs : /gmočas/ old age; hipbone (one’s “old age,” where rheumatism is usually found in old people)

146
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
goʔoˑlʼ 3S-n tadpole.
goʔoˑlʼas : /goʔoˑlʼas/ tadpole
goʔoˑlʼkʼa : /goʔoˑlkʼa/ little tadpole
goʔoˑyʼa 3S-n periwinkle
goʔoˑyʼas : /goʔoˑyʼas/ periwinkle
goʔoˑyʼa\ʼaˑkʼ : /goʔoˑyʼaʔaˑk/ little periwinkle
gobal 7S-v soar (bird, paper); wave in the breeze. Cf. also {g̣ičʼoˑ} 7S-v with a similar meaning.
gobalkanga : /gobalkanga/ waves around, soars
r̲e̲gobalkanga : /gokbalkanga/ d. soar, wave
sne̲gobalkanga : /snokbalkanga/ makes something soar, wave
gobalkʼiˑčʼkanga : /gobalkʼiˑčkanga/ soars around in circles (as a hawk)
gobalyg̣i : /gobaliˑg̣i/ soars over
gobast 3S-n south-west. Possibly a place name rather than a direction term.
gobastys : /gobastis/ south-west
golčʼ 7-Sv sever pl. objs., cut off, cut in two. Also olčʼ. See Sec. 334.
gᵛolčʼa : /golčʼa/ goes apart, breaks apart
nᵛolčʼa : /nolčʼa/ burns in two in pl. places; pl. burn in two
snᵛolčʼa : /snolčʼa/ burns pl. in two
qdᵛolčʼa : /qdolčʼa/ cuts off pl. objs.; castrates
qdᵛolčʼa̲t : /qdolčʼat/ can cut off pl. objs.
se̲qdᵛolčʼsga : /soqdalčʼasga/ cuts pl. objs. off of oneself (as bits of thread off of one’s coat)
qdᵛoˑlčʼa : /qdoˑlčʼa/ cuts off repeatedly
wgolčʼa : /wgolčʼa/ cuts pl. objs. off with a long instrument
golg 3S-n pintail duck. Onomatopoetic: its cry is: /gol! gol! gol!/.
golgs : /golks/ pintail duck
golo 3Sn female quadruped or bird; doe
golo : /golo/ female quadruped or bird
gombat 3Sn Pelican Bay. Unanalyzable.
gombat : /gombat/ Pelican Bay
gombatkniˑ : /gombatkniˑ/ person, people from Pelican Bay
goniˑ 2Sl that way, over there, the other way
goniˑ : /goniˑ/ over that way, over there
/hiˑt hay goniˑ čelg̣i!/ Sit down over there!
goniˑg̣eˑni : /goniˑg̣eˑni/ the other end
/hoˑt ʔa goniˑg̣eˑni qdaktʼa./ He cut off the other end.

147
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
goniˑkstʼa : /goniˑkstʼa/ on that side, the other side
/goniˑkstʼa ʔan gakʼwa./ I crossed over to the other side.
goniˑkstʼankniˑ : /goniˑkstʼankniˑ/ from that side, people from that side (Texts, 34.13)
goniˑkstʼant : /goniˑkstʼant/ on that side
/ة kat hoˑt yaˑmat doˑkstʼant goniˑkstʼant g̣og̣e moˑnʼs čiˑya./ … Who lived to the North across a great river over there. (Texts, 9.6)
goniˑlʼ : /goniˑlʼ/ worse (“more-that-way”)
/goniˑlʼ ʔan hoslta gen waytas./ I feel worse today.
goniˑna : /goniˑna/ all around over there
/goniˑna ʔa sa damnon./ They wandered all around over there.
goniˑtant : /goniˑtant/ over there
/yʼaynʼa čik hoˑt goniˑtant./ That’s a mountain over there. (Texts, 39.26)
goniˑtdalʼ : /goniˑtdalʼ/ the other way
/goniˑtdalʼ ʔa qeˑqčnʼa./ (He) fled in the other direction.
goniˑtʼa : /goniˑtʼa/ the other side
/sohiˑyag̣yeˑks han goniˑtʼa/ on the other side of Sohiˑyag̣eˑks. (Texts, 14.2)
goso 3Sn pig. From Chinook Jargon (French “cochon”)
goso : /goso/ pig
r̲e̲goso\ʼaˑkʼ : /gogaswʼaˑk/ d. little pigs
gosodot : /gosodot/ “Pig-Tooth” (woman’s proper name)
goso lolb : /goso lolp/ “Pig-Eye” (woman’s proper name). Possibly: /gosololp/.
goW 7Sv swell up (as from a disease, infection). Possibly {gᵛ} 4S-v “go” plus an otherwise unattested *{oW}.
goWa : /goWa/ (throat, sore, etc.) swells up
goWdk : /goWatk/ swollen
goWyʼasg̣s : /goWyʼasqs/ venereal disease
goyʼ 7Sv speak Klamath with a Modoc accent
goyʼa : /goyʼa/ speaks with a Modoc accent
goyʼdk : /goyʼatk/ having a Modoc accent
goˑt 3Sn goat. From English.
goˑt : /goˑt/ goat
r̲e̲goˑt\ʼaˑkʼ : /gogoˑtʼaˑk/ d. little goats
gyaˑm 3-S-n unbelievable. Meaning and form dubious. Only in:
r̲e̲gyaˑmys : /gagyaˑmis/ unbelievable

148
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/gagyaˑ mis sitk hok blewgi./ He has an unbelievable supply (of food).
g̣
g̣ʔis see g̣is walk
g̣abyang 3S-n mountain dock (Polyganum bistortoides Pursh.)
g̣abyangs : /g̣abyanks/ mountain dock
g̣ag̣l 7S-v be cute. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.” Possibly r̲e̲g̣al but no distributive meaning and no attesting forms.
g̣ag̣ltn̲a : /g̣aglta/ is cute, does something cute
g̣ag̣ltn̲dk : /g̣ag̣ltantk/ cute, one having done something cute
g̣ag̣ltn̲ys : /g̣ag̣ltis/ cute one
g̣ag̣ltn̲yˑkʼ : /g̣ag̣ltiˑk/ little cute one
g̣ag̣oˑ 3Sn jaw
g̣ag̣oˑ : /g̣ag̣oˑ/ jaw
g̣aliˑn 7Sv die. Slang: impolite and translatable as “kick off,” “drop dead,” and other less polite expressions.
g̣aliˑna : /g̣aliˑna/ dies
g̣aliˑni! : /g̣aliˑni!/ Drop dead!
g̣aliˑnWiˑa : /g̣aliˑnWiˑya/ almost died
g̣aloˑ 3Sn sky; white of the eye
g̣aloˑ : /g̣aloˑ/ sky; white of the eye; name of a cat’s cradle figure: “Sky”
g̣aloˑ qaˑqags : /g̣aloˑ qaˑqaqs/ “Sky-Roarer” (name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7). Also recorded with no juncture:
/g̣aloˑqaˑqaqs/. See Text 17.
lolbm g̣aloˑ : /lolbam g̣aloˑ/ white of the eye
g̣amn see og̣amn upstream
g̣anʼi 2Sl outside
g̣anʼiˑ : /g̣anʼiˑ/ outside
/hoˑt ʔa g̣anʼiˑ geqa./ He went outside.
g̣anʼiˑt\ʼiˑt : /g̣anʼiˑtʼiˑt/ outside
/g̣anʼiˑtʼiˑt hok doˑ./ He’s outside there.
g̣anʼiˑtant : /g̣anʼiˑtant/ outside
/nqotʼatk baˑlʼaˑ ʔas g̣anʼiˑtant./ The bread is scorched on the outside.
g̣apg̣a 3Sn pine (Pinus contorta). Called “jackpine” or “bullpine” by the informants.
g̣apg̣a : /g̣apg̣a/ pine (sp.)

149
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
g̣apg̣a\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣apg̣aʔaˑk/ little pine
g̣apg̣a\ʼaˑkʼksi : /g̣apg̣aʔaˑkksi/ “Little-Pine-Place” (place name)
g̣apg̣a g̣wᵛačʼaˑsys : /g̣apg̣a g̣wačʼaˑsis/ “Chewing-up-Little-Trees.” Or: g̣apg̣a g̣wᵛačʼeˑsys : /g̣apg̣a g̣wačʼeˑsis/. One of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7. See ačʼeˑs.
g̣aqoloˑqtn 3S-n moth. Analysis? Only in:
g̣aqoloˑqtnys : /g̣aqoloˑqtnis/ moth
g̣atdkʼ 7Sv be cold (person, object). dkʼ is possibly segmentable, but there are no attesting forms.
g̣atdkʼa : /g̣attkʼa/ is cold
r̲e̲g̣atdkʼa : /g̣ag̣attkʼa/ d. are cold
sne̲g̣atdkʼa : /snag̣attkʼa/ makes cold
g̣atdkʼs : /g̣atdaks/ cold (noun)
g̣atdkʼyeˑga : /g̣atdaˑkʼyeˑga/ starts to get cold
g̣awi 3Sn eel
g̣awi : /g̣awi/ eel
g̣awm 3Sn spring. Water gushing out of a hillside.
g̣awm : /g̣awam/ spring
gawm\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣awmʼaˑk/ little spring
g̣awmd̲at : /g̣awammat/ in the spring; place name
g̣awmg̣eˑni : /g̣awamg̣eˑni/ “Spring-Place” (place name)
g̣awmr̲r̲ksi : /g̣awamksaksi/ “Spring-Place” (place name)
g̣aW\ʼ 7-Sv knock, pound on
ktr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼa : /tg̣aWqwʼa/ knocks on with the fist
r̲r̲e̲ktr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼa : /tg̣atg̣oˑhqwʼa/ d. knock
ktr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼ! : /tg̣aWg̣o!/ knock!
sr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼa : /sg̣aWqwʼa/ knocks with a sharp instrument
wr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼa : /wg̣aWqwʼa/ knocks on with a long instrument
wg̣aW\ʼtn̲a : /wg̣aWta/ knocks on, against, with a long instrument
g̣ayaˑtʼa 3Sn small type of house. Given as one informant as “menstruation lodge,” by another as “cookhouse,” and by the Pompeys as simply an old word for /wqeplʼaqs/ “summer house.”
g̣ayaˑtʼa : /g̣ayaˑtʼa/ house (type)
g̣aˑg̣ 3Sn crow (Gatschet gives “raven, Corvus carnivorus”).
g̣aˑg̣ : /g̣aˑq/ crow
r̲e̲g̣aˑg̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣ag̣aˑqʼaˑk/ d. little crows
g̣aˑg̣ʔm lag̣oˑ : /g̣aˑqʔam lag̣oˑ/ Iris (tenax) (“Crow’s-topknot”)
g̣aˑg̣m sqʼolʼanč\ʼa̲ltn̲dk : /g̣aˑg̣am sqʼolʼančʼaltantk/ “Crow’s-Kneed-on” (basket design: Barrett, p. 264)

150
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
g̣aˑg̣s ksᵛawlyeˑgs : /g̣aˑqs ksawalyeˑks/ “Carry-Crow-up-the-Hillside” (place name)
g̣aˑlʼ 3S-n owl (small sp.). Onomatopoetic: its cry is /g̣aˑlʼ gaˑlʼ!/.
g̣aˑlʼs : /g̣aˑlʼs/ owl (sp.)
g̣aˑykʼ 7Sv search for. look for
g̣aˑykʼa : /g̣aˑykʼa/ searches for
se̲g̣aˑykʼa : /sag̣aˑykʼa/ search for each other
g̣aˑykʼča̲at! : /g̣aˑyakčat!/ pl. go search for!
g̣aˑykʼdga : /g̣aˑyaktga/ been searching for
g̣aˑykʼlgi : /g̣aˑyakʼlgi/ comes to search for
g̣e 7S-v grow (plants. hair, etc.)
g̣ečʼn̲a : /gečʼa/ grows
sne̲g̣ečʼn̲a : /sneqčʼa/ makes grow
g̣ečʼn̲bliˑ : /g̣ečʼambli/ grows back again
g̣ečʼn̲oˑta : /g̣ečʼnoˑta/ grows up with, under someone
g̣ečn̲ys : /g̣ečiˑs/ the growing
g̣ediˑla : /g̣ediˑla/ grows underneath
r̲e̲g̣er̲diˑls : /g̣eg̣atdiˑls/ armpit hair
g̣etqʼaga : /g̣etqʼaga/ grows up out of, sprouts
g̣eyeˑni̲\ʼa : /g̣eyeˑnʼa/ grows inside
g̣eyeˑni̲\ʼs : /g̣eyeˑnis/ anal hair
g̣eg̣w 7Sv try (and fail)
g̣eg̣w : /g̣eg̣oˑ/ tries
/g̣eg̣oˑ ʔan swiˑs./ I tried to sing.
/g̣eg̣oˑ hoˑt hiswaqs wdomčis./ That man tried to swim.
r̲e̲g̣eg̣w : /g̣eqg̣o/ d. try
g̣eg̣wat! : /g̣eg̣wat!/ pl. try!
/g̣eg̣wat hon loyeˑks!/ Pl. try to lift it!
g̣ek 7S-v be yellow. Also employed for various light shades of green.
g̣eˑkdgi : /g̣eˑktgi/ turns yellow
sne̲g̣eˑkdgi : /sneg̣eˑktgi/ makes yellow
r̲é̲r̲g̣eklʼi : /g̣ekg̣eklʼi/ yellow
g̣el 7S-v be hot (fire, object, weather, etc.)
g̣elbkʼa : /g̣elpkʼa/ is hot
sne̲g̣elbkʼa : /sneg̣alpkʼa/ makes hot, heats
g̣elbkʼdk : /g̣elpkʼatk/ hot
g̣elbkʼs : /g̣elbaks/ heat (noun)
g̣elpa : /g̣elpa/ (animal) is hot (as an overheated horse)
g̣elwa : /g̣elwa/ lies in hot water
r̲e̲g̣elwa : /g̣eg̣alwa/ d. lie in hot water

151
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
g̣eL 3S-n storage shelf or rack made of willows and attached to the outside of the /sdinʼaˑʔas/ “wicki-up.” Provisions, tools, etc, were kept on this.
g̣eLs : /g̣eLas/ storage shelf, rack
g̣em 7S-v be calm, peaceful, quiet
r̲é̲r̲g̣em : /g̣emg̣em/ quietly, calmly
/g̣emg̣em ʔa čiˑya./ (He) is living quietly.
/g̣emg̣em hak gyank!/ Be quiet! Behave yourself!
g̣eˑmdgi : /g̣eˑmtgi/ becomes calm, quiet
sne̲g̣eˑmdgi : /sneg̣eˑ mtgi/ makes quiet; tames
r̲é̲r̲g̣emlʼi : /g̣emg̣emlʼi/ calm, peaceful, quiet
r̲é̲r̲g̣emtkʼaˑni : /g̣emg̣emtkʼaˑni/ little quiet one
g̣eq 3Sn penis
g̣eq : /g̣eq/ penis
r̲e̲g̣eq\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣eqqʼaˑk/ d. little penises
g̣eqʔmʼč : /g̣eqʔamʼč/ big old penis
g̣eqčʼ 7Sv pay attention
g̣eqčʼa : /g̣eqčʼa/ pays attention to someone, something
se̲g̣eqčʼa : /seg̣aqčʼa/ pay attention to each other
g̣eqčʼat : /g̣eqčʼat/ can pay attention
g̣eqčʼi! : /g̣eqčʼi!/ pay attention!
g̣esg 7Sv be unable
g̣esga : /g̣esga/ is unable, can’t
/g̣esga hoˑt geys./ He can’t go.
/noˑ ʔa g̣esga hon loLiˑs./ I couldn’t put it (round obj.) inside.
g̣esgwabg : /g̣esgwapk/ will be unable
g̣ewč 3S-n wolf (Canis lupus)
g̣ewčys : /g̣ewčis/ wolf; name of a cat’s cradle figure
r̲e̲g̣ewčykʼ : /g̣eg̣oˑčiˑk/ d. little wolves
g̣eˑ 3S-n ipos (Carum oregonum Wats.). This root formed one of the staples of Klamath diet.
g̣eˑs : /g̣eˑs/ ipos root
g̣eˑs\ʼa̲la : /g̣eˑslʼa/ gathers ipos root
g̣eˑčʼo 3Sn chin
g̣eˑčʼo : /g̣eˑčʼo/ chin
r̲e̲g̣eˑčʼo\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣eg̣eˑčwʼaˑk/ d. little chins
g̣eˑǰig 7Sv be tired
g̣eˑǰiga : /g̣eˑǰiga/ is tired
r̲e̲g̣eˑǰiga : /g̣eg̣eˑǰiga/ d. are tired
sne̲g̣eˑǰiga : /sneg̣eˑǰiga/ makes tired

152
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
g̣eˑǰigoˑla : /g̣eˑǰigoˑla/ is resting, is rested
g̣eˑla 3Sn land, earth, dirt
g̣eˑla : /g̣eˑla/ earth, dirt, land
/ʔaˑdiˑ g̣eˑla/ a long ways
/g̣eˑla heʔa/ the earth mists (said of early morning mists)
g̣eˑlaa̲la : /g̣eˑlala/ owns land
g̣eˑlaa̲lks : /g̣eˑlalks/ “Land-Place” (place name)
g̣eˑlant : /g̣eˑlant/ on the ground. See Sec. 731.
g̣eˑlantga : /g̣eˑlantga/ on foot. See Sec. 731.
g̣eˑn sne
g̣eˑni 8sn 5sl place of, region of, area of. Also g̣eˑn. See Secs. 453 and 832.
ʔilʼg̣sg̣eˑni : /ʔilqsg̣eˑni/ graveyard
biblantg̣eˑni : /biblantg̣eˑni/ at both ends, each end
/biblantg̣eˑni ʔa geˑ čaqčaqlʼi./ It’s sharp at both ends.
čagg̣eˑnkniˑ : /čakg̣eˑnkniˑ/ Rogue River people (“people-from-Saugus-Berry-Place”)
ksiwlʼg̣sg̣eˑni : /ksiwlʼaqsg̣eˑni/ dance place, dance hall
g̣ičʼ 7S-v be tight (fit). Also ng̣ičʼ. See Sec. 334.
r̲é̲r̲g̣ičʼ : /g̣ičg̣ič/ tightly.
/g̣ičg̣ič ʔa geˑ sibačta./ This is tight on (me).
g̣iˑčʼdgi : /giˑčtgi/ becomes tight
sne̲g̣iˑčʼdgi : /snig̣iˑčtgi/ makes tight
r̲é̲r̲g̣ičʼlʼi : /g̣ičg̣ičlʼi/ tight (fit)
ng̣iˑčʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /ng̣iˑčʼattanʔa/ is a tight fit on
g̣ičʼoˑ 7S-v soar, sail in the breeze. See also {gobal} 7S-v with a similar meaning.
g̣ičʼoˑčnʼa : /g̣ičʼoˑčnʼa/ soars along, sails with the wings spread (as a gull)
g̣ičʼoˑdgi : /g̣ičʼoˑtgi/ soars down
g̣ičʼoˑkanga : /g̣ičʼoˑkanga/ soars, sails around in the breeze (as a bird, a paper, tuft of dry grass)
r̲e̲g̣ičʼoˑkanga : /g̣iqčʼoˑkanga/ d. soar
g̣ičʼoˑkʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /g̣ičʼoˑkʼiˑmʼa/ soars around in circles
g̣ičʼoˑwllʼg̣a : /g̣ičʼoˑwallg̣a/ sails up in the breeze
g̣iliˑli 3Sn mythical animal. This creature had a long neck and used to eat leaves from the tops of trees. The Pompeys gave this as “giraffe” and stated that all of this species had died in a “Big Winter” about a hundred years ago. A more sophisticated informant translated this as “dinosaur.”
g̣iliˑli : /g̣iliˑli/ mythical animal

153
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
g̣illi̲\ʼ 7Sv be strong, violent, fast
g̣illi̲\ʼa : /g̣ilʔa/ is strong, violent, fast
g̣illi̲\ʼank : /g̣ilʔank/ fast, violently, rapidly
/hoˑt ʔa g̣ilʔank hoččnʼa./ He ran rapidly.
g̣illi̲\ʼbgs : /g̣illipks/ strong
/g̣illipks sdaynas gitk/ having a strong heart
g̣illi̲\ʼdk : /g̣illitk/ strong
g̣illi̲\ʼs : /g̣illis/ strength
g̣illi̲\ʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /g̣illittanʔa/ insists upon something, has one’s own way
g̣in 7S-v point
g̣inr̲r̲bqʼa : /g̣imbaqpqʼa/ keeps pointing in someone’s face
g̣inčnʼa : /g̣inčnʼa/ points at
r̲e̲g̣inčnʼbga : /g̣ig̣ančampga/ d. are pointing at
g̣inkʼl\ʼa : /g̣inklʼa/ makes a mark on with a pointer
g̣inkʼaˑyi̲\ʼbga : /g̣inkʼaˑyipga/ is pointing up high
g̣inkʼwa : /g̣inkʼwa/ points across
se̲g̣inr̲kʼwa : /sig̣ankkʼakʼwa/ keep pointing across at each other
g̣inlʼg̣a : /g̣illg̣a/ points at the ground
g̣inqweˑLa : /g̣inqweˑLa/ points down a slope
g̣intn̲a : /g̣inta/ points at, accuses
g̣intn̲iˑa : /g̣intniˑya/ points out for someone
g̣inwllʼg̣a : /g̣inwallg̣a/ points up
g̣is 7S-v walk. Also g̣ʔis (only after r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive]). See Sec. 334.
g̣isbaˑyi̲\ʼa : /g̣isbaˑyʼa/ walks to the end of (canyon)
g̣isčnʼa : /g̣isčnʼa/ walks along
r̲e̲g̣ʔisčnʼa : /g̣iqʔasčnʼa/ d. walk along
g̣isčibga : /g̣isčipga/ walks toward
he̲sg̣isčibga : /hisg̣asčipga/ makes walk toward, rides a horse toward
g̣isčisamni : /g̣isčisamni/ feels like walking toward
g̣isdbn̲a : /g̣istba/ arrives walking
g̣isdglčʼn̲a : /g̣istgalčʼa/ just started off walking
g̣isǰqʼa : /g̣isčqʼa/ steps on (squashing)
g̣iskanga : /g̣iskanga/ walks around
r̲e̲g̣ʔiskanga : /g̣iqʔaskanga/ d. walk around
he̲sg̣iskanga : /hisg̣askanga/ causes to walk around, rides a horse around
r̲e̲g̣ʔiskangča̲nʼa! : /g̣iqʔaskankčnʼa!/ let’s go for a walk!

154
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
g̣is (continued)
g̣iskyamna : /g̣iskyamna/ walks around something
g̣isr̲kyamna : /g̣iskakyamna/ walks around and around something
g̣iskʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /g̣iskʼiˑmʼa/ walks around the edge of something (field, lake)
g̣iskʼwa : /g̣iskʼwa/ walks across
g̣islamna : /g̣islamna/ walks behind
g̣isliˑga : /g̣isliˑga/ walks along the edge of a stream
g̣isliˑna : /g̣isliˑna/ walks along the edge, off the edge
g̣isr̲r̲liˑna : /g̣islalliˑna/ walks back and forth along the edge
g̣islYn̲čʼn̲a : /g̣islYančʼa/ just walked along the edge, along a bank, a twisting mountain road
g̣isLa̲a : /g̣isLa/ steps onto a surface
se̲g̣isLa̲a : /sig̣asLa/ idiom: achieves, progresses, steps forward
g̣islʼg̣a : /g̣islg̣a/ paces, measures with the feet
g̣ismni : /g̣ismni/ walks uphill
se̲g̣ispbeˑli̲\ʼa : /sig̣aspbeˑlʼa/ walks back and forth
g̣isqn̲a : /g̣isqa/ walks out, through
g̣isqweˑLa : /g̣isqweˑLa/ walks downhill
g̣isqyeˑtn̲a : /g̣isqyeˑta/ walks close to
g̣istqʼapsa : /g̣istqʼapsa/ walks down from a height
gistʼleˑgi : /gistʼleˑ gi/ walks across a mountain, into another room
r̲e̲he̲sg̣istʼleˑg̣ičʼn̲bliiˑwabg : /hihasg̣astʼleˑgičʼambliˑwapk/ will cause d. to just walk back across a mountain for someone
g̣isr̲wa : /g̣isoˑwa/ walks around in water
g̣iswiˑdga : /g̣iswiˑtga/ walks somewhere first (before doing something else)
g̣isWasga : /g̣isWasga/ walks away
g̣isWa̲a : /g̣isWa/ steps on someone’s back. (Texts, 4.235)
g̣iswʼiˑna : /g̣iswʼiˑna/ walks among, in mud, snow
g̣isr̲wʼiˑna : /g̣isoˑwʼiˑna/ walks around among, in mud, in snow
g̣isyeˑga : /g̣isyeˑga/ starts to walk
g̣isykiˑna : /g̣isiˑkiˑna/ walks out of fire, water
g̣isYeˑni̲\ʼa : /g̣isYeˑnʼa/ walks inside
g̣isyʼaˑYa : /g̣isyʼaˑYa/ walks in front of
se̲g̣isyʼoˑta : /sig̣asyʼoˑta/ steps forward (translation?)

155
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
g̣itnʼa 3-S-n root (sp. unknown). This was pulverized and used as a cure for cancers and sores. Only in:
r̲e̲g̣itnʼa\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣ig̣atnʼaʔaˑk/ root (sp.)
g̣itʼ 4S-v pour
g̣itʼbaˑtn̲a : /g̣itbaˑta/ pours up onto shore
g̣itʼbaˑtn̲ks : /g̣itbaˑtanks/ “Poured-up-on-the-Shore” (place name: where the wind occasionally blew the river water back up through a narrow channel)
g̣itʼbga : /g̣itpga/ is pouring
g̣itʼčnʼa : /g̣itčnʼa/ pours out, away
r̲e̲g̣itʼčnʼa : /g̣ig̣atčnʼa/ d. pour
g̣itʼg̣oga : /g̣itg̣oga/ pours into a container
g̣itʼčqʼa : /g̣itčqʼa/ pours onto
se̲g̣itʼčqʼa : /sig̣atčqʼa/ pours onto oneself
g̣itʼLa̲a : /g̣itLa/ pours onto a surface
qiˑʔa g̣itʼLa̲s : /qiˑʔa g̣itLas/ “Lizards-Poured-Out-on” (place name: Williamson River Church)
g̣itʼLy : /g̣itLi/ pours into
g̣itʼLyiˑa : /g̣itlyiˑya/ pours into for someone
g̣itʼlʼg̣a : /g̣itʼlg̣a/ pours down (as rain)
g̣itʼqn̲a : /g̣itqa/ pours out. through
g̣itʼoˑtn̲nʼa : /g̣itʼoˑtanʔa/ pours over someone (as water, perfume)
se̲g̣itʼoˑtn̲nʼa : /siqtʼoˑtanʔa/ pours over oneself
g̣itʼsg̣n̲a : /g̣itsg̣a/ pours through a tube
se̲g̣itʼsg̣n̲a : /sig̣atsg̣a/ pours through oneself; idiom: drink too much liquor
g̣itʼtn̲a : /g̣itta/ pours on
se̲g̣itʼtn̲a : /sig̣atta/ pours on oneself, spills
g̣itʼyg̣i : /g̣itʼiˑg̣i/ pours over
g̣iwg̣ 7Sv stuff (a sack, animal, with some substance)
g̣iwg̣a : /g̣iwg̣a/ stuffs
g̣iwg̣dk : /g̣iwg̣atk/ stuffed
r̲e̲g̣iwg̣dk : /g̣ig̣oˑgatk/ d. stuffed
g̣l 10sv tell a myth (?). Only in:
r̲r̲e̲sʔabg̣leˑ\ʼa : /sʔasʔapg̣leˑʔa/ tells a myth
r̲r̲e̲sʔabg̣leˑ\ʼs : /sʔasʔapg̣leˑʔas/ myth
g̣law 3S-n sand
g̣laws : /g̣laws/ sand
g̣law\ʼaˑkʼksi : /g̣lawʼaˑkksi/ “Little-Sand-Place” (place name)
g̣laywʼa 3Sn mouse (large sp.)
g̣laywʼa : /g̣laywʼa/ mouse (sp.)

156
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
g̣leg 7Sv die (sg.); turn, change, become
g̣lega : /g̣lega/ sg. dies; turns, changes, becomes
/basdin g̣lega/ becomes a white man (or: “the white man died”)
/dič g̣lega/ turns out well
/lag̣i g̣lega/ becomes rich (or: “the rich man died”)
/qʼoy g̣lega/ spoils, goes bad
g̣legalla : /g̣legalla/ dies away
g̣lega̲ksga : /g̣legaksga/ almost died; almost changed
g̣legčnʼa : /g̣lekčnʼa/ changes as one goes
g̣legdk : /g̣legatk/ corpse
g̣legs : /g̣leks/ the dying, death
g̣lepkʼi 3Sn red paint. RD stated that this was made from the inside of rotten stumps mixed with grease. BL thought that it was compose! of red clay obtained at Annies Creek.
g̣lepkʼi : /g̣lepkʼi/ red paint
g̣lewy 7Sv quit, cease, desist
g̣lewy : /g̣lewiˑ/ quits
se̲g̣lewy : /seg̣lwi/ quit each other: get a divorce
sne̲g̣lewy : /sneg̣lwi/ makes quit (fires a worker)
g̣lewyčʼn̲a : /g̣lewiˑčʼa/ just quit, abandoned
g̣lewydk : /g̣lewiˑtk/ quitter
g̣leˑčʼ sne
g̣leˑčʼo 3Sn freshwater clam. Also g̣leˑčʼ. See Sec. 430.
g̣leˑčʼo : /g̣leˑčʼo/ freshwater clam
g̣leˑčʼ pʼań̲kʼys : /g̣leˑč pʼakʼiˑs/ “Clam-Eating” (place name). Also recorded: /g̣leˑčpʼakʼiˑs/.
g̣leˑpi 3Sn rye grass (Elymus condensatus Presl.)
g̣leˑpi : /g̣leˑpi/ rye grass
g̣lom 7S-v make trouble. Morphophonemics uncertain: only before {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.” Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
r̲e̲g̣lomtn̲a : /g̣og̣lamta/ makes trouble, gets someone into trouble
se̲g̣lomtn̲a : /sog̣lamta/ makes trouble for oneself, each other
r̲e̲se̲g̣lomtn̲dk : /sosag̣lamtantk/ having made trouble for each other
g̣n̲aˑwat 3Sn reed (Rumex geyeri or Rumex paucifolius Nutt.). RD gave qnaˑwat. Possibly g̣naˑwt, but no attesting forms.
g̣naˑwat : /g̣naˑwat/ reed (sp.). RD qnaˑwat : /qnaˑwat/
g̣n̲ see og̣n̲ climbing

157
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
g̣o 3S-n swan (Cygnus americanus or C. buccinator). Also ng̣o in one item. See Sec. 430.
g̣os : /g̣os/ swan
g̣okʼa : /g̣okʼa/ little swan
g̣okʼmʼč : /g̣okʼamʼč/ big old swan
g̣osʔm gᵛotqʼags : /g̣osʔam gotqʼaks/ “Swan’s-Going-up-out” (place name)
g̣osksi : /g̣osksi/ “Swan-Place” (place name). PO gave ng̣osksi : /ng̣osksi/.
g̣odaˑ 3Sn plant (sp. unknown). Said to be a sort of marsh weed. See Text 7.
g̣odaˑ : /g̣odaˑ/ plant (sp.)
g̣og see ig̣og into a container
g̣og̣ 7Sv put on, wear a dress. RD gave g̣oqg̣. See Sec. 334.
g̣og̣a : /g̣og̣a/ puts on, wears a dress. RD gave g̣oqg̣a : /g̣oqg̣a/.
he̲sg̣og̣a : /hosqg̣a/ puts a dress on someone. RD gave he̲sg̣oqg̣a : /hosg̣aqg̣a/.
g̣og̣bli : /g̣oqbli/ puts a dress back on
g̣og̣oˑla : /g̣og̣oˑla/ takes a dress off
g̣og̣s : /g̣oqs/ dress (of buckskin in the old days)
r̲e̲g̣og̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣oqqʼaˑk/ d. little dresses
g̣og̣ sne
g̣og̣e 3Sn river, stream. Also g̣og̣. See Sec. 430.
g̣og̣e : /g̣og̣e/ river
g̣og̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣oqʼaˑk/ little river
r̲e̲g̣og̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣oqqʼaˑk/ d. little rivers
r̲e̲g̣og̣\ʼaˑkʼksi : /g̣oqqʼaˑkksi/ “Little-Rivers-Place” (place name)
ʔiWqʼaˑqʼnʼi g̣og̣e : /ʔiWqʼaˑqnʼi g̣og̣e/ “Fort-Klamath’s-River” (place name: Wood River)
g̣og̣ea̲ls : /g̣og̣els/ ditch, dry riverbed
g̣oǰ 3-S-n aunt (father’s sister); reciprocal: nephew or niece (woman’s brother’s child)
bg̣oǰyb : /pg̣oǰiˑp/ aunt; nephew, niece
bg̣oǰa : /pg̣oǰa/ aunt; nephew, niece [o]
bg̣oǰysa̲b : /pg̣oǰiˑsap/ aunts; nephews, nieces
r̲é̲r̲r̲é̲r̲g̣oǰyb! : /g̣očg̣očg̣oǰiˑp!/ myth speech for the redheaded woman of Sprague River (the aunt of the children in the story). See Texts, 4.105, 115, 125.
g̣ol 7S-v whirl. Only in:
r̲é̲r̲g̣olkʼiˑčʼa : /g̣olg̣olkʼiˑčʼa/ whirls around and around

158
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
g̣olaˑ 3Sn canvasback duck (Aythya ferina var. americana). Onomatopoetic: its cry is /g̣olaˑˑˑ g̣olaˑˑˑ!/.
g̣olaˑ : /g̣olaˑ/ canvasback duck
g̣olaˑ\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣olaˑʔaˑk/ little canvasback duck
r̲e̲g̣olaˑʔmʼč : /g̣og̣laˑ ʔamʼč/ big old canvasback ducks
g̣om sne
g̣ome 3Sn cave. Also g̣om and g̣omeˑ. See Sec. 430.
g̣ome : /g̣ome/ cave
r̲e̲g̣om\ʼaˑkʼ : /g̣oqmʼaˑk/ d. little caves
r̲e̲g̣om\ʼaˑkʼksi : /g̣oqmʼaˑkksi/ “Little-Caves-Place” (place name)
g̣omeˑksi : /g̣omeˑksi/ “Cave-Place” (place name)
g̣omeˑ sle
g̣oM\ʼ 7Sv be hollow on top, hollowed out
r̲é̲r̲g̣oM\ʼa : /g̣oMg̣omʼa/ is hollow on top
sner̲é̲r̲g̣oM\ʼa : /snog̣aMg̣omʼa/ hollows out on top
r̲é̲r̲g̣oM\ʼlʼi : /g̣oMg̣oMlʼi/ hollow on top; place name: Goosenest Mountain
g̣ononoˑ\ʼ 3S-n spoonbill. Onomatopoetic: its cry is: /g̣ononoˑˑˑ g̣ononoˑˑˑ!/. Seems to contain an r̲é̲ sequence.
g̣ononoˑ\ʼs : /g̣ononoˑʔas/ spoonbill
g̣oqg̣ see g̣og̣ put on a dress
g̣oWa 3S-n (?) place name. Unanalyzable.
g̣oWasdi : /g̣oWasdi/ place name: a large village on the Lake
g̣oyʼa 3Sn crawfish
g̣oyʼa : /g̣oyʼa/ crawfish
g̣oyʼalm sg̣eyg̣s : /g̣oyʼalam sg̣eyqs/ “Crawfish-Crawling-up” (place name)
g̣oˑ 3S-n plant (marestail). This was used in roasting camas: layers of this plant were laid on hot rocks in a roasting pit, covered with a layer of camas, another layer of marestail or moss, and finally another layer of hot rocks.
g̣oˑs : /g̣oˑs/ marestail
g̣oˑ 3S-n ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa); also used as a generic term for “tree.”
g̣oˑs : /g̣oˑs/ ponderosa pine; tree
r̲e̲g̣oˑkʼa : /g̣og̣oˑkʼa/ d. little trees
g̣oˑs liwliˑgs : /g̣oˑs liwliˑks/ “Trees-Standing-in-a-Group-Along-the-Edge” (place name)
g̣oˑs waˑmykiˑns : /g̣oˑs waˑmikiˑns/ “Trees-Growing-out-in-a-Line” (place name: the Williamson River Cemetery)

159
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
g̣oˑsʔm wqiws : /g̣oˑsʔam wqiws/ “Tree’s-Extending-out” (place name)
g̣oˑ 4S-v act with the head first
g̣oˑdiˑla : /g̣oˑdiˑla/ puts the head underneath
g̣oˑLy : /g̣oˑLi/ puts the head in first
g̣oˑqn̲a : /g̣oˑqa/ puts the head out, through, first
g̣oˑsg̣n̲a : /g̣oˑsg̣a/ crawls into a tubular obj. headfirst, puts on a shirt over the head
g̣oˑtʼaqʼtn̲a : /g̣oˑtʼaqta/ crawls under headfirst; wraps the head tightly in a shawl, hood
g̣oˑd 3-S-n plant (sp. unknown). This is a small plant, similar to the wild parsnip and growing in swamps. It is somewhat like rhubarb, having broad leaves and ribbed stems. It has tiny white flowers in clusters. The stem is eaten.
r̲e̲g̣oˑdm : /g̣og̣oˑdam/ plant (sp.)
g̣oˑyʼi̲ 7Sv be passionate, sexually aroused (man)
g̣oˑyʼi̲a : /g̣oˑyʼa/ (man) feels passionate, sexually aroused
r̲e̲g̣oˑyʼi̲a : /g̣og̣oˑyʼa/ d. feel passionate
g̣oˑyʼi̲dk : /g̣oˑyʼitk/ passionate, one feeling passionate
g̣wᵛ 4S-v bite. Occurs only with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive].
se̲g̣wᵛačdang̣a : /sag̣oˑčdang̣a/ holds tightly in the teeth, grits the teeth together
se̲g̣wᵛačdang̣oˑla : /sag̣oˑčdang̣oˑla/ opens one’s clenched teeth
g̣wᵛačʼeˑsys : /g̣wačʼeˑsis/ chewing up. Also g̣wᵛačʼaˑsys : /g̣wačʼaˑsis/. Only in:
/g̣apg̣a g̣wačʼeˑsis/ “Chewing-up-Little-Trees.” Or /g̣apg̣a g̣wačʼaˑsis/. This is the name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7. See ačʼeˑs.
g̣wᵛčʼaˑqʼa : /g̣wačʼaˑqʼa/ bites fleas, nits, off of someone
r̲e̲g̣wᵛčʼaˑqʼa : /g̣ag̣oˑčʼaˑqʼa/ d. bite off fleas
se̲g̣wᵛčʼaˑqʼa : /sag̣oˑčʼaˑqʼa/ bites fleas off of oneself, each other
se̲g̣wᵛedg̣a : /seg̣watg̣a/ divides by biting in half
/kʼotʼas seg̣watg̣a/ divides a louse; idiom: is very generous (i.e., willing to divide even a louse with others)
g̣wᵛelʼg̣a : /g̣welg̣a/ bites down (as beavers bite down a tree)
g̣wᵛeqn̲a : /g̣weqa/ bites through something
g̣wᵛgatʼa : /g̣waktʼa/ bites in two
g̣wᵛkačʼa : /g̣wakčʼa/ bites off someone’s head

160
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
g̣wᵛ (continued)
g̣wᵛkʼatʼsga : /g̣wakʼatsga/ bites and breaks off a tooth, loosens a tooth by biting
g̣wᵛobga : /g̣wopga/ bites pl. times [durative]
se̲g̣wᵛobga : /sog̣oˑpga/ bites oneself, each other
g̣wᵛobgwys : /g̣wopgwis/ a bite, the place where an obj. was bitten
g̣wᵛoga̲a : /g̣woga/ bites once. Occasionally recorded /g̣oˑga/—possibly an allomorph g̣oˑ?
se̲g̣wᵛoga̲a : /sog̣oˑga/ bites oneself, each other
g̣wᵛoga̲a̲ksga : /g̣wogaksga/ almost bit (felt like it but didn’t try)
g̣wᵛoga̲ča̲a : /g̣wokča/ goes to bite
g̣wᵛoga̲oˑts : /g̣wogoˑts/ fangs of a serpent (“biters”)
g̣wᵛoga̲Wiˑa : /g̣wokWiˑya/ almost bit (attempted but failed)
r̲e̲g̣wᵛoga̲ys : /g̣og̣oˑgis/ habitual biter
g̣wᵛokanga : /g̣wokanga/ chews (“bites-around”)
g̣wᵛolčʼa : /gwolčʼa/ bites off pl.
r̲e̲g̣wᵛolčʼa : /g̣og̣oˑlčʼa/ d. bite off pl.
g̣wᵛosga : /g̣wosga/ bites off
g̣wᵛoteˑga : /g̣woteˑga/ bites deep into
g̣wᵛoWasga : /g̣woWasga/ bites a piece off, away from
g̣wᵛoywi̲\ʼa : /g̣woywʼa/ bites pl. objs.
g̣wᵛqewi̲\ʼa : /g̣weqwʼa/ breaks by biting
g̣wᵛqewi̲\ʼtn̲a : /g̣weqoˑta/ breaks by biting on, as one breaks a tooth on a rock
g̣wᵛqʼačʼa : /g̣waqčʼa/ bites tightly
g̣wᵛtitʼa : /g̣wittʼa/ bites open a bulbous round obj. (as a sack of grain, a louse, a fish eye)
g̣wᵛtʼayg̣oga : /g̣watʼiˑg̣oga/ pinches inside (as a tight shoe)
g̣welg 3S-n Lake of the Woods. Unanalyzable: possibly a misrecording for *g̣wᵛelʼg̣sdi : */g̣welqsdi/ “Biting-Down-Place” (cf. g̣wᵛelʼg̣a above under g̣wᵛ).
g̣welgsdi : /g̣welksdi/ Lake of the Woods
g̣wen̲ 7Sv leave a spoor, track, footprint. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
g̣wen̲a : /g̣wena/ leaves a footprint, track, spoor
g̣wen̲čʼn̲a : /g̣wenčʼa/ just left a track
r̲e̲g̣wen̲čʼn̲a : /g̣eg̣wančʼa/ d. just left a track
g̣wen̲kʼwa : /g̣wenkʼwa/ tracks across, leaves a spoor across
g̣wen̲Ly : /g̣welhi/ tracks inside (as mud)

161
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
g̣wen̲pʼleˑg̣is : /g̣wempʼleˑg̣is/ “Tracking-Over” (place name)
g̣wen̲tn̲a : /g̣wenta/ tracks on
g̣wen̲ys : /g̣weys/ track, spoor, trail, footprint
g̣wewč 3Sn willow shoot(s). Used in basketry.
g̣wewč : /g̣wewč/ willow shoot
g̣wewč\ʼa̲la : /g̣wewčlʼa/ gathers willow shoots
g̣y see og̣y swallowing, biting
h
hadakt 2Sl there, that place. Cf. also {hatkak} 2Sl “the same place” and see Sec. 821.
hadakt : /hadakt/ there
/pkʼisap sam hadakt gi./ Their mother is there.
/wosas sitk hadakt gi./ It is frightening there.
hadaktkniˑ : /hadaktkniˑ/ from there, one from there
/hoˑt ʔa hadaktkniˑ gatbambli./ He returned from there.
haga 2Srp2 let’s, let me…! Also hakʼa and hak in apparent free variation. Possibly {hak} 2Sre1 [emphatic] plus {ʔa} 2Srp6 [declarative].
/haga naˑt dosčanʔa!/ Let’s run!
/haga naˑt sleˑnʼa!/ Let’s see!
/hak hay naˑt gida čiˑwapk!/ Let’s stay here!
/hak hay naˑt genʔa!/ Let’s go!
/yaˑˑ, dwaˑ nen haka!/ Ohh, whatever is that? (translation?) (Texts, 3.36)
/hak hay nat leˑwnʼa dwaˑ!/ Let’s play something! (Texts, 1.61)
hak 2Sre1 [emphatic]. Also k (almost always after a vowel in rapid speech, but also occurring occasionally in slow speech). See Sec. 910.
/dom hak ʔan pʼag̣aˑ./ I smoke too much.
/waq hak dal ʔi?/ Whatever is wrong with you?
/čoy honk deliˑnank hak genaˑ, hokt maqlaqs./ But he just left it alone and went on, that person. (Texts, 12.36)
/čoy kʼet hak ʔi snoloˑkʼwapk psewdiwaˑsas./ And only that much will you threaten the myth-humans. (Texts, 17.18)
/dwaˑ hakt ʔi hoˑskanga, honkt sʔabiˑ!/ Whatever you remember, tell that! (Texts, 38.95)
/čoy homʼas hak noˑ honk sleʔa, dank./ I saw it just like that, some time back. (Texts, 18.37)

162
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/čoy ʔat homʼas giwapk, waqt hakt min sʔabiˑya./ So it would be thus, just as I have related to you. (Texts, 18.71)
/čeˑt hak ʔan gatbambli./ I just barely got home. (Texts, 1.102)
/ʔonaˑk ni genaˑ./ I went early.
hak see haga let’s, let me…!
hakʼa see haga let’s, let me…!
ham see hem talk
han 7S-v act with the mouth
hanbga : /hampga/ mouth is open, mouthlike obj. lies
/slʼoqoˑps hampga./ The house-pit lies.
hančgačwʼa : /hančgačwʼa/ has the mouth wide open
hančnʼa : /hančnʼa/ goes along with the mouth; idiom: (shaman) puts the mouth on (a patient, to remove the disease)
se̲handanga : /sahandang̣a/ clamps the mouth shut
hankanga : /hankanga/ has the mouth open all around (as a baby bird)
hansga : /hansga/ takes the mouth off of something
he̲shansga : /hasansga/ makes someone take the mouth off of
hanwa : /hanwa/ has the mouth in water, flat place
hanwi : /hanwi/ opens the mouth, spreads the mouth wide
he̲shanwi : /hasanwi/ makes someone open the mouth
hanwibga : /hanwipga/ has the mouth open
hasaswaˑgi sne
hasaswaˑkʼy 7Sv talk, converse; PO gave this as “talk to the spirits, as a shaman does, in a rapid and stylized fashion.” Also hasaswaˑgi. Possibly analyzable: {he̲s} 2pv [causative] or {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal] (with an allomorph he̲); possibly also {akʼy} 10sv “closing; on the buttocks?” See Sec. 334.
hasaswaˑkʼya : /hasaswaˑkʼya/ talks, converses
hasaswaˑgilgi : /hasaswaˑgilgi/ comes to talk
haskiˑng 7S-v dare in a competition. Possibly he̲skayng? Only in:
haskiˑngeˑ\ʼa : /haskiˑngeˑʔa/ dares in a game, competition
hastamn 3S-n earring. Possibly he̲stamn?
hastamnys : /hastamnis/ earring
r̲e̲hastamnys : /hahastamnis/ earrings
r̲e̲hastamnyˑkʼ : /hahastamniˑk/ d. little earrings
hatkak 3Sl the same place. Cf. also {hadakt} 2Sl “there, over there.” See Sec. 821.

163
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
hatkak : /hatkak/ the same place
/hatkak hoˑt čiˑya./ He lives in the same place.
/dam bas nen hok hatkak ʔoˑč?/ I wonder if it’s still in the same place? (Texts, 18.35)
haw 3-S-n house. From English. Only in borrowed or Chinook Jargon compounds.
čečhaws : /čečhaws/ church
čečhawkʼa : /čečhawkʼa/ little church
siˑlhaws : /siˑlhaws/ tent
hay 2Srp4 indeed, as you see. Translation difficult: this item has connotations of including the hearer and appealing to him for some agreement or response.
/hak hay naˑt batgalnʼa!/ Indeed, let’s get up!
/gida hay ʔi čelg̣i!/ Sit right down here!
/kʼink hay ʔins deˑWičʼniˑya!/ Leave a little for me!
/čakʔam mat hay ʔins nen!/ Into me indeed, saugusberry bushes! (Texts, 13.66)
/ʔat hayč geˑt diniˑg̣inʼapgaˑ/ Now (as you see) the sun is about to rise over there. (Texts, 4.73)
haY 7S-v track an animal, person. Some forms also recorded with hay—a misrecording?
haYčnʼa : /haYčnʼa/ tracks a person, animal, along
haYdbn̲a : /haYtba/ tracks a person home, an animal to its lair
haYg̣oga : /haYg̣oga/ tracks into (as into a cave)
haYkanga : /haYkanga/ tracks around
r̲e̲haYkanga : /hahiˑhkanga/ d. track around
haYLy : /haYLi/ tracks inside
se̲haYpbeˑli̲\ʼa : /sahiˑhpbeˑlʼa/ tracks an animal back and forth
haYwllʼg̣a : /haYwallg̣a/ tracks up, up a hill
haYwlyeˑga : /haYwalyeˑga/ tracks up hill (same as last)
haYykiˑna : /haYiˑkiˑna/ tracks an animal away from water, fire
haˑba 3Sn top of a tree. This was dried and used as tinder for the firedrill.
haˑba : /haˑba/ top of a tree
haˑniˑ 3S-n Coos Bay (land and people). The name is from Coos: the Hanis Coos.
haˑniˑs : /haˑniˑs/ Coos Bay (place and people)
haˑwi̲\ʼ 7Sv have … breath
haˑwi̲\ʼa : /haˑwʼa/ has … breath
/moˑ ʔi qʼoy haˑwʼa./ You have terrible breath.
qʼoy haˑwi̲\ʼdk : /qʼoy haˑwitk/ one having bad breath

164
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
qʼoy haˑwi̲\ʼs : /qʼoy haˑwis/ halitosis
he 7S-v pl. objs. fall
hedg̣i : /hetg̣i/ pl. objs. fall down
he̲shedg̣i : /hesatg̣i/ makes pl. objs. fall down
hedg̣nʼa : /hetqnʼa/ pi. objs. fall into the mouth
hedg̣nʼoˑla : /hetqnʼoˑla/ pi. objs. fallout of the mouth
heLy : /heLiˑ/ pi. objs. fall into, inside
hemʼaˑčʼoˑla : /hemʼaˑčʼoˑla/ pi. objs. fall off the end
hesga : /hesga/ pl. objs. fall off
hetʼamsg̣a : /hetʼamsg̣a/ pl. objs. fall between
hewa : /hewa/ pl. objs. fall into water, flat place
hewalla : /hewalla/ pl. objs. fall into water and are lost forever
hewl : /hewal/ pl. objs. fall on top of
hewloˑla : /hewloˑla/ pl. objs. fall off the top of
heyeˑni̲\ʼa : /heyeˑnʼa/ falls inside (as inside a box)
he̲sheyeˑni̲\ʼa : /hesyeˑnʼa/ makes something fall inside
he\ʼ 7Sv be misty in the morning. Only in:
he\ʼa : /heʔa/ is misty. In:
/g̣eˑla heʔa./ The earth is misty (said of an early morning mist).
hebl 7-Sv blaze up, flare up. Also ebl. See Sec. 334.
tgᵛebltn̲a : /tgebalta/ catches fire; blazes up on
tgᵛeblyeˑga : /tgeblyeˑga/ fire blazes up
sne̲tgᵛeblyeˑga : /snetgablyeˑga/ makes a fire blaze up
wheblyeˑga : /wheblyeˑga/ makes something blaze, flare up with a long instrument; pokes up a fire with a stick
hehǰiˑ sne
hehǰiˑ\ʼ 3S-n proper name: Hehǰiˑʔas. Also hehǰiˑ. This myth character is a little boy trickster. The name is onomatopoetic: his cry as he runs down the hill to meet each successive goose is: /hehǰiˑˑˑ hehǰiˑˑˑ!/ See Text 8 and Sec. 430.
hehǰiˑ\ʼs : /hehǰiˑʔas/ Hehǰiˑʔas. Also given with the diminutive:
hehǰiˑkʼa : /hehǰiˑkʼa/ Little Hehǰiˑʔas
hehǰiˑ\ʼsmksi : /hehǰiˑʔasamksi/ “Hehǰiˑʔas’-Place” (place name). Also recorded hehǰiˑsmksi : /hehǰiˑsamksi/.
heksg̣ 3S-n cane, Cf. also {yaksa} 3Sn “cane.”
heksg̣ys : /heksg̣is/ cane
r̲e̲heksg̣yˑkʼ : /hehaksg̣iˑk/ d. little canes
skoˑgsʔm heksg̣ys : /skoˑksʔam heksg̣is/ “Ghost’s-Cane” (cat’s cradle figure)

165
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
heksg̣ys\ʼa̲la : /heksg̣islʼa/ makes, gets a cane
hem 7Sv talk, speak. Also ham and heˑm. See Sec. 334.
hamyʼaˑYa : /hamyʼaˑYa/ speaks ahead of someone, in front of
hemčnʼa : /hemčnʼa/ speaks along with, sends word of mouth
hemkanga : /hemkanga/ talks
he̲shemkanga : /hesamkanga/ causes to talk; idiom: speaks to the spirits (offers food and asks for blessings—once done before each meal)
hemkangdga : /hemkanktga/ been talking
hemkangoˑts : /hemkangoˑts/ telephone
hemkangs : /hemkanks/ language
/maqlaqsʔam hemkanks/ the Klamath Language
hemkʼwa : /hemkʼwa/ talks across (as across a river)
hemtn̲a : /hemta/ speaks to
hemtn̲iˑa : /hemtniˑya/ speaks for someone
hemyg̣i : /hemiˑg̣i/ speaks up, says
hemyg̣iiˑa : /hemiˑg̣iˑya/ speaks up for. Also recorded /hemyag̣yiˑya/.
se̲hemygiiˑ! : /sehamyag̣yiˑ!/ Speak for yourself!
heˑma : /heˑma/ (horse) neighs; (cow) moos; makes sounds
heneˑs 3S-n shaman’s arrow, Used as part of a shaman’s medical and spell-making paraphernalia, but its exact description and use could not be ascertained. Only in:
heneˑsys : /heneˑsis/ shaman’s arrow
henw 3S-n “henwas”: a stone carving containing spirit power. Generally these were carvings of male and female human figures. They possess the power of bringing good or ill fortune, depending on how one treats them and how one speaks to them (/hesamkanga/; see above under hem). They can travel underground, and it is ill luck to part with them. These images are archeological to present Klamath culture and are generally found in old sites on the Klamath Marsh. For a complete description and pictures, see Carlson (1959).
henws : /henwas/ “Henwas”
heseˑks 7Sv relate an event, explain, tell what occurred. Possibly contains either {he̲s} 2pv [causative] or {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal], but segmentation is uncertain.
heseˑksa : /heseˑksa/ relates, explains, tells
hey 3-Sn silver fox (Urocyon cinereo argentus)
r̲é̲r̲hey : /heyhey/ silver fox
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲hey\ʼaˑkʼ : /hehiˑheyʼaˑk/ d. little silver foxes

166
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
heˑ 2Srp2 [conditional:] if; [hortatory]. The latter meaning is rare; it may have the sense of “if you’d only…” See Sec. 1046.
/čoy heˑ dwaˑ nis hoˑt waq giwapkة/ And if she should do anything to me… (Texts, 1.27)
/heˑ čik ʔins qʼay sʔabiˑwapk, čoy mis ni yeqeˑwiwapk!/ If you don’t tell me, then I’ll break you! (Texts, 1.117)
/heˑ mis kani sʔabiˑwapk, dwaˑ, čoy hiswaqs mi sʔabiˑwapk./ If someone would tell you, something, then you would tell your husband. (Texts, 34.31)
/heˑ ʔi sanʼaˑWawlit./ If you want.
/heˑ delča!/ Just look! (Texts, 8.5, 6)
heˑm see hem talk
heˑwʼ 7Sv care for, have regard for
heˑwʼa : /heˑwʼa/ cares for
/moˑ ʔan honks dwaˑ heˑwʼa./ I care a lot for him.
/qʼay ʔams ni dwaˑ heˑwʼa./ I don’t care for you.
he̲ see se̲ [reflexive-reciprocal]
he̲s 2pv [causative, transitive of intransitive verbs]. This has a connotation of physical action. Cf. {sne̲} 3pv [causative]. See Sec. 322.
he̲sbadgl : /hasbatgal/ gets someone out of bed (by physical causation)
he̲sčonwa : /hosčanwa/ causes to vomit
/geˑ yawqs ʔans hosčanwa./ This medicine made me vomit.
he̲shiwkʼya : /hisoˑkʼya/ causes a blanket, rug, etc. to close an opening
he̲shodkʼya : /hosakkʼya/ locks a door (“causes-to-jump-shut”)
he̲snoˑg̣a : /hosnoˑg̣a/ causes to be cooked; cooks
hi see hiˑ there
hin 7S-v fall (vertical obj., such as a tree, pole)
hinǰqʼa : /hinčqʼa/ falls on and squashes
r̲e̲hinǰqʼa : /hinhančqʼa/ d. fall on
hinkanga : /hinkanga/ shakes, sways (as a tree in a storm)
he̲shinkanga : /hisankanga/ makes sway
r̲e̲he̲shinkanga : /hiˑsankanga/ causes d. to shake, sway
hinlʼg̣a : /hillg̣a/ falls down
he̲shinlʼg̣a : /hisallg̣a/ fells a tree, causes to fall in a certain spot
hinwi : /hinwi/ falls and spreads out (as a tree with broad limbs)
he̲shinwi : /hisanwi/ causes a tree to fall

167
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
r̲e̲he̲shinwi : /hiˑsanwi/ d. fell trees
hinwinʼapga : /hinwinʼapga/ is ready to fall, about to fall
hinaˑ 2S-l any way, any place. Only in:
hinaˑt : /hinaˑt/ any way, any place
/hoˑt ʔa hinaˑt hak čiˑya./ He lives any place.
/hoˑt ʔa hinaˑt hak sličʼiˑqʼatk./ He has (his hair) combed any old way.
histʼy 3S-n mullet (sp.), This fish is similar to {yeˑn} 3Sn “mullet (sp.),” q. v.
histʼyys : /histʼyis/ mullet (sp.)
r̲e̲histʼyyˑkʼ : /hihastʼyiˑk/ d. little mullets
histʼyys lwelks : /histʼyis lwelks/ “Mullet (sp.)-Killing-Place” (place name: Summer Lake Ridge near Beatty, one of the boundaries of the old Reservation)
hiswag̣ 3S-n man, male, husband
hiswag̣s : /hiswaqs/ man, male, husband
hiswag̣kʼa : /hiswaqkʼa/ boy
r̲e̲hiswag̣s : /hihaswaqs/ men
hiswag̣s\ʼa̲la : /hiswaqslʼa/ gets married (woman) (“gets-a-man”)
hiw 7S-v act upon a clothlike surface (a blanket, draped cloth, mat)
hiwkʼya : /hiwkʼya/ clothlike obj. closes an opening
he̲shiwkʼya : /hisoˑkʼya/ closes an opening with a clothlike obj., drapes a mat over a doorway
hiwliˑna : /hiwliˑna/ drapes off the edge, side
hiwmʼaˑčʼa : /hiwmʼaˑčʼa/ hangs off the end (as a blanket on the end of a stick)
hiwtʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /hiwtʼaˑwʼa/ spreads a blanket, mat, in the sunshine, (intr. also?)
hiwwa : /hiwwa/ spreads out a clothlike obj. in water, in a flat place, (intr. also)
hiwws : /hiwwas/ “Spread-out-in-Water” (place name)
hiwwl : /hiwwal/ spreads out a clothlike obj. on top (intr. also)
he̲shiwwl : /hisoˑwal/ causes a clothlike obj. to be spread out on top
hiwwʼeˑtʼa : /hiwʔeˑtʼa/ hangs a clothlike obj. off the edge, side, (intr. also)
he̲shiwwʼeˑtʼi! : /hisoˑʔeˑtʼi!/ Drape it off the side!
hiwsg 7Sv forbid, prohibit
hiwsga : /hiwsga/ forbids
/hiwsga ʔans gew ptisap geys./ My father forbade me to go.

168
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲e̲hiwsga : /hihoˑsga/ d. forbid
se̲hiwsga : /sihoˑsga/ forbids oneself, each other
hiˑ 2S-l there. Also hi. See Sec. 821.
hiˑt : /hiˑt/ there
/hiˑt hay čelg̣ank!/ Please sit there!
/waq ʔaˑt hiˑt genwapk?/ How will you pl. go there?
hiʔé̲t : /hiʔit/ right there
/hiʔit hay losa!/ Bury it right there!
hiʔé̲tna : /hiʔitna/ all around right there
/hiʔitna čiˑyank/ living around there (Texts, 17.18)
hiˑtkniˑ : /hiˑtkniˑ/ from there
/ʔat honk sleˑbapga daˑts hiˑtkniˑ gin./ Now he was watching however, even from there. (Texts, 10.28)
hiˑwi 7Sv haul (people, objs.). Cf. {sʔop} 7S-v “haul a load.”
hiˑwi : /hiˑwi/ hauls a group, objs., in a vehicle
se̲hiˑwi : /sihiˑwi/ haul each other
hiˑwibli : /hiˑwibli/ hauls back
hiˑwiiˑa : /hiˑwiˑya/ hauls for someone
hiˑwiLy : /hiˑwiLi/ hauls inside
ho see hoˑd that (remote)
hoččʼig 3S-n underarm odor
hoččʼigs : /hoččʼiks/ underarm odor
ho d see hoˑd that (remote)
hod̲ 4S-v run, jump (sg.). Cf. also {hoˑd̲} 4S-v “run, jump slowly (sg.).”
hod̲čnʼa : /hoččnʼa/ runs, jumps
he̲shod̲čnʼa : /hosaččnʼa/ makes someone run
r̲e̲hod̲čnʼa : /hohaččnʼa/ d. run
sne̲hod̲čnʼa : /snohaččnʼa/ makes run
hod̲ča! : /hočča!/ Run! Jump!
hod̲čibga : /hoččipga/ comes running, runs toward
hod̲čnʼa̲t : /hoččant/ can run
hod̲čnʼek! : /hoččnʼek!/ let me run!
r̲e̲hod̲čys : /hohaččis/ runner
se̲hod̲čqʼaˑlʼa : /sohaččqʼaˑlʼa/ (snake) coils up
hod̲čʼaqʼtn̲a : /hoččʼaqta/ tangles itself into a knot
he̲shod̲čʼaqʼtn̲oˑla : /hosaččʼaqtnoˑla/ untangles something
se̲hod̲dang̣a : /sohatdang̣a/ run together, run into each other
se̲hod̲dang̣a̲ksga : /sohatdang̣aksga/ almost ran into each other
se̲hod̲dang̣lʼg̣a : /sohatdang̣alg̣a/ collide, have a wreck
hod̲dgl : /hottgal/ jumps up
hod̲dglčʼn̲a : /hottgalčʼa/ just started off running, jumping

169
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
hod̲ (continued)
hod̲dg̣a : /hottg̣a/ jumps away from
hod̲kyamna : /hokkyamna/ runs around something
hod̲kʼiˑčʼa : /hokkʼiˑčʼa/ runs around the edge of; jumps around, turns around quickly
hod̲kʼya : /hokkʼya/ jumps shut; idiom: door locks
he̲shod̲kʼya : /hosakkʼya/ causes to jump shut; locks the door
hod̲kʼyalla : /hokkʼyalla/ jumps shut and locks one out
he̲shod̲giwabg : /hosakgiwapk/ will lock the door
hod̲lčʼwy : /hollačʼwi/ runs right up to
hod̲liˑnčʼa̲bga : /holliˑnčʼapga/ just came running off the edge
hod̲lYn̲čʼn̲a : /hollYančʼa/ runs along the edge of a lake, along a mountainside
hod̲La̲a : /holha/ runs onto a surface, jumps onto
se̲hod̲La̲a : /sohalha/ jump onto one another; idiom: animals have sexual intercourse
hod̲Ly : /holhi/ runs inside
hod̲LWn̲čʼn̲a : /hollWančʼa/ runs across on top of
hod̲r̲LWn̲nʼa : /holhaLLoˑnʔa/ runs around on top of, along the top (as along a ridge, log)
hod̲lʼaˑlʼa : /holʔaˑlʼa/ jumps into the fire, runs into the fire
hod̲neˑga : /honneˑga/ runs, jumps into a hole
he̲shod̲pbeˑli̲\ʼa : /hosapbeˑlʼa/ causes to run back and forth
se̲hod̲pbeˑli̲\ʼa : /sohapbeˑlʼa/ run back and forth to each other
hod̲pʼipʼtn̲a : /hoppʼipta/ runs and hits the stomach against
hod̲qn̲a : /hoqqa/ runs, jumps outside, through
hod̲tln̲čnʼa : /hottlančnʼa/ runs alongside
hod̲tln̲čibga : /hottlančipga/ comes running alongside
hod̲tn̲a : /hotta/ runs, jumps onto, against
hod̲tn̲damna : /hottandamna/ keeps running against
hod̲tn̲lʼg̣a : /hottallg̣a/ runs into, runs hard against
hod̲tqʼaga : /hottqʼaga/ jumps, runs up out of
hod̲wa : /howwa/ runs, jumps into water, flat place
r̲e̲hod̲wys : /hohoˑwis/ retriever; idiom: bootlegger
hod̲wllʼg̣a : /howwallg̣a/ jumps, runs up
hod̲Wasga : /hoWWasga/ runs off, away
hod̲yg̣i : /hoyiˑg̣i/ jumps over, runs over
se̲hod̲yg̣i : /sohyiˑg̣i/ jump over each other, play leap-frog. Also recorded: /sohiˑg̣i/.
se̲hod̲yg̣ieˑ\ʼks : /sohiˑyag̣yeˑks/ “Jumping-Over-for-Fun-Place” (place name)

170
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
hod̲ykiˑna : /hoyiˑkiˑna/ runs out of fire, water
hod̲yʼaˑYa : /hoyʔaˑYa/ runs, jumps in front of someone
hom 3-S-n place name. Unanalyzable.
r̲é̲r̲homsdi : /homhomsdi/ place name
hon 7S-v fly
honbaˑtn̲a : /hombaˑta/ flies ashore, to the bank
se̲honbli : /sohambli/ flies back. turns back flying
honr̲bln̲nʼa : /hompbablanʔa/ flies back and forth up and down the river
honbqʼa : /hompqʼa/ flies into someone’s face
hončnʼa : /hončnʼa/ flies along
r̲e̲hončnʼa : /hohančnʼa/ d. fly along
hončibga : /hončipga/ flies toward
hondg̣i : /hontg̣i/ flies down, alights
honǰqʼa : /hončqʼa/ flies onto and squashes, covers
honkanga : /honkanga/ flies around
honkʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /honkʼaˑyʼa/ flies up high. lands up high (as a bird in a tree)
honlamna : /hollamna/ flies along the back (side of a ridge)
čʼews honlamns : /čʼews hollamnas/ “Yellowhammer-Flying-Along-the-Side” (place name)
honlčʼwy : /hollačʼwi/ flies right up to
honlʼg̣a : /hollg̣a/ flies down, alights
honlʼg̣s : /holʔaqs/ winged seed pods of certain trees (“fly downs”)
se̲honpbeˑli̲\ʼa : /sohampbeˑlʼa/ flies back and forth
hontn̲a : /honta/ flies onto, against
hontn̲ys : /hontis/ imago, newly hatched flying grub
hontʼleˑg̣i : /hontʼleˑg̣i/ flies over a mountain
honwl : /honwal/ flies on top of, alights on top of
honwllʼg̣a : /honwallg̣a/ flies up
honyg̣i : /honiˑg̣i/ flies above, over
honYeˑni̲\ʼa : /honYeˑnʼa/ flies around inside (as a bird trapped in a room)
honYn̲čʼn̲a : /honYančʼa/ flies along the edge, along a cliff, slope
hon 7S-v drive a stake. Homophonous with the last entry above and possibly semantically identifiable as the same.
honkʼčʼwy : /honkʼačʼwi/ drives a stake into a tight place, into a crevice. corner
honlʼg̣a : /hollg̣a/ drives a stake into the ground
honlʼg̣! : /holʔaq!/ drive a stake!

171
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
honteˑga : /honteˑga/ drives a stake in deep
hop 7S-v be thick. Possibly {hod̲} 4S-v “run, jump” plus {obg} 19s:v [durative]? Only in:
hopbga : /hoppga/ is thick (as a board)
he̲shopbga : /hosappga/ makes something thick
hoq 7S-v act with the buttocks, have the buttocks in some position
hoqdgdk : /hoqtgatk/ having buttocks
/moˑ hoˑt hoqtgatk./ He has big buttocks.
hoqdiˑla : /hoqdiˑla/ has the buttocks underneath
hoqwa : /hoqwa/ has the buttocks in water, flat place
hoqyg̣i : /hoqiˑg̣i/ has the buttocks over, hanging over
hoqn̲ 7Sv breathe; live
hoqn̲a : /hoqa/ breathes; lives
hoqn̲bli : /hoqambli/ breathes again, revives
he̲shoqn̲bli : /hosqambli/ makes someone breathe again, revives someone
hoqn̲oˑts : /hoqnoˑts/ windpipe
hoqn̲ys : /hoqiˑs/ breath; life
hos 7S-v meet. Only with {dang̣} 11sv “together.”
hosdang̣a : /hosdang̣a/ meets someone
r̲e̲hosdang̣a : /hohasdang̣a/ d. meet
hosdang̣ča̲a : /hosdanqča/ goes to meet
hosdang̣ik! : /hosdang̣ik!/ let me meet!
hosʔ 7Sv think, feel, remember. Also hosl and hoˑs. See Sec. 334
hosʔa : /hosʔa/ thinks of, comes to mind, thinks something up
r̲e̲hosʔa : /hohasʔa/ d. think of
hosʔys : /hosʔis/ idea, something thought up
hosltn̲a : /hoslta/ feels (good. bad, etc.)
/qay ʔa geˑ die hoslta./ He doesn’t feel well.
hosltn̲ys : /hosltis/ feeling; idiom: alert, fast
/hosltis hoˑt wač./ That horse is fast.
hoˑskanga : /hoˑskanga/ thinks, remembers
/qʼay ʔan dič hoˑskanga./ I don’t remember.
/qʼoy ʔan hoˑskanga./ I think it’s too bad.
r̲e̲hoˑskanga : /hohoˑskanga/ d. think, remember
sne̲hoˑskanga : /snohoˑskanga/ makes think, feel
/dič ʔan honks snohoˑskanga./ I made her happy.
hoˑskangdk : /hoˑskangatk/ one feeling, thinking
/qʼay hoˑt sibač hoˑskangatk./ He’s not thinking enough (not in his right mind).
/dič hoˑskangatk/ good-hearted, well disposed

172
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
hosl sle
hoyʔakčʼ 7Sv have stomach cramps. Segmentable?
hoyʔakčʼa : /hoyʔakčʼa/ has stomach cramps
r̲e̲hoyʔakčʼa : /hohiˑʔakčʼa/ d. have cramps
sne̲hoyʔakčʼa : /snohiˑʔakčʼa/ causes cramps
hoˑd 2Sd that (remote). Also ho and ho d. See Secs. 622, 650, and 660.
hoˑd : /hoˑt/ that (remote), he-she-it
/qʼay ʔa hoˑt!/ (That) is not he!
/hoˑt ʔa gatba./ He arrived.
/hoˑt snʼeweˑts gatbambli./ That woman returned.
hoˑd sa : /hoˑt sa/ they
/hoˑt sa ʔa goLiˑbli./ They went back in.
(But note:)
/hoˑt hihaswaqs qaqta./ Those men are sleeping. /hoˑt sa hihaswaqs/ is possible but usually occurs with a /,/: /hoˑt sa, hihaswaqs./ They, the men,…
hoʔé̲d : /hoʔot/ that very one
/hoʔot ʔa sleʔa honks./ That very one saw him.
hok : /hok/ that one (narrative)
/čoy ʔat hok sqʼolpga./ So now he was lying down.
hok sa : /hok sa/ they (narrative)
hoktʼa : /hoktʼa/ that one. Rare; use unknown.
/hoktʼa ʔa doˑ gena./ That’s the one going there.
homʼas : /homʼas/ thus, in that fashion, that way
/homʼas ʔa geˑ g̣isčipga./ He came walking in that fashion.
hon : /hon/ that, that one (usually for inanimate objs.)
/hon ʔa noˑ sleʔaˑ./ I saw it.
/loy ʔins hon boˑl!/ Give me that ball!
honpči : /hompči/ one like that
/hompči ʔan sanʼaˑWawli./ I want one like that.
hontga : /hontga/ with that
/hontga waˑtʼitga/ with that knife
hontiˑ : /hontiˑ/ from that, a piece of that
/hontiˑ čʼoleˑkstiˑ/ from that meat
hong : /honk/ that, it. Often found in sequences of particles with no easily translatable meaning.
/čoy sa honk ʔat goWasga./ So then they went off.
hongist : /hongist/ that one [o]. Rare:
/hongist ʔan ʔibeˑlʼa./ I take care of him.

173
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
honglʼm : /honklʼam/ that one’s, his, hers, its
/geˑ ʔa honklʼam lačʼas./ This is his house.
/honklʼamksi/ his place
se̲hongpči : /sohangapči/ alike
/sohangapči ʔa geˑ wewk./ These roots are alike. the same.
hongs : /honks/ him, her, it [o]
/honks ʔan siwga./ I killed him.
hongyʼasm : /honkyʼasam/ their
/noˑ ʔa honkyʼasam weˑwʼanʼs sleʔa./ I saw their women, wives.
hongyʼass : /honkyʼas/ them [o]
/honkyʼas hoˑt lwela./ He killed them.
honkant : /honkant/ in that
/honkant baˑksdat ʔiwiˑg̣a./ (He) put (it) in that box.
honkantga : /honkantga/ with that
/honkantga waˑtʼitga/ with that knife (apparently the same as /hontga/)
honkantiˑ : /honkanti/ from that
/honkantiˑ čʼoleˑksti/ from that meat (apparently the same as /hontiˑ/)
hoˑd̲ 4S-v run, jump (sg.) slowly or purposefully. Cf. {hod̲} 4S-v “run, jump (sg.) rapidly.”
hoˑd̲čnʼa : /hoˑččnʼa/ runs slowly
he̲shoˑd̲čnʼa : /hosoˑččnʼa/ makes run along slowly
hoˑd̲čibga : /hoˑččipga/ runs slowly toward
hoˑd̲kanga : /hoˑkkanga/ runs around
he̲shoˑd̲kanga : /hosoˑkkanga/ causes to run around; rides a horse around
hoˑd̲r̲kyamna : /hoˑkkakyamna/ runs slowly around and around something
hoˑd̲kʼiˑčʼa : /hoˑkkʼiˑčʼa/ turns around, runs and turns
hoˑd̲lamna : /hoˑllamna/ runs slowly along behind
hoˑd̲lčʼwy : /hoˑllačʼwi/ runs purposefully right up to
hoˑd̲lʼaˑlʼa : /hoˑlʔaˑlʼa/ runs slowly into a fire; idiom: follows a person’s successive movements, visits places where a person has been previously
hoˑd̲pbeˑli̲\ʼa : /hoˑpbeˑlʼa/ runs back and forth
he̲shoˑd̲pbeˑli̲\ʼa : /hosoˑpbeˑlʼa/ causes to run back and forth
se̲hoˑd̲pbeˑli̲\ʼa : /sohoˑpbeˑlʼa/ run back and forth to each other

174
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
hoˑd̲tln̲čnʼa : /hoˑttlančnʼa/ runs purposefully alongside
hoˑd̲tʼleˑg̣i : /hoˑttʼleˑg̣i/ runs slowly over a mountain
hoˑd̲wiˑdga : /hoˑwwiˑtga/ runs someplace and back
hoˑd̲wʼiˑna : /hoˑʔiˑna/ runs among. into mud
hoˑd̲yg̣i : /hoˑyiˑg̣i/ runs over, jumps over
he̲shoˑd̲r̲yeˑg̣i : /hosoˑyyeˑg̣i/ makes someone run, jump, back and forth over
hoˑd̲yʼaˑYa : /hoˑyʔaˑYa/ runs, jumps in front of slowly or purposefully
hoˑs see hosʔ think, feel, remember
i
i 4sa [nominative]. Also iˑ. Cf. {a} 4sa [objective]. See Sec. 731.
dičʼiˑ : /dičʼiˑ/ good [n]
/geˑ ʔa dičʼiˑ lačʼas./ This is a good house.
domiˑ : /domiˑ/ many [n]
/domiˑ ʔa maqlaqs wawʼaˑpga./ Many people are sitting.
qʼoyčʼi : /qʼoyčʼi/ bad [n]
/Naˑs qʼoyčʼi hiswaqs noˑs sditg̣a./ A bad man cheated me.
woniˑbi : /woniˑbi/ four [n]
/woniˑbi ʔa naˑt gepgabli./ Four of us are returning.
i 25sv during, while. See Secs. 382 and l045. This morpheme indicates that the action of its verb is performed at the same time as the action of the indicative verb.
gᵛadbn̲oˑlsi : /gatbnoˑlsi/ when … finishes arriving
/gatbnoˑlsi ʔans hok gatba./ When I had arrived, he arrived.
gankangsi : /gankanksi/ while … hunts
/gankanksi ʔa gen gawʼal noˑ./ While (he) was hunting, I found this.
gisi : /gisi/ while … being
/moˑyʼeˑnʼs gisi selwal./ While (I) was grown up, (they) fought the war.
swin̲ysi : /swiˑsi/ while … singing
/swiˑsi ʔans hoˑt geqa./ While I was singing, he went out.
i 23sv [imperative singular]. Also a, iˑk, and ∅. See Sec. 371.
ʔᵛebgi! : /ʔepgi!/ bring a long obj.!

175
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔᵛoyeˑg! : /ʔoyeˑk!/ lift a long obj.!
čʼliwkʼy! : /čʼliwkʼi!/ close (mat, curtain) with the fingers!
gᵛen̲! : /gen!/ go!
lᵛawl! : /lawal!/ put a round obj. on top!
sʔedw! : /sʔedoˑ!/ count!
sleˑča̲iˑk! : /sleˑčiˑk!/ go and see!
wotʼwča! : /wotʼoˑča!/ throw a long obj.!
ig̣amn see og̣amn upstream, up
ig̣og 10sv inside, into a container, receptacle. Also g̣og. See Sec. 352.
lᵛig̣oga : /lig̣oga/ puts a round obj. inside
lᵛig̣ogi! : /lig̣ogi!/ put a round obj. inside!
nʼiqg̣oga : /nʼiqg̣oga/ puts a hand into, inside
yang̣oga : /yang̣oga/ puts a few nonround objs. into a container (as arrows into a quiver, flowers into a vase)
iǰqʼ see čʼiqʼ squash by pressure
ik see ek [first person singular hortatory:] let me…!
ikL 10sv on top, on a vehicle, down on top, onto a pile. Also kL. Cf. {eLa̲} 10sv “onto, onto a surface” and {eLWn̲} 10sv “down, on top of, along the top.” Note also the use of {ikL} in counting objects of different shapes. See Secs. 352 and 1031.
ʔᵛikLa : /ʔikLa/ puts a long obj. down on, onto a vehicle, pile (intr. also); one more long obj. above a decade in counting (see Sec. 1031.)
/tewnʼipʼant Naˑs ʔikLa/ ten and one (long obj.): eleven
čʼlᵉikLa : /čʼlekLa/ puts a massive obj. down on, on a vehicle, pile. (intr. also).
ʔikLa : /ʔikLa/ puts pl. objs. down on, onto a vehicle, pile (intr. also); pl. objs. above a decade in counting
/tewnʼipʼant tonʼip ʔikLa/ fifteen
r̲e̲ʔikLa : /ʔiʔakLa/ d. put on top, on a vehicle
se̲ʔikLa : /siʔakLa/ puts onto oneself, onto one’s own (horse, canoe, plate)
ʔikLi! : /ʔikLi!/ put pl. objs. on!
ʔikLiˑa : /ʔikLiˑya/ puts pl. objs. on for someone
ʔikLs : /ʔikLas/ saddle blanket
ksᵛikLa : /ksikLa/ puts a living obj. down on top, onto a vehicle, pile (intr. also); one more living obj. above a decade in counting
/lapnʼi tewnʼipʼant Naˑs ksikLa lilhanks/ twenty-one deer
lᵛikLa : /likLa/ puts a round obj. down on top, onto a vehicle, pile (intr. also); one more round obj. above a decade in counting. See lᵛ.

176
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
iw 7-Sv act violently. firmly (?)
čʼliwkʼya : /čʼliwkʼya/ closes an opening (with a blanket, mat) with the fingers
kᵛiwčnʼa : /kiwčnʼa/ pokes an obj. along with a sharp instrument, stick. See kᵛ.
ktiwbaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ktiwbaˑyʼa/ shoves up against. See kt.
sliwlʼg̣a : /sliwlg̣a/ lays down a clothlike obj.
wiwčnʼa : /wiwčnʼa/ knocks down with a long instrument
wiwlʼg̣a : /wiwlʼg̣a/ knocks down hard, violently
wiwwanga : /wiwwanga/ knocks down a tree, pole
r̲e̲\ʼwiwwanga : /wiwʼoˑwanga/ d. knock down
iwyʼg̣ 10sv into a container, sack, receptacle. Also wyʼg̣. Apparently the same as {ig̣og} in meaning. See Sec. 352.
ʔiwyʼg̣a : /ʔiwiˑg̣a/ puts pl. objs. into a container, (intr. also).
r̲e̲ʔiwyʼg̣a : /ʔiʔoˑyg̣a/ d. put pl. objs. into
ʔiwyʼg̣! : /ʔiwyʼaq!/ put in pl. objs.!
ʔiwyʼg̣bli : /ʔiwyʼaqbli/ puts pl. objs. back in
ksᵛiwyʼg̣a : /ksiwiˑg̣a/ puts a living obj. into a container
r̲r̲e̲ksᵛiwyʼg̣a : /ksiksoˑyg̣a/ d. put a living obj. in
lᵛiwyʼg̣a : /liwiˑg̣a/ puts a round obj. into a container. (intr. also)
lᵛiwyʼg̣ča̲bga : /liwyʼaqčʼapga/ just put a round obj. into a container and came away
iWpʼ see čʼiWpʼ bend
iˑ 21sv [benefactive:] for the sake of. Also iˑy. See Sec. 367.
ʔikLiˑa : /ʔikLiˑya/ puts pl. obj. onto for someone
čʼiqn̲bliiˑa : /čʼiqambliˑya/ takes liquid outside for someone again. Also recorded /čʼiqambalyiˑya/.
nʼiqr̲r̲wleˑqʼiˑa : /nʼiqoˑwawleˑqʼiˑya/ waves at someone for a purpose (as for signalling)
slᵉebgiˑa : /slepgiˑya/ brings a clothlike obj. for
slᵉebgiˑ! : /slepgiˑ!/ bring a garment for!
siwgiˑys : /siwgiˑyas/ the killing for someone
/g̣esga ʔan honks siwgiˑyas./ I can’t kill it for him.
wqatʼlʼg̣lgiiˑwapg : /wqatlʼag̣lgiˑwapk/ will come to clear forest for someone
iˑ see i [nominative]
iˑk see i [imperative singular]
iˑk see ek [first person hortatory:] let me…!
iˑsga see y [kinship vocative]
iˑy see iˑ [benefactive:] for the sake of

177
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ǰ
ǰag̣ing 3S-n north-west. Possibly a place name rather than a direction term.
ǰag̣ings : /ǰag̣inks/ north-west
ǰag̣lo 3Sn sagebrush (Kunzia tridentata). Called “buck-brush” by the informants. The seeds of this plant were boiled and the liquid drunk by women wishing to ensure fertility. Informants related several cases of elderly women whose fertility was restored by this medicine.
ǰag̣lo : /ǰag̣lo/ sagebrush (sp.)
ǰaqno 3S-n fish duck. Possibly contains {nʼo} 3S-n “head”?
ǰaqnos : /ǰaqnos/ fish duck
ǰaqʼ 7-Sv ring, make a ringing noise (as by pounding one stone against another). Cf. {čaqʼ} 7-Sv “rattle, jingle.”
nr̲é̲r̲ǰaqʼkʼys : /nǰaqǰaqkʼis/ “Ringing-Instrument” (place name: a large rock with a depression in it. When this depression was pounded with another rock, a wind arose.)
nǰaqʼliˑna : /nǰaqʼliˑna/ strikes a glancing blow on the edge with a round instrument and makes a ringing noise
nǰaqʼsgoˑts : /nǰaqsgoˑts/ “weather-rock” (“Ringing-off-of-Instrument”). This is a rock possessed by LK with depressions carved in all four sides. When a rock was struck in one of these depressions, a wind arose from that direction. For a complete description see Carlson (1959).
ǰaˑ 3Sn jar. From English.
ǰaˑ : /ǰaˑ/ jar
ǰaˑnama 3Sn Chinese. From English.
ǰaˑnama : /ǰaˑnama/ Chinese person
ǰeg̣le 3Sn blood
ǰeg̣le : /ǰeg̣le/ blood
/ǰeg̣le bil/ bloody; only blood
ǰeg̣lea̲la : /ǰeg̣lela/ bleeds
r̲e̲ǰeg̣lea̲la : /ǰeǰag̣lela/ d. bleed
sne̲ǰeg̣lea̲la : /sneǰag̣lela/ makes bleed
ǰekʼ 7Sv be annoyed, bothered, disturbed. Only in:
r̲é̲ˑr̲ǰekʼa : /ǰeˑkǰekʼa/ is annoyed, bothered, disturbed
se̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ǰekʼa : /seǰeˑkǰekʼa/ is annoyed at oneself
ǰeyl 3Sn jail. From English.
ǰeyl : /ǰeyl/ jail
r̲e̲ǰeyl\ʼaˑkʼ : /ǰeǰiˑlʼaˑk/ d. little jails

178
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ǰig 3-S-n fish duck, a species seen on the Klamath Marsh. Identification uncertain; d. {ǰaqno} 3S-n “fish duck”?
r̲é̲r̲ǰigs : /ǰikǰiks/ fish duck
ǰigačg 3S-n grasshopper (large sp.). This was roasted and eaten.
ǰigačgys : /ǰigačgis/ grasshopper (sp.)
ǰigin 3Sn chicken. From English.
ǰigin : /ǰigin/ chicken
r̲e̲ǰigin\ʼaˑkʼ : /ǰičginʼaˑk/ d. little chickens
ǰigmin 3Sn iron; nail. From Chinook Jargon.
ǰigmin : /ǰigmin/ iron; nail
ǰigmin\ʼaˑkʼ : /ǰigminʼaˑk/ little nail; man’s proper name
ǰigye 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable.
ǰigyes : /ǰigyes/ place name
ǰiǰiˑk 3S-n danger, calamity, something bad. Often occurs as an interjection with the sense of “take care!” or “caution!” Possibly r̲e̲ǰiˑk, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
ǰiǰiˑks : /ǰiǰiˑks/ danger, calamity
/ǰiǰiˑks mis giwapk./ Something bad will happen to you.
ǰilaˑ\ʼ 3S-n lights (entrails of an animal)
ǰilaˑ\ʼs : /ǰilaˑʔas/ lights
ǰimaˑ\ʼ 3S-n shinny ball (and shinny ball game). For a description see Spier (1930).
ǰimaˑ\ʼs : /ǰimaˑʔas/ shinny ball, shinny ball game
ǰiqʼ 7Sv tickle, be ticklish. Also ǰiyʼaqiˑqʼ. See Sec. 334.
r̲é̲ˑr̲ǰiqʼa : /ǰiˑqǰiqʼa/ is ticklish
sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ǰiqʼa : /sniǰiˑqǰiqʼa/ makes someone ticklish, tickles
he̲sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲ǰiqʼa : /hisnǰiˑqǰiqʼa/ tickle each other
sǰiqʼa : /sǰiqʼa/ prods someone in the ribs
sǰiqʼdamna : /sǰiqdamna/ keeps poking in the ribs
sǰiyʼaqiˑqʼa : /sǰiyʼaqiˑqʼa/ tickles someone
ǰiWeˑ\ʼ 3-S-n bird (sp. unidentified). Said to live in willow clumps along river banks. Onomatopoetic: its cry is /ǰiW! ǰiW! ǰiWeˑˑˑ!/.
r̲é̲r̲ǰiWeˑ\ʼs : /ǰiWǰiWeˑʔas/ bird (sp.)
ǰiyʼaqiˑqʼ see ǰiqʼ be ticklish, tickle
ǰiˑǰiway 3Sn Klamath card game. None of the author’s informants knew how to play it and could give no further information.
ǰiˑǰiway : /ǰiˑǰiway/ card game
ǰiˑwʼ 7Sv tease by giving a gift and then withdrawing it. Only with {sne̲} 3pv [causative]. RD thought /ǰiˑwʼa/ was indeed a word but could not translate it.
sne̲ǰiˑwʼa : /sniǰiˑwʼa/ teases by giving a gift and then withdrawing it

179
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ǰleˑkʼ 7Sv be pretty. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
ǰleˑkʼa : /ǰleˑkʼa/ is pretty
ǰleˑkʼdk : /ǰleˑkʼatk/ pretty
r̲e̲ǰleˑkʼdk : /ǰeǰleˑkʼatk/ d. pretty
ǰolg 3-S-n larkspur. Only in:
r̲é̲r̲r̲ǰolgsʔm : /ǰolkǰolksʔam/ larkspur
ǰoqʼ 7-Sv wash (body, dishes, fruit). Cf. also {dmetčʼ} 7Sv “wash (clothes, hair),” {saǰaqw} 7Sv “wash (hands)” and {stabačkʼ} 7Sv “wash.” The areas of semantic reference are not clear.
wǰoqʼa : /wǰoqʼa/ washes (body, fruit, dishes)
se̲wr̲e̲r̲ǰoqʼa : /soˑǰaqčqʼa/ washes oneself hard
wǰoˑqʼa : /wǰoˑqʼa/ washes pl.
r̲e̲wǰoˑqʼa : /woˑǰoˑqʼa/ d. wash pl.
se̲wǰoˑqʼa : /soˑǰoˑqʼa/ washes oneself
ǰoy 7S-v be reddish, sorrel, roan, pinkish
ǰoˑydgi : /ǰoˑytgi/ turns reddish
r̲é̲r̲ǰoylʼi : /ǰoyǰoylʼi/ pink, reddish, sorrel, roan; sp. of sorrel (Rumex acetocella)
ǰoyǰig 3S-n strawberry. Possibly contains {ǰoy} 7S-v “be reddish”?
ǰoyǰigs : /ǰoyǰiks/ strawberry
ǰoyǰigs\ʼa̲la : /ǰoyǰikslʼa/ gathers strawberries
ǰoyoˑ 7S-v spark, be red-hot
ǰoyoˑdgi : /ǰoyoˑtgi/ becomes too hot
ǰoyoˑlʼg̣a : /ǰoyoˑlg̣a/ is red-hot
ǰoyoˑtn̲a : /ǰoyoˑta/ spark jumps on
ǰoyoˑykiˑna : /ǰoyoˑykiˑna/ spark jumps out of a fire
r̲e̲ǰoyoˑykiˑna : /ǰoǰyoˑykiˑna/ d. sparks jump out
ǰoyoˑbibig sne
ǰoyoˑbig 3S-n water skater (insect). PO gave this form; BL gave ǰoyoˑbibig. See Sec. 430.
ǰoyoˑbigs : /ǰoyoˑbiks/ water skater (insect). Or: ǰoyoˑbibigs : /ǰoyoˑbibiks/.
ǰqʼ see čʼiqʼ squash by pressure
k
k 3sd [narrative]. See Sec. 623. Only in:
hok : /hok/ that one [narrative]
/čoy hok lis gatba./ And then he arrived.

180
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
hok sa : /hok sa/ they [narrative]
/hok sa ʔa qʼay gatbambli./ They have not returned
k see hak [emphatic]
k see ek [first person hortatory:] let me. !
kᵛ 4S-v act with a pointed instrument (stick, spear)
kᵛᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲\ʼa : /koqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ scrapes around inside with a pointed instrument
kᵛawsYeˑni̲\ʼa : /kawsYeˑnʼa/ pokes around blindly inside with a pointed instrument
kᵛčʼaˑqʼa : /kačʼaˑqʼa/ whips up a mixture (batter, dough)
kᵛčʼiwʼa : /kičwʼa/ pokes in the eye with a sharp instrument (not so as to blind; cf. {pʼačʼ})
se̲kᵛčʼiwa : /sikačwʼa/ pokes oneself in the eye
kᵛčʼoˑsdiˑla : /kočʼoˑsdiˑla/ mops underneath. See čʼlos.
kᵛeqn̲a : /keqa/ pokes a sharp instrument through, pierces (as ears, leather)
kᵛer̲qn̲nʼa : /keqqaqanʔa/ pierces in and out
r̲e̲kᵛeqn̲a : /kekqa/ d. pierce
kᵛeqn̲bgs : /keqampks/ pierced, being pierced
/keqampks momʼoˑwač/ pierced ear(s)
kᵛiwčnʼa : /kiwčnʼa/ pokes an obj. along with a sharp instrument
se̲kᵛiwčnʼa : /sikoˑčnʼa/ supports oneself on a stick, crutch
se̲kᵛiwčnʼoˑts : /sikoˑčnʼoˑts/ crutch
kᵛiwdang̣a : /kiwdang̣a/ puts two pointed instruments together
kᵛiwdg̣nʼa : /kiwdaqnʼa/ puts something into someone’s mouth with a sharp instrument
se̲kᵛiwdg̣nʼa : /sikoˑdaqnʼa/ puts something into one’s own mouth
se̲kᵛiwdg̣nʼoˑts : /sikoˑdaqnʼoˑts/ fork
kᵛiwkanga : /kiwkanga/ waves a pointed instrument around
kᵛiwkʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /kiwkʼaˑyʼa/ puts something up high with a pointed instrument; raises a flag
kᵛiwkʼčʼwy : /kiwkʼačʼwi/ pokes a sharp instrument into a tight place; picks someone’s teeth
kᵛiwkʼya : /kiwkʼya/ pokes something shut with a sharp instrument; pokes someone in the buttocks
r̲e̲kᵛiwr̲kʼya : /kikoˑkʼakʼya/ closes pl. d. repeatedly with a sharp instrument
r̲e̲kᵛiwkʼyoˑla : /kikoˑkʼyoˑla/ props d. open with a sharp instrument

181
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kᵛ (continued)
kᵛiwliˑna : /kiwliˑna/ removes with a pointed instrument
kᵛiwliˑnoˑts : /kiwliˑnoˑts/ deerhorn scraper
kᵛiwLy : /kiwLi/ pokes something inside with a sharp instrument
kᵛiwlʼaˑlʼa : /kiwlʼaˑlʼa/ pokes into the fire; roasts a piece of meat on a stick
kᵛiwsga : /kiwsga/ pokes off with a pointed instrument
kᵛiwtqʼaga : /kiwtqʼaga/ pokes up out with a pointed instrument; digs camas
kᵛiwykiˑna : /kiwiˑkiˑna/ pokes something out of fire, water, with a pointed instrument
kᵛiwykiˑns : /kiwiˑkiˑns/ “Taking-out-of-Water-with-a-Pointed-Instrument” (place name)
kᵛLeˑkanga : /keLeˑkanga/ sweeps things around with a pointed instrument; pitches hay
kᵛLeˑykiˑna : /keLeˑykiˑna/ sweeps out of water, fire, with a pointed instrument
kᵛLoˑyeˑni̲\ʼa : /koLoˑyeˑnʼa/ stirs (mixture)
r̲e̲kᵛLoˑyeˑni̲\ʼa : /kokLoˑyeˑnʼa/ d. stir
kᵛlʼaˑkʼa : /kalʼaˑkʼa/ scribbles on, marks with a pointed or sharp instrument. See lʼaˑkʼ.
kᵛosga : /kosga/ brushes off with a pointed instrument
kᵛoyeˑni̲\ʼa : /koyeˑnʼa/ pokes a pointed instrument inside
kᵛpatʼdang̣a : /kapatdang̣a/ pins, nails together. See patʼ.
kᵛpʼačʼa : /kapčʼa/ pokes out someone’s eye, blinds with a pointed or sharp instrument. See pʼačʼ.
kᵛqʼeˑčʼa : /keqʼeˑčʼa/ scratches with a pointed instrument
r̲e̲kᵛqʼeˑčʼa : /kekqʼeˑčʼa/ d. scratch
kᵛtitʼa : /kittʼa/ pokes a hole in a bulging round obj. (as one picks open a boil, punctures a sack of grain)
kᵛtoˑyi̲\ʼa : /kotoˑyʼa/ breaks up clods with a sharp instrument, mattock, pick
kᵛtekʼa : /ketkʼa/ pokes a hole through (as through a piece of paper, tearing off a little)
kᵛtʼeˑkʼa : /ketʼeˑkʼa/ pokes pl. holes; pokes to bits
kᵛtʼoˑyi̲\ʼa : /kotʼoˑyʼa/ digs a row, furrow, with a pointed instrument
r̲e̲kᵛtʼoˑyi̲\ʼa : /koktʼoˑyʼa/ d. dig furrows, rows

182
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ka 2Sd someone, which, who? See Sec. 630.
ka : /ka/ which?
/ka yʼaynʼa?/ Which mountain?
/ka ʔi sanʼaˑWawli leys?/ Which (round obj.) do you want to take?
kalʼm : /kalʼam/ someone’s, whose?
/kalʼam ʔa geˑ wačʼaˑk?/ Whose dog is this?
kani : /kani/ someone, who? [n]
/kani ʔi gi?/ Who are you?
r̲e̲kani : /kakni/ d. some people, who?
/kakni ʔa hoˑt sa?/ Who are they?
kant : /kant/ someone, whom, which [o] [ref]
/hoˑt ʔa gida gayahʔa, kant sa qmaqpga./ He’s hiding here, whom they are looking for.
kanʼs : /kanʼs/ someone, whom? [o]
/noˑ ʔa sleʔa kanʼs./ I saw someone.
kat : /kat/ someone, who, which [ref]
/hoˑt ʔa dičʼiˑ, kat hoˑt gepga čʼosak./ He is good, who always comes.
kayaˑnWa : /kayaˑnWa/ which of two?
/kayaˑnWa ʔi sanʼaˑWawli?/ Which do you want?
r̲e̲kayʼasm : /kakyʼasam/ some people’s, whose?
/kakyʼasam ʔa geˑ weˑwʼanʼs?/ Whose women (wives) are these?
r̲e̲kayʼass : /kakyʼas/ some people, whom [o]
/kakyʼas ʔi sʔewanʔa?/ To whom did you give?
kaklaˑwʼ 3-S-n yellow-headed blackbird
r̲é̲r̲kaklaˑwʼs : /kakkaklaˑwʼas/ yellow-headed blackbird
r̲é̲r̲kaklaˑwʼkʼa : /kakkaklaˑwkʼa/ little blackbird
kal 7S-v be sharp. This meaning was known to only one informant, although the place name /kalwʼaˑlʼ/ was known to all. Only in:
r̲é̲r̲kallʼi : /kalkalʔi/ sharp
kalwʼaˑlʼ : /kalwʼaˑlʼ/ “Sharp-on-the-End” (place name)
kang see okang around, here and there
kap 3Sn cup. From English
kap : /kap/ cup
r̲e̲kap\ʼaˑkʼ : /kakpʼaˑk/ d. little cups
kaW 7S-v be brown
kaˑWdgi : /kaˑWtgi/ turns brown
r̲é̲r̲kaWlʼi : /kaWkaWlʼi/ brown

183
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kawʼ 7-Sv hurt someone on a spot already sore
ktkawʼa : /tkawʼa/ hits someone on a spot already sore
skawʼa : /skawʼa/ stabs, pricks someone on a spot already sore, reopens an old wound
se̲\ʼyᵛkawʼa : /sayʼakwʼa/ hurts oneself again on a sore spot
kay 3Sn rabbit (probably Lepus campestris)
kay : /kay/ rabbit
r̲e̲kay\ʼaˑkʼ : /kakyʼaˑk/ d. little rabbits
kbeˑw see tbeˑw order, command
kčal 7S-v shine, glow
kčalčnʼa : /kčalčnʼa/ goes along shining
kčalqn̲a : /kčalqa/ shines through
sne̲kčalqn̲a : /snakčalqa/ causes to shine through
kčalqn̲bli : /kčalqambli/ shines through again
kčalqn̲nʼa : /kčalqanʔa/ shines through again and again
kčalqn̲ys : /kčalqis/ sunshine
kčalwa : /kčalwa/ shines in water; reflects
kčalwys : /kčalwis/ reflection
kčalwi : /kčalwi/ shines, glows
sne̲kčalwi : /snakčalwi/ makes something shine
kčaˑkʼ 7Sv be limber. Cf. also {wlʼiˑqʼ} 7Sv with apparently the same meaning. Only in:
kčaˑkʼa : /kčaˑkʼa/ is limber (as a wand, switch, spring)
kčečʼ 7S-v toddle, shuffle
kčečʼčnʼa : /kčeččnʼa/ toddles along, shuffles with tiny steps
kčečʼkanga : /kčečkanga/ shuffles around
kčečʼwa : /kčečʼwa/ shuffles around in water, flat place
r̲r̲e̲kčečʼr̲wa : /kčekččʼoˑwa/ d. toddle around in water (as children at the beach)
kčinʼ 7Sv bake in ashes (as roots, bread)
kčinʼa : /kčinʼa/ bakes in ashes
kčinʼi! : /kčinʼi!/ bake!
kčʼen̲ 7Sv prick (thorn)
kčʼen̲a : /kčʼena/ pricks
r̲r̲e̲kčʼena : /kčʼekčʼa/ d. prick
se̲kčʼen̲a : /sekčʼa/ pricks oneself
kčʼen̲ys : /kčʼeys/ thorn prick, wound
r̲r̲e̲kčʼen̲ys : /kčʼekčʼis/ thorn
r̲r̲e̲kčʼen̲ysʔm : /kčʼekčʼisʔam/ thistle (sp.)
kčʼi 7S-v crawl
kčʼičʼn̲a : /kčʼičʼa/ just crawled away

184
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
kčʼi (continued)
r̲r̲e̲kčʼičʼn̲a : /kčʼikčʼa/ d. just crawled away
kčʼidbn̲a : /kčʼitba/ arrives crawling, crawls home
kčʼir̲dga : /kčʼitdatga/ is on all fours
kčʼidgl : /kčʼitgal/ crawls out of bed, up from a reclining position
kčʼidiˑla : /kčʼidiˑla/ crawls underneath
kčʼir̲diˑla : /kčʼitdiˑla/ crawls around under
kčʼirr̲diˑla : /kčʼitdatdiˑla/ keeps crawling around and around under
kčʼikyamna : /kčʼikyamna/ crawls around something
kčʼir̲kyamna : /kčʼikkakyamna/ keeps crawling around something
kčʼikʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /kčʼikʼaˑyʼa/ crawls up high
kčʼikʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /kčʼikʼiˑmʼa/ crawls around the edges, around in a circle (as a spider in its web)
kčʼilamna : /kčʼilamna/ crawls along behind
kčʼiliˑna : /kčʼiliˑna/ crawls off the edge
kčʼir̲r̲liˑna : /kčʼillalliˑna/ keeps crawling along the edge
kčʼilYn̲čʼn̲a : /kčʼilYančʼa/ just crawled along the edge of a winding bank, a mountainside, cliff
kčʼiLa̲bga : /kčʼiLapga/ is crawling on a surface, on the floor
kčʼir̲LWn̲nʼa : /kčʼiLLaLLoˑnʔa/ crawls along the top
kčʼiLy : /kčʼiLiˑ/ crawls inside, into the house
kčʼilʼg̣a : /kčʼilg̣a/ gets down on all fours
kčʼimni : /kčʼimni/ crawls up, into a tree
se̲kčʼipbeˑli̲\ʼa : /sikčʼapbeˑlʼa/ crawls back and forth
kčʼiqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /kčʼiqaˑyʼa/ crawls in the bushes, woods, hair
r̲r̲e̲kčʼir̲qaˑyi̲\ʼkanga : /kčʼikčʼaqqaˑyikanga/ d. keep crawling around here and there in the bushes
kčʼisg̣n̲a : /kčʼisg̣a/ crawls through a tube
kčʼiteˑga : /kčʼiteˑga/ crawls deep into
kčʼitn̲nʼa : /kčʼitanʔa/ crawls onto repeatedly
kčʼitqʼaga : /kčʼitqʼaga/ crawls up out (of a hole, water)
kčʼitʼleˑg̣i : /kčʼitʼleˑg̣i/ crawls over a mountain, into another room
r̲r̲e̲kčʼir̲tʼleˑg̣i : /kčʼikčʼattʼatʼleˑg̣i/ d. keep crawling over (as soldiers)
kčʼiwl : /kčʼiwal/ crawls on top of
kčʼir̲wl : /kčʼiwwal/ crawls around on top
kčʼiwlbga : /kčʼiwlapga/ is crawling on top
kčʼir̲yamna : /kčʼiyyamna/ crawls around
kčʼiyeˑga : /kčʼiyeˑga/ starts to crawl

185
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kčʼiyg̣aga : /kčʼiˑg̣aga/ crawls out of water
kčʼiykaga : /kčʼiˑkaga/ crawls away and escapes
kčʼiykiˑna : /kčʼiˑkiˑna/ crawls out of water, fire
kčʼiqʼ 7Sv click to a horse. The informant made a one-sided lateral click. Only in:
r̲r̲e̲kčʼiqʼa : /kčʼikčqʼa/ makes clicking sounds to a horse (to hurry him or reassure him)
kekʼ 7-Sv act on the back, puncture, make a hole through
ktkekʼa : /tkekʼa/ hits, kicks on the back
nᵛkekʼa : /nekkʼa/ burns through the back (intr.)
snᵛkekʼa : /snekkʼa/ burns through the back of something
pʼaws nᵛkekʼs : /pʼaws nekkʼas/ “Diaphragm-Burnt-Through” (place name: Mount Harrison. Named after a man who went there on a power quest and returned dazed and able to utter only these two words,)
skekʼa : /skekʼa/ punctures, stabs a hole through the back, top of an obj.
skeˑkʼa : /skeˑkʼa/ punctures pl.
wkekʼa : /wkekʼa/ strikes on the back with a long instrument; punctures a surface with a long instrument (as a can, ice)
r̲r̲e̲wkeˑkʼa : /wkewkeˑkʼa/ d. puncture pl.; d. strike pl. on the back
yᵛkekʼa : /yekkʼa/ kicks, pushes on the back
r̲e̲yᵛkeˑkʼa : /yeykeˑkʼa/ d. kick, push pl. on the back
kelm 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
kelms : /kelmas/ place name: Mount Calimus
ken̲ 7Sv snow
ken̲a : /kena/ snows
sne̲ken̲a : /sneka/ makes it snow
ken̲diˑla : /kendiˑla/ snows underneath; snow lies under
ken̲kʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /kenkʼaˑyʼa/ snow falls, lies high up (as on branches, on a mountain summit)
ken̲kʼya : /kenkʼya/ snow closes, blocks
ken̲lʼg̣a : /kellg̣a/ snow falls, stops falling
ken̲qaˑyi̲\ʼa : /kenqaˑyʼa/ snow falls, lies among trees, in the hair
ken̲qʼya : /kenqʼya/ snow falls, lies in the road
ken̲wa : /kenwa/ snow falls, lies in water, flat place
ken̲wl : /kenwal/ snow falls, lies on top
ken̲wʼaˑlʼa : /kenwʼaˑlʼa/ snows on the end of; idiom: rains and then turns to snow
ken̲yeˑga : /kenyeˑga/ starts to snow

186
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ken̲ys : /keys/ snow; to snow
ken̲Yn̲čʼn̲a : /kenYančʼa/ snows along a mountainside
kespʼ 7Sv pant for breath
r̲é̲r̲r̲kespʼa : /kespkespʼa/ pants for breath
sne̲r̲é̲r̲r̲kespa : /snekaspkespa/ makes one pant for breath
kewi̲\ʼ 7-Sv puncture. Cf. {kekʼ} 7-Sv which has an overlapping semantic range.
nkewi̲\ʼa : /nkewʼa/ makes a hole in a surface with a round instrument
skewi̲\ʼa : /skewʼa/ punctures a surface, stabs a hole through
skeˑwi̲\ʼa : /skeˑwʼa/ punctures pl.
r̲r̲e̲skeˑwi̲\ʼdk : /skeskeˑwitk/ d. punctured in pl. places
keˑ 7S-v throw, toss a handful, mass of small objs.
keˑbaˑtn̲a : /keˑbaˑta/ throws a handful up against
keˑčnʼa : /keˑčnʼa/ throws a handful away
keˑčnʼoˑts : /keˑčnʼoˑts/ shovel
keˑǰqʼa : /keˑčqʼa/ throws a handful, mass, onto so as to cover completely (as one shovels manure onto a field)
keˑkanga : /keˑkanga/ throws a handful around, here and there
r̲e̲keˑkanga : /kekeˑkanga/ d. throw handfuls; idiom: throws a pinch of food to the four directions as an offering to the spirits before eating
keˑLWn̲a : /keˑLWa/ throws a mass, handful, along the top
keˑlʼg̣a : /keˑlg̣a/ throws down a handful
keˑr̲lʼg̣a : /keˑlʔalg̣a/ throws down repeated handfuls, shovelfuls
keˑneˑga : /keˑneˑga/ throws a handful, shovelful, mass, down into a hole
keˑtqʼaga : /keˑtqʼaga/ throws a handful up out of; shovels dirt up out of a hole
keˑwa : /keˑwa/ throws a handful into water, flat place
keˑwl : /keˑ wal/ throws a handful on top of
r̲e̲keˑwllʼg̣a : /kekeˑwallg̣a/ d. throw handfuls up; idiom: wastes, spends prodigally
keˑyg̣i : /keˑyg̣i/ throws a handful, mass, over
keˑykiˑna : /keˑykiˑna/ throws a handful, mass out of water, fire
keˑywwi : /keˑyoˑwi/ throws a handful, mass, around; spreads out (as seeds, manure)
keˑp 3S-n calf. From English.
keˑp\ʼaˑkʼ : /keˑpʼaˑk/ calf (really “little calf”)
r̲e̲keˑp\ʼaˑkʼ : /kekeˑpʼaˑk/ calves

187
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
keˑp\ʼaˑkʼa̲la : /keˑpʼaˑklʼa/ calves, has a calf
kikǰam 3Sn handkerchief. Origin dubious; from Chinook Jargon?
kikǰam : /kikǰam/ handkerchief
kikǰam\ʼaˑkʼ : /kikǰamʼaˑk/ little handkerchief
kililkʼ see nkililkʼ be dusty
kin 7S-v march. Cf. also {skin} 7S-v “crawl (snake)”?
kinbga : /kimpga/ are in marching order, in line
kinčnʼa : /kinčnʼa/ march along in a line
kindglčʼn̲a : /kintgalčʼa/ just marched off
kinkyamna : /kinkyamna/ march around some central obj.
kinlʼg̣a : /killg̣a/ get into line, fall in
kinmni : /kinmni/ march up, uphill
kinqn̲a : /kinqa/ march out, through
kinr̲qn̲nʼa : /kinqqaqanʔa/ d. parties march in and out
r̲e̲kinqn̲a : /kikanqa/ d. parties march out
klaˑ 7S-v scuff, abrade badly. Cf. also {kleqʼ} 7S-v and {klot} 7S-v with similar meanings. See Sec. 334.
klaˑliˑna : /klaˑliˑna/ scuffs, skins one’s foot or leg
r̲r̲e̲klaˑliˑna : /klaklaˑliˑna/ d. scuff, abrade
kleqʼ 7S-v scuff off (as a bit of skin, leather). Cf. {klaˑ} 7S-v above.
kleqʼliˑna : /kleqʼliˑna/ scuffs off (a bit of skin, shoeleather)
klot 7S-v scuff the feet. See under {klaˑ} 7S-v above.
klotčnʼa : /klotčnʼa/ scuffs along
klotYeˑni̲\ʼa : /klotYeˑnʼa/ scuffs around inside
kloyʼ 7Sv mourn, feel depressed for a long time over someone’s death
r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲kloy\ʼa : /kloˑykloyʼa/ mourns
se̲r̲r̲é̲ˑr̲kloy\ʼa : /sokloˑykloyʼa/ feels sorry for oneself for a long time after the death of a loved one
kL see ikL on top, on a vehicle, down on top, on a pile
kmᵛ 4S-v act upon a mass of string, ropelike objs.; be wrinkled (a wrinkled surface may be considered a “mass of ropelike objs.”). Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
kmᵛelʼg̣a : /kmelg̣a/ lays down ropelike objs. (as a tangle of string, hay)
kmᵛeqn̲a : /kmeqa/ takes rope like objs. out, through
kmᵛoyeˑga : /kmoyeˑga/ raises a mass of ropelike objs.
kmᵛqʼoli̲\ʼlʼg̣a : /kmoqallg̣a/ tangles up a ropelike mass
kmᵛqʼoˑli̲\ʼa : /kmoqʼoˑlʼa/ crumples up, wads into a ball
kmᵛqʼoˑli̲\ʼr̲bqʼdk : /kmoqʼoˑlipbapqʼatk/ wrinkle-faced. See qʼoli̲\ʼ.

188
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
knaˑt 3Sn plateau, mesa, table land, flat and barren earth
knaˑt : /knaˑt/ mesa, plateau, barren land, (Texts, 38.242)
knew 7Sv trap, hook fish, Possibly contains {ew} 10sv “in water, flat place,” Occurs only in:
knewa : /knewa/ traps, hooks fish
knewoˑts : /knewoˑts/ fishhook. (Prompted by the illustration in Barrett: p, 286, fig. 3).
kniˑ 13sn 6sp 10sd 10sa 8sl from, people or person from. Also giˑs. See Secs. 458, 541, 671, 761, and 831.
blaydalʼkniˑ : /blaydalʼkniˑ/ God (“the-One-From-Above”)
čagg̣eˑnkniˑ : /čakg̣eˑnkniˑ/ Rogue River people (or person) (“Serviceberry-Place-People”)
weliˑtankniˑ : /weliˑtankniˑ/ stranger (“one-from-apart”)
weliˑtangiˑsm : /weliˑtangiˑsam/ stranger’s
/weliˑtangiˑsam g̣eˑla/ stranger’s land
weliˑtangiˑsas : /weliˑtangiˑsas/ stranger [o]
/kpočʼambli ʔan weliˑtangiˑsas./ I chased the stranger back.
kok 7-Sv slide down a slope. Only in:
čᵛkokdg̣i : /čokaktg̣i/ slides down a slope on one’s rump
sne̲čᵛkokdg̣i : /snočkaktg̣i/ slides someone down
kokaswʼa 3Sn diving duck. Possibly r̲e̲koswʼa, but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms. Only in:
kokaswʼa : /kokaswʼa/ diving duck
kol 3S-n badger (Taxidea americana taxus)
kols : /kols/ badger
r̲e̲kol\ʼaˑkʼ : /koklʼaˑk/ d. little badgers
kolsʔmksi : /kolsʔamksi/ “Badger’s-Place” (place name)
kols tgᵛews : /kols tgews/ “Badger-Standing-in-Water” (place name)
kolʔa 3Sn seagull (large sp.). Only in:
kolʔa : /kol ʔa/ seagull (sp.)
kom 3Sn [unknown meaning]. Only in;
kom čᵛewys : /kom čewiˑs/ “Kom-Sitting-in-Water” (place name). Also recorded: /komčewiˑs/ in Texts.
komi̲\ʼ 7-Sv split the skull. Cf. {qʼomi̲\ʼ} 7-Sv “hit on the head with a blunt instrument.”
skomi̲\ʼtn̲a : /skomta/ cracks someone’s skull on
skoˑmi̲\ʼr̲tn̲nʼa : /skoˑmittanʔa/ cracks someone’s skull on repeatedly, breaking the skull
wkomi̲\ʼa : /wkomʼa/ splits the skull open with a long instrument

189
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wkomi̲\ʼdk : /wkomitk/ having a split skull
wkoˑmi̲\ʼa : /wkoˑmʼa/ splits pl. skulls open
koml 3Sn pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhyncus).Cf. {yaml} 3Sn “pelican” (Modoc).
koml : /komal/ pelican
komlʼaˑkʼ : /komlʼaˑk/ little pelican
kopkʼ 3S-n torch of twisted bark. Only in:
kopkʼs : /kopkʼas/ torch
kos interjection here boy! (to a dog), Usually repeated several times with no discernible intervening juncture. See Text 7.
koskoskos! : /koskoskos!/ Here boy, here boy!
koslʼ 7Sv be pregnant
kosl\ʼa : /koslʼa/ is pregnant
r̲e̲kosl\ʼa : /kokaslʼa/ d. are pregnant
sne̲kosl\ʼa : /snokaslʼa/ impregnates
kosl\ʼ! : /kosal!/ get pregnant!
kosl\ʼdk : /kosaltk/ pregnant
r̲e̲kosl\ʼdk : /koksaltk/ d. pregnant
kowaˑ 3Sn white crane (Herodias egretta). Only in:
kowaˑ : /kowaˑ/ white crane
kowʼe 3Sn frog (Rana pipiens)
kowʼe : /kowʼe/ frog
r̲e̲kowʼe\ʼaˑkʼ : /kokwʼeʔaˑk/ d. little frogs
koy 3-S-n great-uncle (mother’s mother’s brother); reciprocal: great-nephew, great-niece
bkoyyb : /pkoyiˑp/ great-uncle; great-nephew, great-niece
bkoyysa̲b : /pkoyiˑsap/ great uncles; great-nephews, great-nieces
r̲é̲koy! : /kokoy!/ great-uncle!
koyLa 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
koyLa : /koyLa/ place name: Fuego Mountain
koytʼa 2Sl out behind, “out back”
koytʼa : /koytʼa/ out behind
/ʔi čik qyoqsas koytʼa čiˑya./ You live out behind the shaman.
koytʼant : /koytʼant/ out behind
/koytʼant ʔans geˑ čiˑya./ This one lives out behind me.
koˑbi 3Sn coffee. From English.
koˑbi : /koˑbi/ coffee
kpo see tpo drive animals, herd, people
ks see ksi particular place, place of

190
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ksᵛ 4S-v act upon a living obj. (as upon a baby, animal, etc.)
ksᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ksabaˑyʼa/ leans a living obj. against (as one props a drunken person against a wall). (intr. also)
ksᵛadbn̲a : /ksatba/ arrives with a living obj., brings a living obj. home
ksᵛakʼakweˑga : /ksakʼakweoga/ living obj. gets stuck in (as in a tight passage)
ksᵛakʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ksakʼaˑyʼa/ puts a living obj. up high, hangs someone. (intr. also)
he̲ksᵛakʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /hakskʼaˑyʼa/ hangs oneself
ksᵛalamna : /ksalamna/ puts a living being on the back, on a hillside. (intr. also)
čʼaˑg̣i\ʼaˑkʼ ksᵛalamns : /čʼaˑqyʼaˑk ksalamnas/ “Little-Boy-Lying-on-the-Hillside” (place name)
ksᵛalʼaˑlʼa : /ksalʼaˑlʼa/ puts a living obj. in the fire, by the fire. (intr. also)
ksᵛamʼaˑčʼa : /ksamaˑčʼa/ puts a living obj. in the end, on the end (as in the bow of a boat). (intr. also)
ksᵛapsa : /ksapsa/ puts a living being on the coals, roasts whole (as a whole fish, a squirrel with its skin intact). (intr. also)
ksᵛaptneˑg̣i : /ksaptneˑg̣i/ puts one more living obj. on top of a full load. (intr. also)
ksᵛaqʼaˑqʼa : /ksaqʼaˑqʼa/ puts a living obj. on the lap, on someone’s neck. (intr. also)
he̲ksᵛaqʼaˑqʼa : /haksqʼaˑqʼa/ puts a living obj. on one’s own lap, around one’s neck
ksᵛawl : /ksawal/ puts a living obj. on top of. (intr. also)
ksᵛawlyeˑga : /ksawlyeˑga/ takes a living obj. up. Also recorded : /ksawalyeˑga/.
g̣aˑg̣s ksᵛawlyeˑgs : /g̣aˑqs ksawalyeˑks/ “Carry-Crow-up-the-Hillside” (place name)
ksᵛawnʼa̲a : /ksawnʼa/ living obj. lies propped up (as a person in bed); props up a living obj.
ksᵛawʼaˑlʼa : /ksawʼaˑlʼa/ puts a living obj. on the end. (intr. also)
yaˑs ksᵛawʼaˑlʼs : /yaˑs ksawʼaˑlʼs/ “Willow-on-the-End” (place name). Use of {ksᵛ} here?
ksᵛayahʔa : /ksayahʔa/ hides a living obj.
ksᵛayʼasg̣a : /ksayʼasg̣a/ lies in an extended position in sexual intercourse. Cf. lᵛayʼasg̣a.
ksᵛbᵛoga̲a : /sboga/ living obj. lies, exists
r̲r̲e̲ksᵛbᵛoga̲a : /sbospga/ d. lie, exist

191
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ksᵛ (continued)
ksᵛdgl : /sdagal/ picks up a living obj. Or ksᵛadgl : /ksatgal/.
ksᵛebli : /ksebli/ takes a living obj. back; turns a living obj. over
ksᵛelwy : /kselwi/ puts a living obj. by the fire, by water. (intr. also)
yaˑs ksᵛelwys : /yaˑs kselwis/ “Willow-beside-the-Edge” (place name). Use of {ksᵛ} here?
ksᵛeLa̲bga : /kseLapga/ loads a living obj. onto a vehicle
ksᵛelʼg̣a : /kselg̣a/ puts a living obj. down
ksᵛelʼg̣čʼn̲a : /kselqčʼa/ just put a living obj. down
ksᵛen̲a : /ksena/ takes a living obj.
ksᵛeqn̲a : /kseqa/ takes a living obj. out, through
ksᵛewa : /ksewa/ puts a living obj. into water, flat place. (intr. also)
tgolʼoˑtsʔm ksᵛews : /tgolʼoˑtsʔam ksews/ “Tgolʼoˑts-Lying-in-Water” (place name)
ksᵛig̣oga : /ksig̣oga/ puts a living obj. into a container (as a baby into a cradle). (intr. also)
ksᵛiǰqʼa : /ksičqʼa/ puts a living obj. on so as to cover, squash. (intr. also)
ksᵛikLa : /ksikLa/ puts a living obj. down on top, onto a vehicle; one more living obj. above a decade in counting (see Sec. 1031)
wlo ksᵛikLs : /wlo ksikLas/ “Fishnet-Stands-on” (place name). Use of {ksᵛ} here?
ksᵛiwLa̲a : /ksiwLa/ drives, frightens fish into a net
he̲ksᵛiwLa̲a : /hiksoˑLa/ causes fish to go into a net (by drumming on the side of a canoe)
ksᵛiwyʼg̣a : /ksiwiˑg̣a/ puts a living obj. into a container. (intr. also.) See iwyʼg̣.
ksᵛodga : /ksotga/ takes a living obj. out of a container
ksᵛodg̣a : /ksotg̣a/ takes a living obj. away from
ksᵛodg̣i : /ksotg̣i/ puts a living obj. down; puts a living obj. (fish) down upon a roasting stake. (intr. also)
ksᵛodiˑla : /ksodiˑla/ puts a living obj. underneath. (intr. also)
tgolʼoˑtsʔm ksᵛodiˑlks : /tgolʼoˑtsʔam ksodiˑlks/ “Tgolʼoˑts’-Lying- Underneath-Place” (place name)
ksᵛoga̲tn̲a : /ksokta/ sets a living obj. onto, against; sets a dog on someone
he̲ksᵛoga̲dang̣a : /hoksakdang̣a/ sets dogs upon one another
ksᵛog̣y : /ksog̣iˑ/ swallows a living obj. (as a fish)
r̲r̲e̲ksᵛog̣y : /ksoksg̣i/ d. swallow living objs.

192
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ksᵛ (continued)
ksᵛoLy : /ksoLiˑ/ puts a living obj. inside. (intr. also)
ksᵛosga : /ksosga/ takes a living obj. off of
ksᵛosn̲a : /ksosa/ puts a living obj. deep under water, under earth. (intr. also)
ksᵛoteˑga : /ksoteˑga/ puts a living obj. deep into. (intr. also)
ksᵛoteˑgčʼn̲a : /ksoteˑkčʼa/ just put a living obj. deep into. Note the following idiom:
/ksoteˑkčʼa ʔan gew./ I’m slowly sinking (dying, getting weaker and weaker).
ksᵛotn̲a : /ksota/ puts a living obj. on, baits a hook. (intr. also)
ksᵛowiˑdiˑla : /ksowiˑdiˑla/ puts living objs. in a line underneath. (intr. also.) See owiˑ.
ksᵛowʼeˑtʼa : /ksowʼeˑtʼa/ hangs a living obj. off the edge. (intr. also)
ksᵛoya : /ksoya/ gives a living obj.
r̲r̲e̲ksᵛoy : /ksoksi/ d. give a living obj.
ksᵛoy! : /ksoy!/ give a living obj.!
ksᵛor̲yamna : /ksoyyamna/ is holding, carrying a living obj. around
ksᵛoyeˑga : /ksoyeˑga/ raises, picks up a living obj. (intr. also)
ksᵛoyg̣i : /ksoyg̣i/ puts a living obj. over. (intr. also)
he̲ksᵛoyʼoˑta : /hoksyʼoˑta/ trades a living obj. (swaps horses, changes a horse from one side of the harness to the other)
kseg̣i 7Sv stay with (a relative, friend, etc.), live with someone for an indefinite period. See Text 38.268, ff.
kseg̣i : /kseg̣i/ lives with, stays with as a guest
ksept 2-Sa five plus the preceding number (?). Occurs only in compounds. See Sec. 721.
labksept : /lapksept/ seven
ndanksept : /ndanksept/ eight
r̲r̲e̲ndanksept : /ndandanksept/ eight at a time
ndankseptni : /ndankseptni/ eight [n]
Načksept : /Načksept/ six
Načkseptdank\ʼaˑs : /Načkseptdankʼaˑs/ in six places
ksi 10sn 4sp 8sd 8sa 6sl particular place, place of, place belonging to someone. Also ks, s, si, and siˑ. Constructions with {ksi} are mostly syntactic locatives, though place names often function also as nouns. See Secs. 455, 542, 671, 674, 761, 762, 831, and 1044.
ʔᵛodiˑlks : /ʔodiˑlks/ dam (“long-obj.-underneath-place”)
g̣awmr̲r̲ksi : /g̣awamksaksi/ “Spring-Place” (place name)
loˑLbgmksi : /loˑLapgamksi/ church camp (“believers’-place”) See Sec. 451.

193
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
midansikniˑ : /midansikniˑ/ people, person from your place. Also midanskniˑ : /midanskniˑ/.
ndanniˑks : /ndanniˑks/ Wednesday. See Sec. 762.
r̲e̲tonksʔm : /totanksʔam/ blackberries (“distributive-ropelike-objs.-place-collective”)
yʼamsiˑ : /yʼamsiˑ/ place name: Yamsay
ksiw 7S-v dance. Occur mainly with {elʼg̣} 12sv “down, to a stop, to the earth,” but occasionally found with other affixes. Possibly {ksᵛ} 4S-v “act on a living obj.” plus {iw} 7-Sv “do violently.”
ksiwdglčʼn̲a : /ksiwtgalčʼa/ starts to dance
ksiwlʼg̣a : /ksiwlg̣a/ dances
r̲r̲e̲ksiwlʼg̣a : /ksiksoˑlg̣a/ d. dance
sne̲ksiwlʼg̣a : /sniksoˑlg̣a/ makes someone dance
ksiwlʼg̣a̲t : /ksiwlʼaqt/ can dance
ksiwlʼg̣čʼnʼa : /ksiwlʼaqčnʼa/ goes along dancing
ksiwlʼg̣ek! : /ksiwlg̣ek!/ let me dance!
ksiwlʼg̣oˑla : /ksiwlg̣oˑla/ finishes dancing
ksiwlʼg̣s : /ksiwlʼaqs/ dance
ksiwlʼg̣sg̣eˑni : /ksiwlʼaqsg̣eˑni/ dance place, dance hall
kslʼ 10sv on a fire. Rare in the corpus.
pniwkslʼa : /pniwkslʼa/ blows on a fire (to start it)
wLiwkslʼa : /wLiwkslʼa/ fans a fire
kson 3Sn grass, hay
kson : /kson/ grass, hay
kson\ʼa̲la : /ksonlʼa/ gathers hay
ksoneˑmʼi : /ksoneˑmʼi/ haying season
ksonksi : /ksonksi/ “Grass-Place” (place name)
ksoˑnisga 3Sn man’s sister-in-law (man’s wife’s younger sister)
ksoˑnisga : /ksoˑnisga/ man’s sister-in-law. RD gives r̲r̲e̲ksoˑnisga : /ksoksoˑnisga/ as the singular form (Texts, 9.50)?
r̲r̲e̲ksoˑnisgaa̲b : /ksoksoˑnisgap/ sisters-in-law
kstʼa 6sn 4sp 8sd 4sl side, on the … side. See Secs. 451, 542, 67l, and 831.
biblankstʼa : /biblankstʼa/ on both sides
biblankstʼant : /biblankstʼant/ on both sides
/hoˑt sa ʔa biblankstʼant noˑs čiˑya./ They live on both sides of me.
honglʼmkstʼa : /honklʼamkstʼa/ on his side
sqeˑdikstʼa : /sqeˑdikstʼa/ on the left side
tg̣almakstʼa : /tg̣almakstʼa/ “West-Side” (place name)
woniˑb\ʼokʼksta : /woniˑpʼokkstʼa/ on all four sides

194
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
kt 4S-v hit with the fist, kick. Some forms also glossed “slide” (cf. a similar case with {čᵛ} 4S-v “sit (sg.).”) Also see Secs. 262, 278, and 331.
ktʔeqʼa : /kʔeqʼa/ slaps with the open palm
ktʔeˑqʼa : /kʔeˑqʼa/ slaps pl. times. See ʔeq.
ktakʼyoˑla : /ktakʼyoˑla/ hits, kicks something open
ktawloˑla : /ktawloˑla/ slides off the top of
ktbolʼa : /kbolʼa/ hits in the stomach. See bolʼ.
ktčamtn̲a : /kčamta/ stubs the toe. See čam.
ktčaˑyi̲\ʼa : /kčaˑyʼa/ slashes pl. with a blow
ktčičʼtn̲a : /kčičta/ scrapes the shins, foot, on something hard
ktčʼabkʼa : /kčʼapkʼa/ mashes up with a blow
ktčʼasaqʼbqʼa : /kčʼasaqpqʼa/ slaps, taps, in the face. See čʼasaqʼ.
ktčʼawkʼya : /kčʼawkʼya/ slaps on the ear. See čʼaw.
ktčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /kčʼayta/ pinches, stamps on someone’s hand, foot
ktding̣oga : /kding̣oga/ stuffs into, tamps into. See din.
kter̲r̲lʼg̣a : /ktelg̣lg̣a/ slides down
kten̲a : /ktena/ throws (a spear, dart)
se̲kten̲eˑ\ʼa : /sektneˑʔa/ throws a spear in a competition
se̲kten̲eˑ\ʼs : /sektneˑʔas/ spear, dart
kteqweˑLa : /kteqweˑLa/ slides downhill (as a log, avalanche)
ktr̲e̲r̲g̣aW\ʼa : /tg̣aWqwʼa/ knocks on with the fist. See g̣aW\ʼ.
ktiwbaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ktiwbaˑyʼa/ shoves up against
ktiwčnʼa : /ktiwčnʼa/ shoves something along
r̲r̲e̲ktiwčnʼa : /ktiktoˑčnʼa/ d. shove along
ktiwdg̣i : /ktiwtg̣i/ shoves down
ktiwdiˑla : /ktiwdiˑla/ shoves underneath
ktiwg̣oga : /ktiwg̣oga/ shoves into a container
ktiwkanga : /ktiwkanga/ shoves, pushes around
ktiwkʼčʼwy : /ktiwkʼačʼwi/ shoves something into a tight place, a corner
ktiwkʼya : /ktiwkʼya/ pushes shut (as a door)
ktiwliˑna : /ktiwliˑna/ pushes off the edge
ktiwLy : /ktiwLi/ pushes, shoves something inside
ktiwlʼg̣a : /ktiwlg̣a/ pushes down, knocks down
ktiwneˑga : /ktiwneˑga/ pushes into a hole
ktiwqʼaˑqʼa : /ktiwqʼaˑqʼa/ pushes something onto someone’s lap
ktiwwa : /ktiwwa/ pushes into water, flat place
ktiwwlyeˑga : /ktiwwalyeˑga/ pushes up (as a lid from inside, a trapdoor)
ktiwyeˑga : /ktiwyeˑga/ pushes up (as a window)

195
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kt (continued)
ktiwWasga : /ktiwWasga/ pushes away, shoves off
ktkawʼa : /tkawʼa/ hits someone on a spot already sore
ktkekʼa : /tkekʼa/ kicks on the back
ktLeˑbaˑtn̲a : /kleˑbaˑta/ brushes something up against. See Leˑ.
ktLoˑbaˑtn̲a : /kloˑbaˑta/ brushes an obj. (or a few objs.) up against. See Loˑ.
ktobga : /ktopga/ hits, kicks pl. times
se̲ktobga : /soktapga/ hit each other
ktobgWiˑs : /ktopkWiˑs/ mark of a blow
r̲e̲se̲ktobgys : /sosaktapgis/ boxer
ktočʼiˑpʼa : /ktočʼiˑpʼa/ slides out of a tubular obj. (as lead out of a pencil)
ktodiˑla : /ktodiˑla/ slides underneath (as underneath a blanket, under ice covering a lake)
ktoga̲a : /ktoga/ hits, kicks once
se̲ktoˑga : /soktoˑga/ hit, kick each other
ktoywi̲\ʼa : /ktoywʼa/ hits, kicks pl. objs.
ktoyʼoˑta : /ktoyʼoˑta/ throws at (a spear, dart)
se̲ktoyʼoˑta : /soktyʼoˑta/ throw at each other
ktpopʼa : /kpopʼa/ hits and bloodies someone’s nose
se̲ktpoˑpʼa : /sokpoˑpʼa/ bloody each other’s nose
ktpʼačʼa : /kpʼačʼa/ hits in the eye and blinds
ktpʼaˑčʼa : /kpʼaˑčʼa/ hits pl. times in the eye
ktpʼakʼa : /kpʼakʼa/ shatters with a kick, blow
ktpʼaˑkʼa : /kpʼaˑkʼa/ shatters pl. objs.
ktpʼeqʼa : /kpʼeqʼa/ hits, kicks in the face
ktpʼeˑqʼa : /kpʼeˑqʼa/ hits, kicks pl. in the face
ktqewi̲\ʼa : /tqewʼa/ breaks with a blow, kick. See qewi̲\ʼ.
ktqʼoˑmi̲\ʼa : /tqʼoˑmʼa/ hits, kicks on the head
kttewi̲\ʼa : /ktewʼa/ breaks a surface with a kick, blow
kttewi̲\ʼkʼyoˑla : /ktewkʼyoˑla/ breaks open with a blow, kick
kttewi̲\ʼLy : /ktewLi/ breaks into
kttewi̲\ʼqn̲a : /ktewqa/ breaks through
ktteˑwi̲\ʼa : /kteˑwʼa/ breaks pl.
ktteWčʼa : /kteWčʼa/ spanks, slaps. See teWčʼ.
kttitʼa : /ktitʼa/ hits, kicks open a bulging round obj. (as a sack of grain, bladder, etc.)
kttʼabkʼa : /ktʼapkʼa/ mashes up with the hands
kttʼablLy : /ktʼabalhi/ tracks mud inside
kttʼablqn̲a : /ktʼabalqa/ tracks out

196
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
kttʼapʼtn̲nʼa : /ktʼaptanʔa/ pats (as in the sweathouse, to bring out sweat)
se̲kttʼapʼtn̲nʼa : /saktʼaptanʔa/ pats oneself
kttʼaytʼitʼya : /ktʼaytʼitʼya/ slaps on the hand
kttʼeˑkʼa : /ktʼeˑkʼa/ hits, kicks pl. holes in, to bits
r̲r̲e̲kttʼeˑkʼa : /ktʼektʼeˑkʼa/ d. hit, kick pl. to bits
kttʼeˑqʼa : /ktʼeˑqʼa/ stamps on (as on an insect)
ktʼo 7S-v give a present. There was a custom of taking a gift of food whenever one went visiting.
ktʼočʼn̲a : /ktʼočʼa/ takes a present (just took?)
ktʼodbn̲a : /ktʼotba/ brings a gift, arrives with a gift
r̲r̲e̲ktʼodbn̲a : /ktʼoktʼatba/ d. bring a gift
ktʼoya : /ktʼoya/ gives a gift, present
kwaˑda 3Sn quarter (twenty-five cents). From English.
kwaˑda : /kwaˑda/ quarter
kyamn see akyamn around, surrounding, embracing
kyem 3Sn fish (generic term). This item does not occur with either {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive] or {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive].
kyem : /kyem/ fish
kyem\ʼa̲la : /kyemlʼa/ fishes
kʼ
kʼ 22sv [instrumental noun formant]. See Sec. 368.
se̲\ʼlᵛikLkʼys : /silʼaklkʼis/ two-horned muller. See lᵛ.
r̲e̲peˑwkʼys : /pepeˑwkʼis/ bathing place
snʼog̣kʼys : /snʼoqkʼis/ handle
wog̣kʼys : /woqkʼis/ cache
kʼ 10sv [unknown meaning]. Only in:
se̲qbᵛočʼkʼa : /soqbačkʼa/ rinses out the mouth
qbᵛčʼoˑskʼa : /qbočʼoˑskʼa/ sucks out of (as marrow from a bone). Cf. qbᵛčʼoˑsa : /qbočʼoˑsa/ sucks on (as candy). A few more examples may be adduced but are too dubious for certain segmentation.
kʼa see ʼaˑkʼ [diminutive]
kʼačweˑg 10sv in a tight place, corner; stuck. Cf. {akʼčʼwy} 10sv “in a tight place, corner, pocket” and {akʼakʼweˑg} 10sv “stuck in a hole, tight place.” This form is rare.
nʼiqkʼačweˑga : /nʼiqkʼačweˑga/ has the hand caught in a tight place

197
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kʼačʼ 7-Sv from earth to sky (?). Only in:
tgᵛr̲e̲r̲kʼačʼa : /tgakʼačkčʼa/ stands reaching from earth to sky (in myth)
kʼačʼ 7-Sv cut off the head, act on the head, break the neck
dmᵛkʼačʼa : /dmakčʼa/ digs on someone’s head for lice
g̣wᵛkʼačʼa : /g̣wakčʼa/ bites off someone’s head
skʼačʼlʼg̣a : /skʼačʼlg̣a/ falls and breaks the neck
wkʼačʼa : /wkʼačʼa/ cuts off the head with a long instrument
r̲r̲e̲wkʼaˑčʼa : /wkʼawkʼaˑčʼa/ d. cut off pl. heads
kʼadaˑ 2Sri that long, that far, as long as, as far as. See Sec. 1024.
kʼadaˑ : /kʼadaˑ/ as long as, as far as, so long, so far
/čoy honk kʼadaˑ maˑns gi ʔat kyem giwapk gida./ So long shall fish be here. (Texts, 18.32)
kʼadaˑdi : /kʼadaˑdi/ as far, as long, so far, so long
/kʼadaˑdi lis ni gen ktiwteˑga./ I pushed it in so far.
kʼadaˑni : /kʼadaˑni/ something that long
/dwaˑ ʔoyyamna kʼadaˑns dwaˑ./ She was carrying something (long obj.), something this long. (Texts, 10.31)
r̲e̲kʼadaˑni : /kʼakdaˑni/ d. that long
/qʼay ni s ʔaywakta kʼakdaˑ ni hok homʼas hak./ I don’t know how long they thus were. (Texts, 38.253)
kʼakweˑg see akʼakweˑg stuck in a hole, tight place
kʼal 3Sn black moss (Alectoria fremontii Tuckerm.). This was soaked overnight, then boiled with camas and eaten.
kʼal : /kʼal/ black moss
kʼal\ʼ 7-Sv 10sv cut, sever one obj. Also gal and kʼl\ʼ. See Sec. 334.
g̣inkʼl\ʼa : /g̣inklʼa/ makes a mark on with a pointer
lᵛkʼal\ʼa : /laklʼa/ severs one obj. with a round obj. (as with a flint knife)
se̲\ʼlᵛkʼal\ʼa : /salʼaklʼa/ cuts oneself
qdᵛkʼal\ʼa : /qdaklʼa/ cuts off one obj.
se̲qdᵛkʼal\ʼa : /saqdaklʼa/ cuts oneself
r̲r̲e̲qdᵛkʼaˑl\ʼa : /qdaqtkʼaˑlʼa/ d. cut off one obj. each
qʼaLkʼl\ʼa : /qʼaLklʼa/ is injured
qʼaLgalwabg : /qʼaLgalwapk/ will be injured
wkʼal\ʼa : /wkʼalʼa/ cuts, severs with a long instrument
se̲wkʼal\ʼ : /sawkʼal/ cuts oneself
yᵛkʼal\ʼ a : /yaklʼa/ cuts the foot
yᵛkʼal\ʼ! : /yakʼal!/ cut the foot!

198
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
kʼank 2Sri that much, so much, that many, so many. Also kʼann. See Secs. 722 and 1024.
kʼank : /kʼank/ that much, so much
/kʼank ʔis sʔewanʔi!/ Give me that much!
/kʼank ʔams ni loˑlomaq čʼaywapk./ I’ll give you so much wheat.
kʼanna : /kʼanna/ that many, so many [o]
/noˑ ʔa mis kʼanna sʔewanʔa./ I gave you that many (pointing to the amount).
kʼanni : /kʼanni/ that many, so many [n]
/gen naˑt kʼanni čiˑya./ We are so many now.
/kʼanni ʔa gew wač gi./ My horses are that many (indicating on the fingers).
kʼanknʼi : /kʼanknʼi/ that many, so many (days, years, etc.)
/kʼanknʼi ʔiLoˑls ni gida čiˑya./ I have lived here for so many years.
kʼann sle
kʼapnʼa 3Sn baby louse
kʼapna : /kʼapnʼa/ baby louse
r̲e̲kʼapnʼa\ʼaˑkʼ : /kʼakʼapnʼaʔaˑk/ d. baby lice
kʼapsdi see aˑkʼapsdi replacing
kʼastʼ 7Sv have a pain in the side under the ribs (from pleurisy, indigestion, running, riding a horse, etc.)
kʼastʼa : /kʼastʼa/ has a pain in the side
kʼat 3Sn sagebrush-like plant (sp. unknown). This plant is similar to {bolWi} 3Sn “artemisia tridentata Nutt.,” but was not used as medicine.
kʼat : /kʼat/ plant (sp.)
kʼatʼ 7+Sv chatter (teeth); pull, break a tooth.
r̲é̲r̲kʼatʼa : /kʼatkʼatʼa/ teeth chatter
sne̲r̲é̲r̲kʼatʼa : /snakʼatkʼatʼa/ makes the teeth chatter
kʼatʼsga : /kʼatsga/ tooth falls out
r̲e̲kʼatʼsga : /kʼakʼatsga/ d. teeth fall out
g̣wᵛkʼatʼsga : /g̣wakʼatsga/ bites and breaks or loosens a tooth
pᵛkʼatʼsga : /pakʼatsga/ pulls a tooth
se̲pᵛkʼatʼsga : /sapkʼatsga/ pulls one’s own tooth
kʼatʼaqʼiˑg̣i 7Sv have a miscarriage. Possibly contains {oyg̣i} 10sv “over, above” but there is no certain analysis.
kʼatʼaqʼiˑg̣i : /kʼatʼaqʼiˑg̣i/ has a miscarriage
kʼaw\ʼ 7Sv beat hard, pitter-patter (heart)
r̲é̲r̲kʼaw\ʼa : /kʼawkʼawʼa/ heart pitter-patters

199
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kʼaW\ʼ 7Sv peck
sr̲e̲r̲kʼaW\ʼa : /skʼaWkwʼa/ pecks
sr̲e̲r̲kʼaW\ʼs : /skʼaWkʼos/ woodpecker (Gatschet: “probably Hylotomus pileeatus”)
sr̲e̲r̲kʼaW\ʼˑkʼ : /skʼaWkʼoˑk/ little woodpecker
kʼays 7S-v close a door. Occurs only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.” This segmentation is actually unattested but seems necessary in view of similar occurrences with other verbs.
kʼaystn̲a : /kʼaysta/ closes a door
r̲e̲kʼaystn̲a : /kʼakʼiˑsta/ d. close a,door, doors
kʼaystn̲a! : /kʼaysta!/ close the door!
kʼaystn̲bli : /kʼaystambli/ closes the door again
kʼaystn̲oˑla : /kʼaystnoˑla/ opens the door
kʼaystn̲ys : /kʼaystis/ door
kʼaystn̲yˑkʼ : /kʼaystiˑk/ little door
kʼaˑ see ʼaˑkʼ [diminutive]
kʼaˑs 3-S-n grandfather (mother’s father); reciprocal: grandchild (man’s daughter’s child)
bkʼaˑsyb : /pkʼaˑsip/ grandfather; grandchild
se̲bkʼaˑsa̲ldk : /sapkʼaˑsaltk/ related to one another as grandfather-grandchild
bkʼaˑsysa̲b : /pkʼaˑsisap/ grandfathers; grandchildren
r̲e̲kʼaˑs! : /kʼakʼaˑs!/ Granddad! Grandchild!
kʼaˑyi̲\ʼ see akʼaˑyi̲\ʼ up high, hanging up
kʼčʼw see okʼčʼW into water
kʼčʼwy see akʼčʼwy in a narrow place, cupboard, corner, pocket
kʼeččʼa 2Sa little, small. Also kʼič. See Sec. 721.
kʼeččʼa : /kʼeččʼa/ little, small
/kʼeččʼa ʔins deˑWiˑ!/ Leave a little for me!
kʼičkʼaˑni : /kʼičkʼaˑni/ small, little one
/hoˑt ʔa kʼičkʼaˑni hiswaqs./ He’s a small man.
kʼičkʼaˑyʼant : /kʼičkʼaˑyʼant/ in a small one
/kʼičkʼaˑyʼant maksaʔaˑkkʼatdat/ in a small basket
kʼičkʼaˑyantga : /kʼičkʼaˑyʼantga/ with a small one
/kʼičkʼaˑyʼantga dwantga/ with some little thing
kʼičkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼm : /kʼičkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼam/ little one’s
/kʼičkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼam lačʼas/ little one’s house
kʼičkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼs : /kʼičkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼs/ little one [o]
/kʼičkʼaˑyʼeˑnʼs nalk hoˑt slin./ He shot the littlest one.