17
KLAMATH-ENGLISH

18

19
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ᵛ
ᵛdoqʼ 7-Sv scrape out; pull off, out
ʔᵛᵛdoqʼsga : /ʔodaqsga/ scrapes off a long obj.
pᵛᵛdoqʼsga : /podaqsga/ pulls off, strips (as pine needles from a branch)
pᵛᵛdoˑqʼa : /podoˑqʼa/ pulls out, off (as grass)
wᵛdoqʼsga : /wodaqsga/ scrapes out, off, with a long instrument (as fish innards)
wᵛdoˑqʼa : /wodoˑqʼa/ scrapes (as fish scales, carrot)
wᵛdoˑqsga : /wodoˑqsga/ scrapes off
wᵛdoˑqʼYeˑni̲\ʼa : /wodoˑqYeˑnʼa/ scrapes out the insides
r̲e̲wᵛdoˑqʼYeˑni̲\ʼa : /woˑdoˑqYeˑnʼa/ d. scrape out the insides
ᵛqičg sne.
ᵛqičkʼ 7-Sv scrape off (as something spilled). Also ᵛqičg. See Sec. 334.
wᵛqičkʼa : /wiqačkʼa/ scrapes off (something spilled)
r̲e̲wᵛqičkʼa : /wiwqačkʼa/ d. scrape off
wᵛqičgiˑa : /wiqačgiˑya/ scrapes off for someone
wᵛqiˑčka : /wiqiˑčka/ scrapes off pl.
r̲e̲wᵛqiˑčka : /wiwqiˑčka/ d. scrape off
ᵛqitʼ 7-Sv scrape off, pull off, scratch off
ʔiᵛqiˑtʼa : /ʔiqiˑtʼa/ scratches, scrapes pl.
ʔiᵛ qiˑtʼkyamna : /ʔiqiˑtkyamna/ scrapes all around pl. 
čʼlᵉᵛqitʼsga : /čʼliqatsga/ scratches off with the fingernails
čʼlᵉᵛqiˑtʼa : /čliqiˑtʼa/ scratches pl.
spiᵛqiˑtʼčnʼa : /spiqiˑtčnʼa/ drags away, leaving a scratch
wᵛqiˑtʼa : /wiqiˑtʼa/ peels off, drags away, scrapes off
r̲e̲wᵛqiˑtʼa : /wiwqiˑtʼa/ d. peel off, scrape off
wᵛqiˑtʼdga : /wiqiˑttga/ been scraping off
wᵛqiˑtʼtn̲čʼn̲a : /wiqiˑttančʼa/ just dragged away, peeled off, scraped off
ᵛqoˑt 7-Sv scrape
ʔᵛᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲\ʼa : /ʔoqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ scrapes the inside of a long object
r̲e̲ʔᵛᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲\ʼa : /ʔoˑqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ d. scrape inside
sgᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲\ʼa : /sgoqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ scrapes the penis around inside
wᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲\ʼa : /woqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ scrap~s out the inside of with a long instrument

20
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʼ
ʼa 3sr [unknown meaning]. Only in:
loby\ʼa : /lopyʼa/ before
/gena hoˑt beˑn, lopya dinneˑks./ He went on again, before sundown.
/hoˑt sa lopyʼa ʔans gatbambli./ They returned before me.
ʼan see yʼeˑnʼ [nonnominative theme formant]
ʼas 14sn 2sp 7sp 5sd 11sd 11sa 9sl [objective]. Also ʼs, as, s and a. See Secs. 459, 552, 623, 671, 674, 761 and 831.
basdin\ʼas : /basdinʼas/ white man [o]
/basdinʼas ʔa hoˑt sleʔa./ He saw the white man.
hongyʼass : /honkyʼas/ them (remote) [o]
/honkyʼas ʔan sleʔa./ I saw them.
mang̣as : /mang̣as/ housefly [o]
/noˑ ʔa mang̣as siwga./ I killed the housefly.
nʼisq\ʼaˑkʼs : /nʼisqʼaˑks/ little girl [o]
/hoˑt ʔa nʼisqʼaˑks LoyLoys sʔewanʔa./ He gave sweets to the little girl.
wnaga : /wnaga/ son [o]
/qoyg̣a ʔan honklʼam wnaga./ I recognized his son.
ʼaˑkʼ 6sn 5sa [diminutive]. Also aˑ, aˑkʼi, kʼa, kʼaˑ, kʼiˑkʼ, kʼyakʼ, and ˑkʼ. See Secs. 451 and 762.
čʼasgaˑy\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼasgaˑyʼaˑk/ little weasel
r̲é̲r̲g̣emtkʼaˑni : /g̣emg̣emtkʼaˑni/ little calm one
kʼinkʼaˑni : /kʼinkʼaˑni/ a few
heksg̣yˑkʼ : /heksg̣iˑk/ little cane
r̲e̲pʼaˑčʼaˑkʼidk : /pʼapʼaˑčʼaˑkʼitk/ little blind person
swʼinkangoˑtkʼiˑkʼ : /swʼinkangoˑtkʼiˑk/ little rocking chair
swʼinkangoˑtkʼyakʼr̲r̲d̲at : /swʼinkangoˑtkʼyakkʼatdat/ in a little rocking chair
wʼakʼa : /wʼakʼa/ little coyote
r̲e̲wʼakʼa : /wʼawkʼa/ d. little coyotes
ʼaˑs 4sa place(s), in … places. Also aˑs and ˑs. See Sec. 762.
domaˑs : /domaˑs/ in many places
/hoˑt ʔa domaˑs qmag̣a./ He searched in many places.
naˑnok\ʼaˑs : /naˑnokʼaˑs/ everyplace, everywhere
/noˑ ʔa naˑnokʼaˑs damnon./ I wander everywhere.
/hoˑt sa ʔa naˑnokʼaˑskniˑ gepga./ They come from everywhere.

21
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
woniˑb\ʼokʼ\ʼaˑs : /woniˑpʼokʼaˑs/ on all four sides
/woniˑpʼokʼaˑs sa lalčʼa./ They built houses on all four sides.
ʼa̲l 8sv 8sn to be, do what the preceding noun says. Also a̲l. See Secs. 340 and 453.
bkʼisa̲lbga : /pkʼisalpga/ considers someone as one’s mother
bkʼisa̲ldga : /pkʼisaltga/ been to see one’s mother
bkʼisa̲llgi : /pkʼisallgi/ comes to see one’s mother
peč\ʼa̲la : /pečlʼa/ gets a foot (wooden leg)
qʼlaˑǰ\ʼa̲la : /qʼlaˑčlʼa/ picks, gathers blueberries
qʼlaˑǰa̲ldga : /qʼlaˑǰaltga/ been picking blueberries
ʔikʼaˑyi̲\ʼs\ʼa̲ls : /ʔikʼaˑyisʔals/ to hang up pl. Usage:
/qʼelyʼak kyem ʔikʼaˑyisʔals./ (He) has no fish to hang up.
ʔilʼg̣s\ʼa̲ls : /ʔilqsʔals/ to bury, put down pl. Usage:
/qʼelyʼak pʼas ʔilqsʔals./ (He) has no food to bury.
sʔawiˑgs\ʼa̲ldk : /sʔawiˑksʔaltk/ having become angry (?)
/qʼay ʔa geˑ sʔawiˑksʔaltk./ He isn’t one to get angry.
ʼeˑmʼi 7sn time of, season of. Also eˑmʼi. See Sec. 452.
ksoneˑmʼi : /ksoneˑmʼi/ haying season
qiseˑmʼi : /qiseˑmʼi/ evening time
wokseˑmʼi : /wokseˑmʼi/ wokas picking season
ʔiwm\ʼeˑmʼi : /ʔiwmʼeˑmʼi/ huckleberry season
ʼeˑnʼ see yʼeˑnʼ [nonnominative theme formant]
ʼiˑt 7sl [locative:] in, at, on. See Sec. 832.
blayt\ʼiˑt : /blaytʼiˑt/ above
/čʼikʼas ʔans blaytʼiˑt honkanga./ The bird is flying above me.
geˑtant\ʼiˑt : /geˑtantʼiˑt/ over there
/giˑwas geˑtantʼiˑt hiˑt/ over there, there on the other side of Crater Lake (Texts, 10.52)
g̣anʼiˑt\ʼiˑt : /g̣anʼiˑtʼiˑt/ outside
/wač ʔa gew lačʼas g̣anʼiˑtʼiˑt sličlg̣atk./ My horse is tied outside the house.
ʼm see ʔm [possessive]
ʼmʼč see ʔmʼč [augmentative]
ʼokʼ 3sa [inclusive]. Also okʼ and yak. See Sec. 750.
laˑb\ʼokʼ : /laˑpʼok/ both
/hoˑt ʔa laˑpʼok qnoqs qdolčʼa./ He cut off both ropes.
ndannokʼ : /ndannok/ all three
/ndannok ʔa gida čiˑya./ All three live here.
ndannokʼ\ʼaˑs : /ndannokʼaˑs/ on all three sides

22
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
Naˑčyak : /Naˑčyak/ just one; alone
/Naˑčyak maqlaqs čelg̣a./ Just one person sat down.
/noˑ ʔa Naˑčyak čelwi./ I’m sitting by the fire alone.
ʼoˑ 3sr yet, still. See Sec. 921. Only in:
dam\ʼoˑ : /damʼoˑ/ whether yet
/hoˑt snʼeweˑts delhi damʼoˑ noˑqst./ That woman looked in (to see) whether it was cooked yet.
/noˑ ʔa hon qbedoˑ damʼoˑ qʼoy g̣lekst./ I tasted it (to see) whether it was spoiled yet.
qʼay\ʼoˑ : /qʼayʼoˑ/ not yet
/qʼayʼoˑ ʔa noˑg̣a./ (It) isn’t cooked, ripe, yet.
/waq dal ʔi qʼayʼoˑ qtančʼa?/ Why haven’t you fallen asleep yet?
ʼs see ʼas [objective]
ʔ
ʔᵛ 4S-v to act upon a long obj. See See. 331.
ʔᵛᵛdoqʼsga : /ʔodaqsga/ scrapes off a long obj.
ʔᵛᵛqoˑtYeˑni̲\ʼa : /ʔoqoˑtYeˑnʼa/ scrapes the inside of a long obj.
ʔᵛabaˑtn̲a : /ʔabaˑta/ leans a long obj. against; brings a long obj. to shore. (intr. also)
ʔᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔabaˑyʼa/ leans a long obj. diagonally against (as a stick against a wall). (intr. also)
ʔᵛačʼiˑkʼa : /ʔačʼiˑkʼa/ wrings out a long obj.
ʔᵛadgl : /ʔatgal/ picks up a long obj.
ʔᵛakʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔakʼaˑyʼa/ hangs up a long obj.; puts a long obj. up high. (intr. also)
ʔᵛakʼčʼwy : /ʔakčʼwi/ puts a long obj. into a narrow place, corner, pocket. (intr. also)
se̲ʔᵛakʼčʼwyalla : /saʔakčʼawyalla/ puts a long obj. into one’s own pocket (instead of giving it back)
ʔᵛakʼwa : /ʔakʼwa/ puts a long obj. across. (intr. also)
ʔᵛakʼwčʼn̲a : /ʔakʼoˑčʼa/ just put a long obj. across and went on
ʔᵛalamna : /ʔalamna/ puts a long obj. on someone’s back, against a hillside. (intr. also)
ʔᵛaliˑga : /ʔaliˑga/ puts a long obj. on the edge of a stream, on the forehead. (intr. also)
ʔᵛaliˑgčʼa̲bga : /ʔaliˑkčʼapga/ just put a long obj. on the edge and came away

23
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔᵛ (continued)
ʔᵛalYn̲čʼn̲a : /ʔalYančʼa/ just left a long obj. on the edge, side
ʔᵛalʼaˑlʼa : /ʔalʼaˑlʼa/ puts a long obj. into the fire. (intr. also)
ʔᵛaptneˑg̣i : /ʔaptneˑg̣i/ puts a long obj. on top of a full load. (intr. also)
ʔᵛaqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔaqaˑyʼa/ puts a long obj. into bushes, into the hair. (intr. also)
ʔᵛaqaˑyi̲\ʼoˑla : /ʔaqaˑyʼoˑla/ picks out a long obj. from among long objs.
ʔᵛatʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /ʔatʼaˑwʼa/ puts a long obj. in the sunshine. (intr. also)
ʔᵛatʼaˑwi̲\ʼks : /ʔatʼaˑwiks/ “Long-Obj.-in-the-Sun-Place” (place name)
ʔᵛawl : /ʔawal/ puts a long obj. on top. (intr. also)
ʔᵛawllʼg̣a : /ʔawallg̣a/ puts a long obj. down on top of; runs a canoe aground. (intr. also)
ʔᵛawlyeˑga : /ʔawalyeˑga/ puts a long obj. over. (intr. also)
se̲ʔᵛawlyeˑga : /saˑwalyeˑga/ puts a long obj. over oneself; crosses one’s legs
ʔᵛawʼaˑYa : /ʔawʼaˑYa/ leaves a long obj. waiting for someone to come for it. (intr. also)
ʔᵛawʼiˑna : /ʔawʼiˑna/ puts a long obj. among, into mud (intr. also)
ʔᵛayahʔa : /ʔayahʔa/ hides a long obj. (intr. also)
ʔᵛčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /ʔačʼiˑta/ pinches a long obj. between two surfaces. See čʼay\ʼ.
ʔᵛebga : /ʔepga/ brings a long obj.
ʔᵛebli : /ʔebli/ brings a long obj. back
he̲sʔᵛebli : /hesʔabli/ overturns a long obj. (as one’s canoe)
ʔᵛeLWn̲a : /ʔeLWa/ puts a long obj. down along the top. (intr. also)
ʔᵛeLWn̲ys : /ʔeLWis/ backbone
ʔᵛelʼg̣a : /ʔelg̣a/ lays down a long obj.
ʔᵛen̲a : /ʔena/ takes a long obj.
r̲e̲ʔᵛen̲a : /ʔeʔa/ d. take a long obj.
ʔᵛen̲bli : /ʔembli/ takes a long obj. back
ʔᵛetʼleˑg̣i : /ʔetʼleˑg̣i/ takes a long obj. over a mountain, into another room
ʔᵛewa : /ʔewa/ puts a long obj. into water, into a flat place (intr. also); idiom: cooks mustard seed (/čʼipʼas/)
ʔᵛiǰpʼa : /ʔičpʼa/ covers, squashes with a long obj. (intr. also)
ʔᵛikLa : /ʔikLa/ puts a long obj. down on; one more long obj. above a decade (in counting; see Sec. 1031)
se̲ʔᵛikLa : /siʔakLa/ puts a long obj. on oneself, on for oneself (as a carrot on one’s plate)

24
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔᵛ (continued)
ʔᵛikLiˑa : /ʔikLiˑya/ puts a long obj. on for someone
ʔᵛodg̣a : /ʔotg̣a/ takes a long obj. away from someone
swʼenč se̲ʔᵛodg̣eˑ\ʼs : /swʼenč soʔatg̣eˑʔas/ “Taking-the-Cradle­board-from-Each-Other” (cat’s cradle figure)
ʔᵛodg̣nʼa : /ʔotqnʼa/ puts a long obj. into someone’s mouth
ʔᵛodiˑla : /ʔodiˑla/ puts a long obj. underneath. (intr. also)
se̲ʔᵛodiˑla : /soˑdiˑla/ puts a long obj. under oneself, under one’s arm
ʔᵛodiˑlks : /ʔodiˑlks/ dam (“long-obj.-underneath-place”)
ʔᵛoga̲lgi : /ʔogalgi/ come s to get a long obj.
ʔᵛoLy : /ʔoLiˑ/ brings a long obj. inside
ʔᵛosn̲a : /ʔosa/ puts a long obj. deep underneath water, soil. (intr. also)
ʔᵛosn̲nʼa : /ʔosanʔa/ puts a long obj. under repeatedly, under and then out again
ʔᵛotqʼaga : /ʔotqʼaga/ brings up, digs up a long obj. (intr. also)
ʔᵛowiˑčnʼa : /ʔowiˑčnʼa/ go along shoulder to shoulder, in a line. See owiˑ.
ʔᵛowʼeˑtʼa : /ʔowʼeˑtʼa/ hangs a long obj. off the side. (intr. also)
ʔᵛoya : /ʔoya/ gives a long obj.
r̲e̲ʔᵛoy : /ʔoʔiˑ/ gives d. long objs.; gives a long obj. to d.
ʔoy! : /ʔoy!/ give a long obj.!
ʔᵛor̲yamna : /ʔoyyamna/ is holding, carrying a long obj.
ʔᵛoyeˑga : /ʔoyeˑga/ picks up, raises a long obj.
ʔᵛoyeˑg! : /ʔoyeˑk!/ pick up a long obj.!
ʔᵛoyeˑgik! : /ʔoyeˑgik!/ let me pick up a long obj.!
ʔᵛoyg̣i : /ʔoyg̣i/ puts a long obj. over, above. (intr. also)
se̲ʔᵛoyg̣i : /soʔiˑg̣i/ puts a long obj. over oneself (as a rifle over one’s shoulder)
ʔᵛpʼoˑkʼa : /ʔopʼoˑkʼa/ hits between the legs with a long obj.
ʔᵛqʼečʼa : /ʔeqčʼa/ sharpens with a long obj.
ʔᵛqʼečʼs : /ʔeqčʼas/ file
ʔᵛqʼoˑčʼa : /ʔoqʼoˑčʼa/ bends a long obj. See qʼočʼ.
ʔᵛqʼoˑčʼa : /ʔoqʼoˑčʼa/ makes marks on with a long obj. See qʼoˑčʼ.
ʔᵛtʼepʼčnʼa : /ʔetʼapčnʼa/ lays long objs. in a row. (intr. also). See tʼepʼ.
ʔᵛyʼoˑqʼa : /ʔoyʼoˑqʼa/ shaves someone (uses a long obj. to cut hair). See yʼoqʼ.
ʔa 2Srp6 [declarative]. The semantic force of this particle seems to be an emphasis on the importance and declarativeness of the utterance.

25
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
	It occurred often in elicitation where declarative statements were asked for, but less commonly in the Texts. See Sec. 1046. Examples:
/ʔi ʔa dmoyeˑga./ You started it. (Texts, 1.113)
/dičʼaˑ ʔa nen Walta./ That sounded good. (Texts, 13.52)
/qʼay ʔans kani sʔabiˑya./ Nobody told me. (Texts, 38.42)
/dwaˑ ʔa naˑt waq giwk, qʼelyʼak ptisap, qʼelyʼak pkʼisap?/ Why are we thus, without a father, without a mother? (Texts, 4.81)
/NaNaˑs ʔa gawʼal snʼeweˑts./ They each found a wife.
/g̣aˑykʼa ʔa honks hoˑt sa./ They looked for him.
ʔak 2Srp6 maybe. Usually with {yʼa} 2Sre1 [dubitative]. See Secs. 1021 and 1046. Examples:
/gew ʔakyʼa geˑ?/ Perhaps this is mine?
/yʼaMtgi ʔakyʼa ʔans sʔeqg̣is./ Maybe he forgot to say good­bye to me.
/snʼeweˑčkʼa ʔakyʼa?/ A little girl, perhaps? (Texts, 39.13)
/ʔaMkʼa g̣emg̣emlʼi ʔakyʼa wač giwk?/ Maybe because perhaps it’s a tame horse? (Texts, 39.28)
/čoy ʔaˑdiˑ ʔakyʼa ʔambo ʔoˑč./ So water is still perhaps far away. (Texts, 13.62)
ʔakʼ 7Sv stutter
r̲é̲r̲ʔaka : /ʔakʔakʼa/ stutters
r̲é̲r̲ʔakʼdk : /ʔakʔakʼatk/ a stutterer
ʔalaˑm 3-S-n woman’s sister-in-law (woman’s brother’s wife; husband’ sister)
bʔalaˑmyb : /pʔalaˑmip/ woman’s sister-in-law
bʔalaˑmysa̲b : /pʔalaˑmisap/ sisters-in-law
ʔalaˑY 7Sv show, point out
ʔalaˑYa : /ʔalaˑYa/ shows, points out
r̲e̲ʔalaˑYa : /ʔaˑlaˑYa/ d. show, shows d.
ʔalyan 3S-n onion (domestic). From English. Cf. {pni} 3Sn “wild onion”
ʔalyans : /ʔalyans/ onion(s)
ʔam 2Srp4 ought to, should, hope that… Cf. Sec. 1046. Examples:
/hont ʔam sa qdoˑlčʼat!/ They ought to castrate him!
/smʼaˑWitk ʔam hok./ I wish it would stop storming.
/noˑ ʔam hok waq git!/ I wish I could do something! (Texts, 14.17)
/wbeLiˑt ʔam hoˑt sa honkyʼas./ They ought to throw them in (jail).
/noˑ ʔam hok gent gombat./ I wish I could go to Pelican Bay.

26
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔamʔ 7Sv play with a doll
ʔamʔa : /ʔamʔa/ plays with a doll
ʔamʔs : /ʔamʔas/ doll
ʔamʔkʼa : /ʔamkʼa/ little doll
ʔambo 3Sn 7S-v water; be thirsty
ʔambo : /ʔambo/ water
ʔambo ʔiyg̣ioˑts : /ʔambo ʔiˑg̣yoˑts/ water pump
ʔambo čʼir̲yamnoˑts : /ʔambo čʼiˑyamnoˑts/ canteen
ʔamboʔm : /ʔamboʔam/ water’s
ʔamboʔm lag̣ : /ʔamboʔam laq/ small, threadlike water insect, lit. “water’s-hair.”
ʔambodga : /ʔambotga/ is thirsty
r̲e̲ʔambodga : /ʔaʔambotga/ d. are thirsty
sne̲ʔambodga : /snaʔambotga/ makes thirsty
ʔamda 3Sn digging stick. With {ʔm} 7sn [collective], this denotes the sp. of tree from which the digging stick was commonly made. Cf. also yoqma.
ʔamda : /ʔamda/ digging stick
r̲e̲ʔamda\ʼaˑkʼ : /ʔaʔamdaʔaˑk/ d. little digging sticks
ʔamdalm : /ʔamdalam/ mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius)
ʔamna 7S-v cry, weep
ʔamnačʼn̲a : /ʔamnačʼa/ went along crying
ʔamnaliˑnalla : /ʔamnaliˑnalla/ goes crying along the edge, bank (for something irretrievably lost)
ʔamp 3S-n Wasco-Wishram. Possibly related to {ʔambo} 3Sn “water”?
ʔampg̣eˑni : /ʔampg̣eˑni/ Wasco-Wishram region
ʔamg̣eˑnkniˑ : /ʔampg̣eˑnkni,/ Wasco-Wishram people
ʔaMkʼa 2Srp3 maybe, perhaps. See Sec. 1046. Examples:
/ʔaMkʼa ʔan gen padaˑ genwapk./ Maybe I’ll go this summer.
/ʔaMkʼa ʔi sʔaywaktanwapk./ Maybe you will know.
/ʔaMkʼa wʼiqwʼiqsʔam hiˑt snʼoLas./ Perhaps there is a Magpie’s nest there. (Texts, 39.15)
/ʔaMkʼa sa leˑwʼa dwaˑ./ Maybe they’re playing something. (Texts, 39.16)
/čoy ʔaMkʼa nis siwgwapk./ And perhaps she’ll kill me. (Texts, 1.27)
ʔan 7Sv hint (that one is hungry)
ʔana : /ʔana/ hints, stands around looking hungry in hopes that food will be forthcoming
ʔanlgi : /ʔallgi/ comes to hint

27
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔank 3Sn fawn. Pompeys only; they felt this was “old-timer’s language” or possibly borrowed.
ʔank : /ʔank/ fawn
ʔanko 3Sn wood, stick; a yard (unit of measurement)
ʔanko : /ʔanko/ wood, stick; yard
r̲e̲ʔanko\ʼaˑkʼ : /ʔaʔankwʼaˑk/ d. little sticks
ʔanko r̲r̲e̲sʔodtʼys : /ʔanko sʔosʔattʼis/ “Wood-Worker” (cat’s cradle figure)
ʔanko\ʼa̲la : /ʔankwʼala/ gathers wood
ʔapʔo 7Sv promise. Only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
ʔapʔotn̲a : /ʔapʔota/ promises
/ʔapʔota gepgatgi giwk./ (He) promised to come.
se̲ʔapʔotn̲a : /saʔapʔota/ promises oneself, each other
ʔapʔotn̲ys : /ʔapʔotiˑs/ promise, to promise
/g̣esga ʔapʔotiˑs./ (I) can’t promise.
/geˑ ʔa gew ʔapʔotiˑs./ This is my promise.
ʔaqaˑwi 3Sn quiver (for arrows). Klamath quivers seen by the author are tule basketwork.
ʔaqaˑwi : /ʔaqaˑwi/ quiver
ʔas 3sd way, fashion. See Sec. 660.
gaʔas : /gaʔas/ this way, thus
/gaʔas lis hoˑt gi./ He did it this way.
naʔas : /naʔas/ that way, thus. (Often used as a marker of direct speech with the force of English “he said.”)
/čoy honk naʔas gi./ And he did (said) thus.
ʔat 2Srt now. This item occurs often in sequences of particles and demonstratives with the rather nonspecific meaning of “now,” “now then,” etc. Examples;
/ʔat ʔa gatbambli./ (He) has returned now.
/ʔat yʼoˑ naˑt dosčanʔa!/ Now let’s run!
/ʔat čik sas geˑ tpočʼaˑ./ Now this one is chasing them. (Texts, 39.33)
/čoy sa honk ʔat genaˑ, genaˑ./ So now they went on and on.
/čoy honk ʔat čeˑt hak gatbambli, sikoˑtbambli./ Then with difficulty he returned home, supported himself on a stick. (Texts, 4.256)
/čoy homʼas hak ʔat kiwsgank, ʔat honk siwga, honktčgas./ Now then having poked (his heart) out, now he killed him too, the next one. (Texts, 11.51)

28
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔawalw 3S-n island. Analysis?
ʔawalws : /ʔawalwas/ island
ʔawalwsg̣eˑni : /ʔawalwasg̣eˑni/ “Island-Place” (place name)
ʔawiˑg see sʔawiˑg be angry
ʔawsmi 3Sn place name; Bare Island
ʔawsmi : /ʔawsmi/ Bare Island
ʔawtomoˑbiˑl 3S-n automobile. From English.
ʔawtomoˑbiˑls : /ʔawtomoˑbiˑls/ automobile
ʔay\ʼ 7Sv watch (a performance)
r̲é̲ˑr̲ʔay\ʼa : /ʔaˑyʔaya/ watches, looks at
r̲é̲ˑr̲ʔay\ʼdga : /ʔaˑyʔaytga/ been watching
ʔaysi 7Sv keep a secret
ʔaysi : /ʔaysi/ keeps a secret
se̲ʔaysi : /saʔiˑsi/ keeps something to oneself
ʔaysis : /ʔaysis/ secret; “ʔaysis,” the son of Gmokʼamʼč. (For the mythological origin of ʔaysis’ name, see Text 4).
ʔaˑd 1Sp you pl. Also maˑd and maˑlʼ. See Sec. 522.
ʔaˑd : /ʔaˑt/ you pl.
/ʔaˑt ʔans wdopga./ You pl. beat me.
maˑds : /maˑts/ you pl. [o]. Also;
maˑlʼs : /maˑlʼs/ you pl. [o]
/maˑlʼs ni sleʔa./ I see you pl.
maˑlʼm : /maˑlʼam/ your
/maˑlʼamdant wončǰat/ in your canoe
ʔaˑdiˑ 2Sl 3sr far, deep, wide, tall. Also di. Recorded occasionally as /ʔatdiˑ/. See Secs. 821 and 910.
ʔaˑdiˑ : /ʔaˑdiˑ/ far, deep, wide, tall
/ʔaˑdiˑ hoˑt genaˑ./ He went far.
/g̣og̣e ʔa ʔaˑdiˑ ʔeˑWa./ The river is deep.
/ʔaˑdiˑ kenaˑ./ It snowed deeply.
/ʔaˑdiˑ hoˑt g̣og̣e ginkʼotk./ That river is wide across.
ʔaˑdiˑni : /ʔaˑdiˑni/ tall, high, long
/hoˑt ʔa ʔaˑdiˑni hiswaqs./ He is a tall man.
/ʔaˑdiˑnʼs laq gitk./ having long hair (texts, 4.2, 4.400)
r̲e̲ʔaˑdiˑni : /ʔaʔaˑdiˑni/ d. tall, long, high
/ʔaʔaˑdiˑni ʔa hoˑt g̣oˑs./ Those trees are tall
ʔaˑdiˑt\ʼiˑt : /ʔaˑdiˑtʼiˑt/ far
/ʔaˑdiˑtʼiˑt hoˑt nis ksena./ He carried me a long ways
dadaˑdi : /dadaˑdi/ how far?
/dadaˑdi lis hoˑt gena?/ How far did he go?

29
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
kʼadaˑdi : /kʼadaˑdi/ thus far
/ʔat hok kʼadaˑdi hok g̣ečʼa, doˑ g̣aloˑ banʼiˑ./ Now it had grown so far, until (it touched) the sky there. (Texts, 4.311)
ʔaˑn 3-S-n woman’s elder brother. Gatschet adds “man’s elder sister,” but the author did not obtain this. AC equates this with {kʼoˑn} (Texts, 38.294). She also added “Great uncle” in English to this, which confuses the problem.
bʔaˑnyb : /pʔaˑnip/ woman’s elder brother; man’s elder sister (?)
bʔaˑnysa̲b : /pʔaˑnisap/ elder brothers
ʔe see ʔi act upon pl. objs.
ʔeč 2Srp4 really (translation?). Also ʔeˑč. See Secs. 910 and 1046.
Examples:
/dičʼiˑˑˑ ʔeč doˑ snʼeweˑts čaliˑga./ What a beautiful girl is sitting there on the bank! (Texts, 10.10)
/qʼay ʔan sʔaywakta, či ʔeˑč./ “I don’t know,” he said. (“as really”). (Texts, 19.65)
/yʼaMtgi ʔeč ni nen!/ Oh, I really forgot! (Texts, 4.104)
ʔečč sne
ʔeččo\ʼ 7Sv sneeze. Also ʔečč. See Sec. 334.
ʔeččo\ʼa : /ʔeččwʼa/ sneezes
r̲e̲ʔeččo\ʼa : /ʔeʔaččwʼa/ d. sneeze
sne̲ʔeččo\ʼa : /sneʔaččwʼa/ makes one sneeze
ʔeččo\ʼnʼapga : /ʔeččonʼapga/ feels like sneezing
ʔeččo\ʼs : /ʔeččos/ a sneeze. Also ʔeččs : /ʔeččas/.
ʔeččo\ʼWiˑa : /ʔeččoWiˑya/ almost sneezed
ʔečʼ 7Sv 7-Sv suckle, suck dry. Also ečʼ. See Sec. 334.
ʔečʼa : /ʔečʼa/ suckles, sucks milk
he̲sʔečʼa : /hesčʼa/ gives to suck
ʔečʼs : /ʔečʼas/ milk; teat, breast (both male and female)
qbᵛečʼčʼn̲a : /qbeččʼa/ just sucked dry
ʔelg̣ 7Sv call, name, give a price to
ʔelg̣a : /ʔelg̣a/ calls, names, prices
r̲e̲ʔelg̣a : /ʔeʔalg̣a/ d. call, calls d.
se̲ʔelg̣a : /seʔalg̣a/ calls oneself, each other
?eM 7S-v be in a horizontal line; hold a baby in a cradle
?eMčnʼa : /ʔeMčnʼa/ go along in a row
ʔeMr̲dga : /ʔeMtdatga/ are in line; is holding a baby in a cradle
ʔeMkanga : /ʔeMkanga/ go around in a line; goes around with a baby in a cradle

30
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔepat 3Sn squaw grass (Xerophyllum tenax)
ʔepat : /ʔepat/ squaw grass
ʔeqʼ 7-Sv slap openhanded. Only in:
ktʔeqʼa : /kʔeqʼa/ slaps openhanded
ktʔeˑqʼr̲bqʼa : /kʔeˑqbapqʼa/ slaps repeatedly in the face
se̲ktʔeˑqʼa : /sekʔeˑqʼa/ slap each other
ʔesnkʼ 7Sv cry from fright
ʔesnka : /ʔesnkʼa/ cries from fright
r̲e̲ʔesnkʼa : /ʔeʔasnkʼa/ d. cry
sne̲ʔesnkʼa : /sneʔasnkʼa/ makes someone cry
ʔesnkʼoˑta : /ʔesnkʼoˑta/ cries while …
/ʔesnkʼoˑta g̣isčnʼa./ (He) walked along crying.
ʔew 3S-n lake, body of water. Cf. also {ew} 10sv “into water, into a flat place”—possibly identifiable as the same morpheme?
ʔewksi : /ʔewksi/ place name: the Klamath Marsh
ʔewksikniˑ : /ʔewksikniˑ/ the Klamath people
ʔewksgiˑsm hemkangs : /ʔewksgiˑsam hemkanks/ the Klamath language
ʔews : /ʔews/ lake; place name: Klamath Lake
ʔew\ʼaˑkʼ : /ʔewʼaˑk/ little lake
r̲e̲ʔewkʼa : /ʔeʔoˑkʼa/ d. little lakes
lkʼom ʔews : /lkʼom ʔews/ “Charcoal-Lake” (place name)
ʔeww 7Sv freeze
ʔewwa : /ʔewwa/ freezes
sne̲ʔewwa : /sneʔoˑwa/ causes to freeze
ʔewwdk : /ʔewwatk/ frozen
ʔewʼn̲ 7Sv be full
ʔewʼn̲a : /ʔewʼa/ is full
ʔewʼn̲dk : /ʔewʼantk/ full
ʔewʼn̲oˑla : /ʔewnʼoˑla/ empties
ʔeˑwʼn̲a : /ʔeˑwʼa/ pl. are full
sne̲ʔeˑwʼn̲a : /sneˑwʼa/ fills
ʔeˑwʼn̲oˑla : /ʔeˑwʼnoˑla/ pl. are empty
sne̲ʔeˑwʼn̲oˑla : /sneˑwʼnoˑla/ empties pl.
ʔey 7S-v act with the head. Possibly 4S-v.
ʔeyr̲r̲é̲čʼwa̲a : /ʔeyčʼwačʼwa/ shakes the head up and down
ʔeydgdk : /ʔeytgatk/ headed
/boqboq ʔeytgatk/ white-headed
ʔeyLy : /ʔeyLi/ puts the head inside. (intr. also)
ʔeylʼg̣a : /ʔeylg̣a/ lowers the head

31
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔeyqn̲a : /ʔeyqa/ puts the head out, through. (intr. also)
ʔeyqn̲bga : /ʔeyqampga/ has the head out
r̲e̲ʔeyqn̲bga : /ʔeʔiˑqampga/ d. have heads out
se̲ʔeysg̣n̲bga : /seʔiˑsg̣ampga/ hangs one’s head
ʔeysn̲a : /ʔeysa/ puts the head underwater, deep under (intr. also)
ʔeywa : /ʔeywa/ puts the head into water, into a flat place. (intr. also)
ʔeywl : /ʔeywal/ puts the head on top of (intr. also)
ʔeywllʼg̣a : /ʔeywallg̣a/ holds the head up, raises the head
ʔeyyeˑga : /ʔeyyeˑga/ raises the head (intr. also)
ʔeyyg̣i : /ʔeyiˑg̣i/ puts the head over. (intr. also)
ʔeyyg̣ioˑts : /ʔeyyag̣yoˑts/ headrest: a cloth or tule headrest put under a child’s head on the cradleboard
ʔeˑʔalg̣ 7Sv read. Possibly related to {ʔey} (above), or to {ʔelg̣} 7Sv “to call, name, give a price to”?
ʔeˑʔalg̣a : /ʔeˑʔalg̣a/ reads
he̲sʔeˑʔalg̣a : /hesʔeˑʔalg̣a/ makes someone read
r̲e̲ʔeˑʔalg̣a : /ʔeʔeˑʔalg̣a/ d. read
ʔeˑʔalg̣iˑa : /ʔeˑʔalg̣iˑya/ reads for someone
ʔeˑč see ʔeč really
ʔeˑlwʼ 7Sv twinkle (stars)
ʔeˑlwʼa : /ʔeˑlwʼa/ (stars) twinkle
ʔeˑpal 3S-n apple. From English.
ʔeˑpals : /ʔeˑpals/ apple(s)
ʔeˑtʼ 7Sv distribute
ʔeˑtʼa : /ʔeˑtʼa/ distributes
se̲ʔeˑts : /seʔeˑts/ Saturday. (This was the day at the Klamath Agency when food and blankets were distributed. It is also said to have resembled the English word to the early Klamaths—an interlingual pun.)
ʔeˑWi̲ 7Sv be deep, shallow (depending upon locatives)
ʔeˑWi̲a : /ʔeˑWa/ is deep, shallow
ʔeˑWi̲dk : /ʔeˑWitk/ deep, shallow
/ʔaˑdiˑ ʔeˑWitk/ deep
/wikʼaˑ ʔeˑWitk/ shallow
ʔeˑyʼ 3S-n weevil (a sp. of black weevil that lives in meat)
ʔeˑyʼs : /ʔeˑyʼas/ weevil
ʔé̲ 3sd 3sl [intensive]. See Secs. 623 and 832.
doʔé̲t : /doʔot/ right over there
/hoˑt ʔa doʔot čiˑya,/ He lives right over there.
doʔé̲tnʼi : /doʔotnʼi/ one from right over there

32
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
hoʔé̲t : /hoʔot/ that very one
/hoʔot lis swina./ That very one sang.
hi ʔé̲t : /hi ʔit/ right there
/hiʔit hay ʔi čelg̣i!/ You sit right there!
hiʔé̲tna : /hiʔitna/ right around there
/hiʔitna čiˑyank/ living around there (Texts, 17.18)
ʔi 1Sp you sg. Also mi, m, and a portmanteau ʔis ({ʔi} + {ni} 1Sp “I” + {ʼas} 2Sp 7sp [objective]). See Secs. 522 and 530.
ʔams : /ʔams/ you sg. [o]. ({ʔa} 2Srp6 [declarative])
/geˑ ʔams qoyg̣a./ He knows you.
ʔi : /ʔi/ you sg. [n]
/ʔi ʔa dmoyeˑga./ You started it. (Texts, 1.113)
ʔins : /ʔins/ you-me. See Sec. 530.
/čʼley ʔins čʼoleˑks!/ Give me meat!
ʔis : /ʔis/ you-me. See Sec. 530.
/qʼay ʔis wdopgi!/ Don’t beat me!
mi : /mi/ your
/geˑ ʔa mi lačʼas./ This is your house.
/midankstʼa/ on your side
min : /min/ I-you. See Sec. 530.
/sleˑwapk min./ I’ll see you.
mis : /mis/ you sg, [o]
/stinta mis ni./ I love you.
ʔi 4S-v act upon pl. objs. Also ʔe. See Sec. 331.
ʔebga : /ʔepga/ brings pl. objs. (Homophonous with “brings a long obj.”)
ʔebgiˑ wabgdk : /ʔepgiˑ wapgatk/ to bring for
/yʼaMtgi mis ʔepgiˑ wapgatk pʼas./ (He) forgot to bring food for you.
ʔen̲a : /ʔena/ takes pl. objs. (Homophonous with “takes a long obj,”) See en̲.
ʔiᵛqiˑtʼa : /ʔiqiˑtʼa/ scratches, scrapes pl. objs. See ᵛqitʼ.
ʔibeˑLi̲\ʼa : /ʔibeˑlʼa/ takes care of pl. objs. See beˑLi̲\ʼ.
ʔibga : /ʔipga/ pl. objs. lie, exist, are
ʔibgčʼn̲a : /ʔibakčʼa/ the rest, what’s left (?) Also possibly {ʔibg} 3S-n “pair”?
ʔibqʼa : /ʔipqʼa/ puts pl. objs, on the face. (intr. also). See pʼeqʼ.
ʔičiˑčʼa : /ʔičiˑčʼa/ makes shavings, shingles
ʔičwa : /ʔičwa/ puts pl. objs. in the hair, puts oil or grease in the hair. See ačw.

33
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔi (continued)
ʔičʼpʼa : /ʔičpʼa/ takes tubular objs. off (as pants)
ʔičʼiˑpʼa : /ʔičʼiˑpʼa/ takes off someone’s clothes. See očʼiˑpʼ.
se̲ʔidang̣a : /siˑdang̣a/ pl. objs. meet each other; idiom: polite way of saying that one has brought a gift for someone
ʔidbn̲a : /ʔitba/ arrives with pl. objs. See adbn̲.
ʔidga : /ʔitga/ takes pl. objs. out of a container
r̲e̲ʔidga : /ʔiʔatga/ d. take out pl. objs.
ʔidgl : /ʔitgal/ picks up pl. objs. See adgl.
ʔidg̣a : /ʔitg̣a/ takes pl. objs. away from someone
ʔidg̣i : /ʔitg̣i/ takes down pl. objs.
ʔidiˑla : /ʔidiˑla/ puts pl. objs, under. (intr. also). See odiˑl.
ʔiga̲ča̲a : /ʔikča/ goes after pl. objs.
ʔiga̲dga : /ʔigatga/ been to get pl. objs.
ʔiga̲lgi : /ʔigalgi/ comes to get pl. objs.
ʔig̣oga : /ʔig̣oga/ puts pl. objs. into a container. (intr. also)
ʔiǰqʼa : /ʔičqʼa/ covers, squashes with pl. objs.
ʔikLa : /ʔikLa/ puts pl. objs. down upon; pl. objs. above a decade (in counting: see Sec. 103l), (Homophonous with “puts long obj. down upon.”) See ikL.
ʔikʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔikʼaˑyʼa/ puts pl. objs. up high, hangs up pl. objs. (intr. also). See akʼaˑyi̲\ʼ.
ʔikʼčʼwy : /ʔikčʼwi/ puts pl. objs. in a tight place, corner, pocket. See akʼčʼwy.
ʔikʼya : /ʔikʼya/ closes with pl. objs.; puts pl. objs. on someone’s buttocks. See akʼy.
ʔilamna : /ʔilamna/ puts pl. objs. on someone’s back, against a hillside. (intr. also). See alamn.
ʔilčʼwy : /ʔilčʼwi/ brings pl. objs. right up to. See alčʼwy.
ʔiliˑna : /ʔiliˑna/ takes pl. objs. off the edge, top (as skimming milk, bits of shell or pod out of boiling wokas mush). See oliˑn.
ʔiLa̲a : /ʔiLa/ puts pl. objs. on top of a load. See eLa̲.
ʔiLWn̲a : /ʔiLWa/ puts pl. objs. down flat on. (intr. also).
ʔiLWn̲ys : /ʔiLWis/ sinew bow backing. See eLWn̲.
ʔiLqʼa : /ʔiLqʼa/ removes hair or feathers; plucks a bird; scrapes a hide. See oLqʼ.
ʔiLy : /ʔiLiˑ/ puts pl. objs. inside. See oLy.
ʔilʼaˑlʼa : /ʔilʼaˑlʼa/ puts pl. objs. into the fire. (intr. also)
ʔilʼg̣a : /ʔilg̣a/ puts pl. objs. down; buries a person, food, etc. See elʼg̣.

34
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔi (continued)
ʔimʼaˑčʼa : /ʔimʼaˑčʼa/ puts pl. objs, on the point of (as arrowheads on shafts). See amʼaˑčʼ.
se̲ʔimʼaˑwʼa : /siˑmʼaˑwʼa/ adds one amount of a substance to another (as adding a handful of flour to some flour in a sack). PO gave this form; BL gave se̲ʔimaˑwʼa : /siˑmaˑwʼa/.
se̲ʔioˑlgi : /siʔoˑlgi/ gathers pl. objs. together
ʔipbeˑli̲\ʼa : /ʔipbeˑlʼa/ carries pl. objs. back and forth
se̲ʔipbeˑli̲\ʼa : /siʔapbeˑlʼa/ carry pl. objs. back and forth to each other
ʔiptneˑg̣i : /ʔiptneˑg̣i/ places pl. objs. on top of a full load. (intr. also)
ʔiqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔiqaˑyʼa/ puts pl. objs. in the bushes, in the hair. (intr. also). See aqaˑyi̲\ʼ.
ʔiqn̲a : /ʔiqa/ takes pl. objs, out, outside, through. See eqn̲.
ʔisga : /ʔisga/ takes pl. objs, off of, away from; picks berries by stripping the branches. See osg.
ʔisg̣n̲a : /ʔisg̣a/ puts pl. objs. into a tube; stuffs a turkey. See asg̣n̲.
ʔisn̲a : /ʔisa/ puts pl. objs. underwater, deep under. (intr. also). See osn̲.
ʔitn̲a : /ʔita/ puts pl. objs. on, attaches pl. objs. to; strings beads. (intr. also). See otn̲.
ʔitqʼaga : /ʔitqʼaga/ takes pl. objs. up out of; digs up pl. objs. (as carrots, roots). (intr. also). See otqʼag.
ʔittala : /ʔittala/ carries pl. objs. from house to house, peddles
ʔittalys : /ʔittaliˑs/ peddlar
ʔitʼamsg̣a : /ʔitʼamsg̣a/ puts pl. objs. between. (intr. also). See atʼamsg̣.
ʔitʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /ʔitʼaˑwʼa/ puts pl. objs. in the sunshine. (intr. also). See atʼaˑwi̲\ʼ.
ʔiwa : /ʔiwa/ puts pl. objs. into water, in a flat place. (intr. also). Also a place name; Summer Lake. See ew.
ʔiwakniˑ : /ʔiwakniˑ/ Summer Lake people
ʔiwiˑča̲a : /ʔiwiˑča/ goes to take pl. objs. home first (before doing something else). See owiˑ.
ʔiwl : /ʔiwal/ puts pl. objs. on top. (intr. also)
ʔiwllʼg̣a : /ʔiwallg̣a/ raises pl. objs. See wal.
ʔir̲r̲é̲wnʼa̲a : /ʔiwnʼawnʼa/ pl. are up against, cornered (as animals in a box canyon). See awnʼa̲.

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔiwyʼg̣a : /ʔiwiˑg̣a/ puts pl. objs. into a container. (intr. also). See iwyʼg̣
ʔiWasga : /ʔiWasga/ takes pl. objs. away from, far from
ʔiwʼaˑlʼa : /ʔiwʼaˑlʼa/ puts pl. objs. on the end. (intr. also)
ʔiwʼaˑYa : /ʔiwʼaˑYa/ leaves pl. objs. waiting for someone to come and get them. (intr. also). See awʼaˑY.
ʔiyahʔa : /ʔiyahʔa/ hides pl. objs. (intr. also). See ayahʔ.
ʔir̲yamna : /ʔiyyamna/ carries pl. objs. around
ʔiyeˑga : /ʔiyeˑga/ lifts pl. objs. See oyeˑg.
ʔiyeˑni̲\ʼa : /ʔiyeˑnʼa/ puts pl. objs. inside. (intr. also). See oyeˑni̲\ʼ.
ʔiyg̣aga : /ʔiˑg̣aga/ takes pl. objs, out of water, out of a pot; takes money out of a gambling game
ʔiyg̣i : /ʔiˑg̣i/ puts pl. objs. up over; takes pl. objs. out of water. (intr. also)
ʔambo ʔiyg̣ioˑts : /ʔambo ʔiˑg̣yoˑts/ water pump
se̲ʔiyʼoˑta : /siˑyʼoˑta/ trade pl. objs. with each other. See oyʼoˑt.
ʔibg 3S-n pair. Possibly {ʔi} 4S-v “act upon pl. objs.” + {obg} 19sv [durative]. Only in;
ʔibgs : /ʔibaks/ pair
/Naˑs ʔibaks sdiksoˑy sgeʔanwapk./ (I) will buy one pair of shoes.
ʔig 3S-n seagull (smallest sp.). Onomatopoetic: its cry is /ʔik! ʔik! ʔik!/.
ʔigs : /ʔiks/ seagull (sp.)
ʔig\ʼaˑkʼ : /ʔikʼaˑk/ little seagull
ʔiLoˑl 7Sv be a year
ʔiLoˑlank : /ʔiLoˑlank/ having become a year; next year
ʔiLoˑldk : /ʔiLoˑlatk/ yeared. E.g.,
/danqnʼi ʔi ʔiLoˑlatk?/ How old are you? (“How many are you yeared?”)
ʔiLoˑls : /ʔiLoˑls/ year
ʔinǰil 3Sn angel. From English
ʔinǰil : /ʔinǰil/ angel
r̲e̲ʔinǰil\ʼaˑkʼ : /ʔiʔanǰilʼaˑk/ d. little angels
ʔink 3Sn ink. From English
ʔink : /ʔink/ ink
ʔinoˑ 7S-v let, allow someone to go, do
ʔinoˑkʼwa : /ʔinoˑkʼwa/ lets someone cross
ʔinoˑLy : /ʔinoˑLi/ lets someone come in
ʔinoˑqn̲a : /ʔinoˑqa/ lets someone go out, through

36
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔinoˑtʼamsg̣a : /ʔinoˑtʼamsg̣a/ lets someone be between
ʔinoˑWasga : /ʔinoˑWasga/ lets someone go off, away
ʔins see ni I and also ʔi you sg.
ʔis see ni I and also ʔi you sg.
ʔis interjection Shhhh! (used to put a baby to sleep). Always repeated several times softly or whispered.
ʔisʔisʔis! : /ʔisʔisʔis!/ shhhh!
ʔisalq sne
ʔisalqʼi 3Sn corn (maize). Also ʔisalq (BL). This was said to be a Shasta word.
ʔisalqʼi : /ʔisalqʼi/ corn. BL gave ʔisalq : /ʔisalq/.
ʔiw 7S-v be heavy. Possibly {ʔiW} 7S-v “be located.” Occurs only with {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against.”
ʔiwtn̲a : /ʔiwta/ is heavy
ʔiwtn̲bgs : /ʔiwtampks/ being heavy
/moˑ ʔiwtampks sʔottʼa./ (He) made it very heavy.
ʔiwtn̲čibga : /ʔiwtančipga/ gets heavier as one comes
ʔiwtn̲iˑa : /ʔiwtniˑya/ is heavy for someone
ʔiw see ʔiW be located
ʔiwm 3Sn huckleberry (sp. of genus Vaccinium). Possibly contains {ʔm} 7sn [collective], but this is unlikely since {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive] occurs after the m in this form.
ʔiwm : /ʔiwam/ huckleberry
r̲e̲ʔiwmʼaˑkʼ : /ʔiʔoˑmʼaˑk/ d. little huckleberries
waslalm r̲e̲ʔiwmʼaˑkʼ : /waslalam ʔiʔoˑmʼaˑk/ small sp. of huckleberries (“chipmunk’ s-little-huckleberries”)
ʔiwmʼeˑmʼi : /ʔiwmʼeˑmʼi/ huckleberry season
ʔiwmg̣eˑni : /ʔiwamg̣eˑni/ “Huckleberry-Place” (place name)
ʔiww 3S-n back of the knee
ʔiwwys : /ʔiwwis/ back of the knee
ʔiW 7S-v be located (locative verb). Also ʔiw. Possibly 4S-v. See Sec. 334.
ʔiwlamna : /ʔiwlamna/ is on the back, on a hillside
ʔiwliˑwa : /ʔiwliˑwa/ is on the very edge; place name
waˑko ʔiwliˑwa : /waˑko ʔiwliˑwa/ “Lodgepole-Pine-on-the-Very-Edge” (place name)
ʔiWawnʼa̲a : /ʔiWawnʼa/ is propped up against; place name
ʔiWbaˑtn̲nʼa : /ʔiWbaˑtanʔa/ is right up against; place name
ʔiWdbn̲lʼg̣a : /ʔiWtballg̣a/ is down away (?); place name
ʔiWdiˑla : /ʔiWdiˑla/ is underneath
ʔiWg̣oga : /ʔiWg̣oga/ is inside

37
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔiWr̲liˑna : /ʔiWllalliˑna/ is all along the edge, bank
ʔiWltba : /ʔiWlatba/ is away from against
ʔiWr̲LWn̲nʼa : /ʔiWLaLLoˑnʔa/ is all along the top; place name: Klamath Falls
ʔiWLy : /ʔiWLi/ is inside; place name
ʔiWmʼaˑčʼa : /ʔiWmʼaˑčʼa/ is on the end, point
ʔiWqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔiWqaˑyʼa/ is among the bushes, woods; place name
ʔiWqʼaˑqʼ : /ʔiWqʼaˑq/ “Around the neck” (as woods coming up like a bib around the “neck” of a mountain); place name: Fort Klamath
ʔiWqʼaˑqʼnʼi g̣og̣e : /ʔiWqʼaˑqnʼi g̣og̣e/ Fort Klamath’s river; place name: Wood River
ʔiWtn̲nʼa : /ʔiWtanʔa/ is against, at, on
ʔiWWasga : /ʔiWWasga/ is away from, far from
ʔiWwʼaˑlʼa : /ʔiWʔaˑlʼa/ is on the end; place name
ʔiWYeˑni̲\ʼa : /ʔiWYeˑnʼa/ is inside, in
ʔiˑ interjection yes
ʔiˑ : /ʔiˑ/ yes
ʔiˑǰan 3S-n Agency (the Klamath Agency headquarters). From English.
ʔiˑǰans : /ʔiˑǰans/ the Agency
ʔiˑǰant 3Sn Indian Agent. From English.
ʔiˑǰant : /ʔiˑǰant/ Indian Agent
ʔiˑme 3Sn cane or mallet used by Weasel in Text 7. Description not obtained.
ʔiˑme : /ʔiˑme/ Weasel’s cane or mallet
ʔm 5sn 8sn 14sn 2sp 7sp 5sd 11sd 7sa 11sa 9sl [possessive]. Also ʼm, lm, lʼm, m and ∅. See Secs. 459, 542, 623, 640, 674, 762, and 831.
čagm : /čagam/ serviceberry’s. Also čagʔm : /čakʔam/ and čag\ʼm : /čakʼam/ in free variation in normal speed speech.
dwaˑlm : /dwaˑlam/ something’s, what’s
/dwaˑlam čʼoleˑks?/ From what is this meat? (“what’s meat?”)
honglʼm : /honklʼam/ his, hers, that one’s
/hoˑt ʔa honklʼam ptisap./ That is his father.
hongyʼasm : /honkyʼasam/ their
/honkyʼasam lačʼasdat čiˑya./ (I) lived in their house.
loˑLbgmksi : /loˑLapgamksi/ church camp (“believer’s-place”).
ʔm 7sn [collective]. Also lm and m. See Sec. 452.
ʔamdalm : /ʔamdalam/ mountain mahogany
stablʼsʔm : /stabalsʔam/ soft inner bark
wiblm : /wiblam/ alder tree sp.
woksʔm : /woksʔam/ wokas plant. Cf. woks : /wokas/ the seeds, pods, and eventual food product of the plant

38
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔmʼč 6sn 5sa [augmentative]. Also ʼmʼč, kʼmʼč and mčʼig. See Secs. 451 and 762.
bliń̲mhgdk : /blimčʼigatk/ big old fat person
čʼawʼigmčʼigdk : /čʼawʼigamčʼigatk/ big old crazy person
loqʔmʼč : /loqʔamʼč/ big old grizzly bear. Also loq\ʼmʼč : /loqʼamʼč/ in free variation in normal speed speech.
psikʼmʼč : /psikʼamʼč/ big old nose
ʔoʔoˑʔaq 3Sra different kinds, ways. Possibly related to {waq} 2Sri “how, somehow.”
ʔoʔoˑʔaq : /ʔoʔoˑʔaq/ different kinds, ways
/ʔoʔoˑʔaq ʔa hoˑt hemkanga./ He talks in various ways.
/ʔoʔoˑʔaqpča ʔan qʼoLt slin./ I shot different kinds of otters.
ʔoč see ʔoˑč still, yet
ʔod 3S-n blueberry (Lonicera conjugalis)
ʔodm : /ʔodam/ blueberry (sp.)
ʔol 3S-n grey hair
ʔols : /ʔols/ grey hair
ʔols\ʼa̲la : /ʔolslʼa/ gets grey-haired
ʔolsa̲lr̲diˑldk : /ʔolsaltdiˑlatk/ having grey hair beneath (the arms, in the armpits)
ʔolsa̲ldk : /ʔolsaltk/ grey-haired
ʔolsa̲lr̲yʼasg̣dk : /ʔolsaliˑʔasg̣atk/ having grey hair in the crotch
ʔoloˑkʼ 7Sv play a rattle, violin. Possibly {ʔᵛ} 4S-v “act upon a long object” + {loˑkʼ} (meaning?), but no certain analysis.
ʔoloˑkʼa : /ʔoloˑkʼa/ plays a rattle, violin
ʔoloˑkʼoˑts : /ʔoloˑkʼoˑts/ violin
ʔoloˑkʼs : /ʔoloˑks/ cleft-stick rattle
ʔomg̣ 3-S-n aunt (mother’s brother’s wife). Gatschet adds: “husband’s younger sister’s son or daughter.”
bʔomg̣yb : /pʔomg̣ip/ aunt
bʔomg̣ysa̲b : /pʔomg̣isap/ aunts
ʔomǰ 3-S-n cousin (aunt or uncle’s child). The term is reciprocal and is used for cousins of several degrees of removal.
bʔomǰyb : /pʔomǰip/ cousin
bʔomǰysa̲b : /pʔomǰisap/ cousins
ʔomʼʔamʼs 2Sra so-so, not so well. Possibly r̲e̲r̲ʔomʼs with {s} 6sn 24sv [noun ending], but there is no evidence for this item as a noun, nor any evidence of {s} in the Residue EDC.
ʔomʼʔamʼs : /ʔomʼʔamʼs/ so-so
/ʔomʼʔamʼs ʔan hoslta./ I feel just so-so.

39
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔonaˑ 2Srt yesterday, early. This may be a noun, but there are no attesting forms.
ʔonaˑ : /ʔonaˑ/ yesterday, early
/ʔonaˑ waytas genaˑ./ (He) went yesterday.
/ʔonaˑ waytoˑlank genaˑ./ (He) went day before yesterday.
/ʔonaˑ ʔan psin honkyʼas sleʔa./ I saw them yesterday night.
/ʔonaˑ litg̣i qtančʼa./ (I) fell asleep yesterday evening.
/ʔonaˑ ʔan batgal./ I got up early.
ʔonaˑk : /ʔonaˑk/ early
/čoy honk ʔat ʔonaˑk sʔoˑqʼamʼč swʼewa./ Then Old Crane was fishing early in the morning. (Texts, 1.135)
/čoy mboˑsant ʔonaˑk sa honk ʔilqča./ Then early in the morning they took (the corpse) off to bury it. (Texts, 32.18)
ʔonʼčeˑ 2Srt later, soon, after awhile. Possibly {ʔonaˑ} 2Srt “yesterday, early” + {čeˑ} 2Sre1 “after, upon, until” but kept separate for semantic reasons.
ʔonʼčeˑ : /ʔonʼčeˑ/ later, soon, after awhile
/ʔonʼčeˑ wʼeˑ!/ Just a minute! Wait!
/mis ni gelwipgalgiwapk ʔonʼčeˑ litg̣i./ I’ll come to visit you later this evening.
/ʔonʼčeˑ ni padaˑ honks tʼwaˑYwapk./ I’ll work for him next summer.
/ʔonʼčeˑ balaq hak ni genwapk./ I’ll be going pretty soon
/čoy honk ʔat ʔonʼčeˑ gatba, ptʼeˑwip mnaˑlʼam./ Then later she arrived, their grandmother. (Texts, 4.201)
ʔoqso\ʼ 7Sv cough
ʔoqso\ʼa : /ʔoqswʼa/ coughs
ʔoqso\ʼ! : /ʔoqso!/ cough!
ʔoqso\ʼdk : /ʔoqsotk/ a consumptive, cougher
ʔoqso\ʼs : /ʔoqsos/ a cough
ʔoqso\ʼsʔm sloqʼtn̲ys : /ʔoqsosʔam sloqtis/ “Cough’s-Spitting-on” (place name: a rock where consumptives spat in order to gain a cure; also called yawg̣sa̲lks : /yawqsalks/ “Medicine-Getting Place”).
ʔoqso\ʼyeˑga : /ʔoqsoyeˑga/ starts to cough
r̲e̲ʔoqsoˑyeˑga : /ʔoʔaqsoyeˑga/ d. start to cough
sne̲ʔoqso\ʼyeˑga : /snoʔaqsoyeˑga/ makes someone start to cough

40
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔot 3S-n medicinal plant (sp. and description unknown). Possibly ʔᵛotn̲ys ({ʔᵛ} 4S-v “act on a long obj.”; {otn̲} 10sv “on, at, against”: {y} 23sv [noun formant]: {s} 24sv [noun ending] = “long obj. held against (as a poultice)”?). Only in:
ʔotys : /ʔotiˑs/ plant (sp.)
ʔoˑ 7S-v row, paddle hard
ʔoˑkanga : /ʔoˑkanga/ rows, paddles hard
r̲e̲ʔoˑkanga : /ʔoʔoˑkanga/ d. paddle hard
ʔoˑ see ʔoˑwan spread out a substance
ʔoˑč 2Srt still, yet. Also ʔoč in apparent free variation. See Secs. 910 and 1045.
ʔoˑč : /ʔoˑč/ still, yet. Also ʔoč : /ʔoč/.
/čoy ʔaˑdiˑ ʔakyʼa ʔambo ʔoˑč./ So water may still be far away. (Texts, 13.62)
/ʔiˑ, ʔoˑč gint hay, či honk, ʔoˑč gin dak naˑt dedyeˑmistga čʼoˑqwapk./ “Yes, later on,” they said, “But later on we will die from hunger.” (Texts, 15.28)
/ʔoˑč ʔis deliˑnat!/ Just leave me alone! (Texts, 15.65)
/dam bas nen hok hatkak ʔoˑč./ (I) wonder if it’s still in the same place. (Texts, 18.35)
/moˑ ʔi kʼičkʼaˑni ʔoˑč daˑts./ However, you are still very small. (Texts, 14.21)
ʔoˑlʼ 3S-n dove (Zenaidura carolinensis). Onomatopoetic.
ʔoˑlʼs : /ʔoˑlʼs/ dove
r̲e̲ʔoˑlʼka : /ʔoʔoˑlʼkʼa/ d. little doves
ʔoˑlʼsʔm bonws : /ʔoˑlʼsʔam bonwas/ plant with small red flowers of a tubular shape with honey sacs at the bottom. This plant is about three feet tall and has a single stem with small clusters of flowers at the end (“dove’s drink”).
ʔoˑwan 7S-v spread out a substance. PO gave this as ʔoˑ, while others gave ʔoˑwan.
ʔoˑdiˑla : /ʔoˑdiˑla/ spreads a substance out underneath (PO); others: ʔoˑwandiˑla : /ʔoˑwandiˑla/.
ʔoˑkʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔoˑkʼaˑyʼa/ spreads out a substance up high (PO)
r̲e̲ʔoˑkʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔoʔoˑkʼaˑyʼa/ d. spread out
ʔoˑtʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /ʔoˑtʼaˑwʼa/ spreads a substance out in the sun (as wokas, to dry) (PO); others: ʔoˑwantʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /ʔoˑwantʼaˑwʼa/.
ʔoˑwa : /ʔoˑwa/ spreads out a substance in water, in a flat place (PO); others: ʔoˑwanwa : /ʔoˑwanwa/.
ʔoˑwanLa̲a : /ʔoˑwalha/ spreads out a substance on a surface, mat. No form obtained from PO.

41
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
a
a 23sv [indicative, declarative]. Also ∅. See Sec. 371.
čᵛawl : /čawal/ sits on top of, sat on top of
gᵛabčʼa : /gapčʼa/ goes, went out of sight
pʼań̲ : /pʼan/ eats, ate
smʼaˑWi : /smʼaˑWi/ (storm) stops, stopped
r̲e̲\ʼwen̲a : /wewʼa/ d. wear out, wore out
a 4sa [objective]. Also aˑ. Cf. {i} 4sa [nominative]. See Sec. 731.
dičʼaˑ : /dičʼaˑ/ good [o]
/loy ʔis dičʼaˑ maksa!/ Give me a good basket!
laˑba : /laˑba/ two [o]
/noˑ ʔa laˑba hihaswaqs sleʔaˑ./ I saw two men.
ndanna : /ndanna/ three [o]
/wkʼaˑčʼa ʔan ndanna./ I cut off three heads.
a see ʼas [objective]
a see i [imperative singular]
abaˑni 10sv to the limit, end of a place. Also baˑni. Cf. {abaˑtn̲} 10sv “up against, to the shore” and {abaˑyi̲\ʼ} 10sv “diagonally against, leaning against.” See Sec. 352.
čᵛabaˑni : /čabaˑni/ herd, flock goes to the end (of a stream, canyon); place name
niwbaˑni : /niwbaˑni/ drives a herd to the end
abaˑtn̲ 10sv up against, to the shore, leaning against. Also baˑtn̲. See under abaˑni. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛabaˑtn̲a : /ʔabaˑta/ leans a long obj, against; brings a long obj. to shore. (intr. also)
čʼayalbaˑtn̲a : /čʼayalbaˑta/ backs up to the shore, edge
lᵛabaˑtn̲a : /labaˑta/ puts a round obj. against; brings a round obj. to shore (as a full net). (intr. also)
qabaˑtn̲a : /qabaˑta/ sets something heavy up against (as a sack); sets a pronged object against (as a chair)
qabaˑtn̲bli : /qabaˑtambli/ puts a heavy or pronged obj, back up against. (intr. also)
yanbaˑtn̲a : /yambaˑta/ leans paucative long objs., nonround objs., up against. (intr. also)
abaˑyi̲\ʼ 10sv diagonally against, up against. Also baˑyi̲\ʼ. See under abaˑni. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔabaˑya/ leans a long obj. diagonally against (as a stick against a wall). (intr. also)
gᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼlʼg̣a : /gabaˑyilg̣a/ goes to the end of and stops (as to the end of a canyon)

42
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼa : /labaˑyʼa/ leans a round obj. against. (intr. also)
abčʼ see pʼačʼ blind, be out of sight
abqʼ see pʼeqʼ act on the face
ač 7-Sv do violently, act with hostile or forceful intentions (translation?)
čʼlᵉačqʼaˑqʼa : /čʼlačqʼaˑqʼa/ chokes with the fingers
se̲g̣wᵛačdang̣a : /sag̣oˑčdang̣a/ holds tightly in the teeth; grits the teeth together
se̲g̣wᵛačdang̣oˑla : /sag̣oˑčdang̣oˑla/ opens one’s clenched teeth
nᵉačqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /načqaˑyʼa/ is knotted, tangled (hair). See nᵉ.
swᵛačqʼaˑqʼa : /swačqʼaˑqʼa/ ties around the neck and strangles
yᵛačqʼaˑqʼa : /yačqʼaˑqʼa/ strangles, chokes someone
ačg̣aˑL 3-S-n nephew; niece (man’s sister’s child). Also possible to express this by the reciprocal term for “mother’s brother”; see log̣oˑčʼ.
bačg̣aˑLyb : /bačg̣aˑLip/ nephew; niece
bačg̣aˑLysa̲b : /bačg̣aˑLisap/ nephews; nieces
ačw 10sv on the head, hair. Also čw. See Sec. 352.
ʔičwa : /ʔičwa/ puts pl. objs. on the hair, puts oil or grease on the hair
se̲ʔičwa : /siʔačwa/ puts on one’s own head, hair
ʔičw! : /ʔičoˑ!/ put on someone’s hair!
se̲ʔičwdk : /siʔačoˑtk/ having (oil, grease, etc.) on one’s own head
nᵉačwa : /načwa/ puts a flat obj. on someone’s head. (N.B. Hats are treated as flat objects in Klamath.)
nᵉačwoˑla : /načwoˑla/ takes off someone’s hat
stʼaqʼčwoˑla : /stʼaqčwoˑla/ is getting bald
ačʼaˑs sne
ačʼeˑs 7-Sv chewing up (meaning and form dubious?) Also ačʼaˑs. See Sec. 334. Only in:
g̣apg̣a g̣wᵛačʼeˑsys : /g̣apg̣a g̣wačʼeˑsis/ “Chewing-up-Little-Pinetrees” (the name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7). RD gave this form; the Pompeys gave g̣apg̣a g̣wᵛačʼaˑsys : /g̣apg̣a g̣wačʼaˑsis/.
ačʼiˑkʼ 7-Sv wring out
ʔᵛačʼiˑkʼa : /ʔačʼiˑkʼa/ wrings out a long obj.
ʔᵛačʼiˑkʼi! : /ʔačʼiˑkʼi!/ wring it out!
ʔᵛačʼiˑkʼoˑla : /ʔačʼiˑkʼoˑla/ finishes wringing out
pᵛačʼiˑkʼa : /pačʼiˑkʼa/ pulls and wrings; twists someone’s arm or leg
twᵛačʼiˑkʼa : /twačʼiˑkʼa/ twists (as a brace and bit)
twᵛačʼiˑkʼoˑts : /twačʼiˑkʼoˑts/ brace and bit
ačʼwa̲ 10sv forward and backward. Also čʼwa̲. Only with {r̲r̲é̲} 9psv [intensive]. See Secs. 351 and 352.

43
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ʔeyr̲r̲é̲čʼwa̲a : /ʔeyčʼwačʼwa/ shakes the head up and down
čokr̲r̲é̲čʼwa̲a : /čokčʼwačʼwa/ sways up and down, forward and backward
ngatʼr̲r̲é̲čʼwa̲a : /ngatčʼwačʼwa/ jumps up and down, forward and backward
adbn̲ 10sv arriving, reaching, coming home. Also dbn̲. See Sec. 352.
ʔidbn̲a : /ʔitba/ arrives home with pl. objs.
ʔidbn̲a! : /ʔitba!/ arrive with pl. objs.!
dasdbn̲a : /dastba/ reaches and touches
dasdbn̲a̲t : /dastbant/ can reach, touch
dasdbn̲ys : /dastbis/ (the) reaching, touching
/g̣esga ʔan dastbis./ I can’t reach it.
gᵛadbn̲a : /gatba/ arrives, comes home
gᵛadbn̲bli : /gatbambli/ returns home, comes back
gᵛadbn̲oˑta : /gatbnoˑta/ intrudes upon
adgl 10sv picking up, raising, getting up; on the back. Also dgl. See Sec. 352.
ʔidgl : /ʔitgal/ picks up pl. objs.
r̲e̲ʔidglat! : /ʔiʔatglat!/ pl. pick up pl. objs,!
se̲ʔidglbliwk : /siʔatgalbliwk/ in order to pick itself back up. In:
/siʔatgalbliwk kena./ It snows to take itself back up. (Said of great fluffy snowflakes drifting in the wind.)
badgl : /batgal/ gets up out of bed. See ba.
čʼlᵉdgl : /sdagal/ picks up a massive obj. See Sec. 262.
ksᵛdgl : /sdagal/ picks up a living obj. Or: ksᵛadgl : /ksatgal/ See Sec. 262.
nᵉdgl : /ndagal/ picks up a flat obj.
slᵉdgl : /sdagal/ picks up a clothlike obj. See Sec. 262.
stindgl : /stintgal/ hangs, suspends something on the back (as a cradleboard)
agi see akʼy closing; on the buttocks
akt 10sv (?) inside. Only in one form; RD could think of no further examples.
swᵉar̲r̲ktys : /swaktktis/ looking like inside
akyamn 10sv around, embracing, surrounding. Also atyamn, kyamn and tyamn. atyamn and tyamn are in free variation with akyamn and kyamn, but are much rarer. See Sec. 352.
ʔiᵛqiˑtʼkyamna : /ʔiqiˑtkyamna/ scrapes all around pl. objs.
čʼliwkyamna : /čʼliwkyamna/ puts a curtain, mat, all around by pulling with the fingers

44
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
gᵛakyamna : /gakyamna/ goes around something
gᵛar̲kyamna : /gakkakyamna/ keeps going around
nʼidqkyamna : /nʼiqkyamna/ puts a hand around something
sqeqʼkyamna : /sqeqkyamna/ hugs with the legs. Or: sqeqʼtyamna : /sqeqtyamna/
nᵉtʼepʼkyamna : /netʼapkyamna/ surrounds an obj, with a circle of flat objs. (as a central dish with plates)
netʼepkyamnil : /netʼapkyamnil/ put them around!
akʼakweˑg 10sv stuck in a hole, tight place. Also kʼakweˑg. Cf. also {kʼačweˑg} with a similar meaning (same?). See Sec. 352.
ksᵛakʼakweˑga : /ksakʼakweˑga/ gets a living obj. stuck in a hole, tight place. (intr. also)
akʼapsdi 10sv replacing, taking over where someone left off. Also kʼapsdi. See Sec. 352.
gᵛakʼapsdi : /gakʼapsdi/ replaces
/noˑ ʔa honks gakʼapsdi./ I replaced him (at some job)
akʼaˑyi̲\ʼ 10sv up high, hanging up. Also kʼaˑyi̲\ʼ. See Sec. 352.
ʔikʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔikʼaˑyʼa/ hangs up pl. objs.; puts pl. objs. up high. (intr. also)
ʔikʼaˑyi̲\ʼat! : /ʔikʼaˑyʼat!/ pl. hang up pl. objs.!
ʔikʼaˑyi̲\ʼi! : /ʔikʼaˑyʼi!/ hang up pl. objs.!
ʔikʼaˑyi̲\ʼoˑla : /ʔikʼaˑyʼoˑla/ takes down pl. objs.
ʔikʼaˑyi̲\ʼs\ʼa̲ls : /ʔikʼaˑyisʔals/ to hang up pl. Usage:
/qʼelyʼak kyem ʔikʼaˑyisʔals./ (He) has no fish to hang up (to dry).
nᵉakʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /nakʼaˑyʼa/ puts a flat obj. up high, hangs up a flat obj. (intr. also)
nᵉakʼaˑyi̲\ʼdk : /nakʼaˑyitk/ hanging up
nᵉowiˑkʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /newiˑkʼaˑyʼa/ hangs up flat objs. in a line (as fish on a rack)
akʼčʼwy 10sv in a narrow place, cupboard, corner, pocket. Also kʼčʼwy. Cf. {akʼakweˑg} and {kʼačweˑg} with similar meanings. See Sec. 352.
ʔikʼčʼwy : /ʔikčʼwi/ puts pl. objs. in a tight place, corner, pocket. (intr. also).
se̲ʔikʼčʼwy : /siʔakčʼwi/ puts pl. objs. in one’s own pocket, cupboard, etc.
se̲ʔikʼčʼwyalla : /siʔakčʼawyalla/ puts pl. objs. in one’s own pocket (depriving someone else of them or stealing them)
ʔikʼčʼwyoˑla : /ʔikčʼawyoˑla/ takes pl. objs. out of a tight place, cupboard
čʼakʼčʼwy : /čʼakčʼwi/ puts a handful into a tight place

45
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
ktiwkʼčʼwy : /ktiwkʼačʼwi/ pushes into a tight place, corner
nᵉakʼčʼwy : /nakčʼwi/ puts a flat obj. in a tight place, corner, pocket
akʼiˑčʼ 10sv around, revolving, turning. Also kʼiˑčʼ. See Sec. 352.
g̣oˑkʼiˑčʼa : /g̣oˑkʼiˑčʼa/ turns the head around (as a pig does, twisting his whole body); crawls or twists around while lying down
lᵛakʼiˑčʼa : /lakʼiˑčʼa/ turns a round obj. around (as the head, an automobile)
wotʼwkʼiˑčʼa : /wotʼoˑkʼiˑčʼa/ whirls something around in a circle and throws it (as a rock in a sling)
akʼiˑmi̲\ʼ 10sv in a circle, around the inside of something (as around the edges of a lake in a canoe). Also kʼiˑmi̲\ʼ. See Sec. 352.
gᵛakʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /gakʼiˑmʼa/ goes around the edge of
gᵛakʼiˑmi̲\ʼbli : /gakʼiˑmibli/ goes back around the edge, circumference of
sg̣ᵛakʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /sg̣akʼiˑmʼa/ canoes around the edge of a lake
lᵛtʼepʼkʼiˑmi̲\ʼa : /letʼapkʼiˑmʼa/ lines up round objs. in a circle around something. (intr. also)
akʼw 10sv across. Also kʼw. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛakʼwa : /ʔakʼwa/ puts a long obj. across (as a plank, bridge). (intr. also)
ʔᵛakʼwčʼn̲a : /ʔakʼoˑčʼa/ just put a long obj. across and went on
čʼinkʼwa : /čʼinkʼwa/ crosses with just the back showing (as a fish); goes across backwards
čʼinkʼws : /čʼinkʼos/ “Going-Across-with-the-Fin-Showing” (place name)
se̲nqenr̲kʼwa : /senqankkʼakʼwa/ shout back and forth across at each other
stonkʼwa : /stonkʼwa/ runs a ropelike obj. across (as a telephone wire across a gap)
stonkʼw! : /stonkʼo!/ run it across!
akʼy 10sv closing, shutting; on the buttocks. Also agi, gi and kʼy. See Sec. 352.
ʔikʼya : /ʔikʼya/ closes with pl. objs.; puts pl. objs. on someone’s buttocks
se̲ʔikyoˑla : /siʔakʼyoˑla/ removes pl. objs. from; wipes one’s buttocks
se̲ʔikʼyoˑloˑts : /siʔakʼyoˑloˑts/ toilet paper
čʼliwkʼya : /čʼliwkʼya/ closes an opening with the fingers
čʼliwkʼy! : /čʼliwkʼi!/ close it!
hod̲kʼya : /hokkʼya/ jumps shut; idiom: door locks accidentally
he̲shod̲kʼya : /hosakkʼya/ locks a door
he̲shod̲giwabg : /hosakgiwapk/ will lock

46
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
nᵉakʼya : /nakʼya/ closes with a flat obj.; puts a flat obj. on someone’s buttocks
nᵉakʼy! : /nakʼiˑ!/ close it! Patch it!
nᵉakʼydk : /nakʼiˑtk/ closed, patched
r̲e̲nᵉakʼydk : /nankʼitk/ d. patched
nᵉakʼys : /nakʼiˑs/ a patch (on clothes)
alamn 10sv on the back, behind; against a hillside. Also lamn. See Sec. 352.
ʔilamna : /ʔilamna/ puts pl. objs. behind, on a mountainside, on the back of a horse. (intr. also)
ksᵛalamna : /ksalamna/ puts a living obj. behind, on the back, against a hillside, etc. (intr. also)
slᵉalamna : /slalamna/ drapes a clothlike obj. over someone’s back, etc. (intr. also)
wqʼotʼlamna : /wqʼotʼlamna/ ties a knot in back
se̲wqʼotʼlamndk : /soˑqatʼlamnatk/ having one’s hair knotted in back
alčʼwy 10sv right up to. Also lčʼwy. See Sec. 352.
ʔilčʼwy : /ʔilčʼwi/ brings pl. objs. right up to
ʔilčʼwy! : /ʔilčʼwi!/ bring up to!
se̲ʔilčʼwybli : /siʔalčʼwibli/ brings pl. objs. back to oneself
čʼilčʼwy : /čʼilčʼwi/ carries liquid right up to someone
honlčʼwy : /hollačʼwi/ flies right up to
aliˑg 10sv on the edge of a stream; on the forehead. Also eliˑg (in rare free variation with aliˑg) and liˑg. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛaliˑga : /ʔaliˑga/ puts a long obj. on the edge of a stream, on the forehead. (intr. also)
ʔᵛaliˑgčʼa̲bga : /ʔaliˑkčʼapga/ just left a long obj. on the edge and came away
nᵉaliˑga : /naliˑga/ puts a flat obj. on the edge of a stream, on the forehead. (intr. also)
nᵉaliˑgbli : /naliˑkbli/ puts a flat obj. on the edge again, on the forehead again. (intr. also)
se̲nᵉaliˑgdk : /salliˑgatk/ having a flat obj. on the forehead; idiom: animal has a “blaze” on the forehead
sčʼisliˑgčʼn̲dk : /sčʼisliˑkčʼantk/ bent at the edges, along the edge
slᵉaliˑgčʼn̲a : /slaliˑkčʼa/ just left a clothlike obj. on the edge, on the forehead. Also slᵉeliˑgčʼn̲a : /sleliˑkčʼa/ in free variation.
se̲wqʼotʼliˑgdk : /soˑqatʼliˑgatk/ having hair knotted on the forehead
all 20sv [pejorative]: ruined, entirely, hopelessly. See Sec. 366.
se̲\ʼnᵉakčʼwyalla : /sanʼakčʼawyalla/ puts a flat obj. into one’s own pocket (depriving someone else of it, stealing it)

47
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
nʼiqtn̲alla : /nʼiqtnalla/ touches for some evil purpose, touches someone to arouse sexual desire
sleʔalla : /sleʔalla/ peeps, sees something with an evil or lascivious purpose
yᵛqewi̲\ʼalla : /yeqwʼalla/ breaks something all to pieces, irreparably
altb 10sv away from against. Also ltb. See Sec. 352.
ʔiWltba : /ʔiWlatba/ is away from against
qaltba : /qaltba/ pushes a heavy or pronged obj. away from against (as a chair away from a wall)
alYn̲ 10sv on the edge, side, bank; along a twisty or winding edge. Also lYn̲. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛalYn̲čʼn̲a : /ʔalYančʼa/ just left a long obj. on the edge, bank, side. (intr. also)
nqotʼr̲lYn̲dk : /nqotʼlalYantk/ scorched along the edges
swᵉar̲lYn̲bga : /swallalYampga/ watches along the edges; watches as a night watchman
r̲r̲e̲swᵉar̲lYnbgys : /swasoˑllalYampgis/ watchman
tonlYn̲čʼn̲a : /tollYančʼa/ ropelike obj. runs along the bank of a stream
aLaˑsg̣n̲ 10sv slitting open (as a sack, bulbous obj.). Also Laˑsg̣n̲. See Sec. 352.
pᵛaLaˑsg̣n̲a : /paLaˑsg̣a/ pulls and rips open
qdᵛaLaˑsg̣n̲a : /qdaLaˑsg̣a/ cuts open (as a sack, bladder), slits open
sdᵛaLaˑsg̣n̲a : /sdaLaˑsg̣a/ slashes open with a sharp instrument
sdᵛaLaˑsg̣n̲dk : /sdaLaˑsg̣antk/ slashed open
aLn̲ 10sv alongside. Also Ln̲. Cf. {atln̲} and {alYn̲} with similar meanings. See Sec. 352.
čʼaLn̲čnʼa : /čʼaLančnʼa/ lays a handful alongside as one goes
gᵛaLn̲čʼn̲a : /gaLančʼa/ goes alongside, beside (as along the side of a building, cliff)
nᵉaLn̲čʼn̲a : /naLančʼa/ puts a flat obj. alongside (as a spoon beside a plate). (intr. also.) (N. B. Spoons are usually treated as flat objs. in Klamath,)
alʼaˑlʼ 10sv into the fire, on a fire, by the fire. Also lʼaˑlʼ. See Sec. 352.
čᵛalʼaˑlʼa : /čalʼaˑlʼa/ sits by the fire
čᵛalʼaˑlʼčʼa̲bga : /čalʼaˑlčʼapga/ just sat by the fire; idiom: stay at home
he̲sčᵛalʼaˑlʼčʼa̲bga : /hasčlʼaˑlčʼapga/ left someone home
čʼinlʼaˑlʼbga : /čʼilʔaˑlʼapga/ has one’s back to the fire

48
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
gᵛalʼaˑlʼa : /galʼaˑlʼa/ goes into a fire; idiom: visits someone when they are not at home
nᵉalʼaˑlʼa : /nalʼaˑlʼa/ puts a flat obj. on the fire; broils a fish whole
amni 10sv up, upstream, uphill. Also mni. See Sec. 352.
ʔimni : /ʔimni/ takes pl. objs. up
kčʼimni : /kčʼimni/ crawls up (into a tree, etc.), up a hill
sg̣ᵛamni : /sg̣amni/ canoes upstream
sg̣ᵛamnibli : /sg̣amnibli/ canoes back upstream
amʼaˑčʼ 10sv on the very end, on the point. Also mʼaˑčʼ. See Sec. 352.
ʔimʼaˑčʼa : /ʔimʼaˑčʼa/ puts pl. objs. on the end of (as arrowheads on the ends of shafts). (intr. also)
ʔimʼaˑčʼbli : /ʔimʼaˑčʼabli/ puts pl. objs. back on the end of. (intr. also)
bᵛamʼaˑčʼoˑla : /bamʼaˑčʼoˑla/ cuts the end off a hide
hiwmʼaˑčʼa : /hiwmʼaˑčʼa/ drapes off the end (as a blanket on the end of a stick)
lᵛamaˑčʼa : /lamʼaˑčʼa/ puts a round obj. on the end. (intr. also)
lᵛamʼaˑčʼ : /lamʼač/ “Round-Object-on-the-End” (place name)
amʼaˑwʼ 10sv adding a substance to another quantity of the same substance in a container. Also mʼaˑwʼ. PO gave this form, while BL gave amaˑwʼ. The latter could be misrecording. See Sec. 352.
se̲ʔimʼaˑwʼa : /siˑmʼaˑwʼa/ adds one amount of a substance to another (as adding a handful of flour to some flour in a sack). PO gave this form; BL gave se̲ʔimaˑwʼa : /siˑmaˑwʼa/.
se̲kᵛpatʼmʼaˑwʼa : /sakpatmʼaˑwʼa/ pins something to other similar things (as one paper to a sheaf of papers)
lᵛamʼaˑwʼa : /lamʼaˑwʼa/ adds a round obj. to a pile or container of round objs. PO gave this form; BL gave lᵛamaˑwʼa : /lamaˑwʼa/.
r̲e̲se̲lᵛamʼaˑwʼa : /sasalmʼaˑwʼa/ gathers all round objs. together
se̲ntʼakʼmʼaˑwʼa : /santʼakmʼaˑwʼa/ sticks one more on the top of a pile of similar objs. (intr. also)
an see yʼeˑnʼ [nonnominative theme formant]
anasg̣ 10sv under the feet. Also nasg̣. See Sec. 352.
čʼanasg̣a : /čʼanasg̣a/ puts a handful under someone’s foot, feet. (intr. also)
nᵉanasg̣a : /nanasg̣a/ puts a flat obj. under someone’s foot, feet. (intr. also)
ang 22sv [polite imperative]. See Sec. 368.
somʼalwʼiˑang! : /somʼalwʼiˑyank!/ please write for!
stabačkʼang! : /stabačkʼank!/ please wash!

49
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
stabačkʼangat! : /stabačkʼangat!/ pl. please wash!
r̲e̲\ʼyanyang! : /yayʼanyank!/ please give paucative nonround objs. to d.!
ank 23sv having done … (action completed before the action of another verb in the predication). See Secs, 371 and 1025.
slᵉodgbliank : /sletgablyank/ having taken a clothlike obj. out of a container again
/mna gabo sletgablyank geqa./ Having taken out his coat, he went out.
waytoˑlank : /waytoˑlank/ a day having passed
/mboˑsant waytoˑlank ni genwapk./ I’ll go day after tomorrow. (“tomorrow a day having passed”)
wʼinbgank : /wʼimpgank/ having lain on one’s stomach
/wʼimpgank mʼokʼaˑk qtančʼa./ The baby fell asleep lying on its stomach.
aplʼ 10sv tell the highlights, gist (?). Only in:
sʔabaplʼa : /sʔabaplʼa/ tells the highlights, picks out the gist of a story
aps 10sv on coals, roasting. Also ps. See Sec. 352.
ksᵛapsa : /ksapsa/ roasts a living obj. whole (as a squirrel in its skin, a whole fish)
lᵛapsa : /lapsa/ roasts a round obj. (as a loaf of /slʼepsas/ bread); puts a round obj. on coals. (intr. also)
nᵉapsa : /napsa/ roasts a flat obj. (as a fish)
apsa̲ 7-Sv taste. Also apsw. See Sec. 334.
qbᵛapsa̲a : /qbapsa/ taste s something
qbᵛapsa̲dgi : /qbapsatgi/ wants someone to taste
qbᵛapsa̲eˑk! : /qbapseˑk!/ let me taste it!
qbᵛapsa̲i! : /qbapsi!/ taste it!
qbᵛapswwabg : /qbapsoˑwapk/ will taste something
apsw sle
aptneˑg̣i 10sv on top of a full load. Also ptneˑg̣i. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛaptneˑg̣i : /ʔaptneˑg̣i/ puts a long obj. on top of a full load. (intr. also)
ʔiptneˑg̣i : /ʔiptneˑg̣i/ puts pl. objs. on top of a full load. (intr. also)
ksᵛaptneˑg̣i : /ksaptneˑg̣i/ puts one more living obj. on top of a full load. (intr. also)
aqaˑyi̲\ʼ 10sv in the bushes, brush, woods; in the hair. Also qaˑyi̲\ʼ. See Sec. 352.
ʔiqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /ʔiqaˑyʼa/ puts pl. objs, in the bushes, among, in the hair (as grease, water). (intr. also)

50
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
se̲ʔiqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /siˑqaˑyʼa/ puts pl. objs. in one’s own hair
ʔiqaˑyi̲\ʼoˑla : /ʔiqaˑyʼoˑla/ picks out pl. objs. from among a pile, heap
ʔiqaˑyi̲\ʼoˑliˑa : /ʔiqaˑyʼoˑliˑya/ picks out pl. objs. for someone
čʼaqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čʼaqaˑyʼa/ puts a handful in the bushes, in the hair. (intr. also)
čʼaqaˑyi̲\ʼoˑla : /čʼaqaˑyʼoˑla/ takes a handful out of bushes, hair; separates one kind of grain from another
čʼlᵉaqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čʼlaqaˑyʼa/ scratches someone’s head, hair
se̲čʼlᵉaqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /sačʼlqaˑyʼa/ scratches one’s own head, hair. Also recorded /sačʼalqaˑyʼa/ (?).
wʼinqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /wʼinqaˑyʼa/ lies on the stomach in the bushes, grass
aqyeˑtn̲ 10sv right beside. Also qyeˑtn̲. See Sec. 352.
čᵛaqyeˑtn̲a : /čaqyeˑta/ sits beside, next to
gᵛaqyeˑtn̲a : /gaqyeˑta/ passes right by someone, something
gᵛaqyeˑtn̲čʼn̲a : /gaqyeˑtančʼa/ just went right close by; idiom: snubbed someone
r̲e̲\ʼwaˑqyeˑtn̲bga : /wawʼaˑqyeˑtampga/ pl. are sitting next to, beside
aqʼaˑqʼ 10sv on the neck; on the lap. Also qʼaˑqʼ. See Sec. 352.
čʼlᵉačqʼaˑqʼa : /čʼlačqʼaˑqʼa/ chokes with the fingers
lotoˑqʼaˑqʼa : /lotoˑqʼaˑqʼa/ puts an armload on someone’s lap. (intr. also)
nᵉaqʼaˑqʼa : /naqʼaˑqʼa/ puts a flat obj. around the neck, on the lap. (intr. also)
se̲nᵉaqʼaˑqʼa : /sanqʼaˑqʼa/ puts a flat obj, around one’s own neck, on one’s own lap. (intr. also) (N. B. Ropes are treated as flat objs. in Klamath.)
waqʼaˑqʼa : /waqʼaˑqʼa/ hangs a long obj. around someone’s neck. (intr. also)
waqʼaˑqʼksi : /waqʼaˑqksi/ “Hang-Around-the-Neck-Place” (place name)
as see ʼas [objective]
as see s [noun formant]
asg̣n̲ 10sv through a tube. Also sg̣n̲. See Sec. 352.
se̲ʔeysg̣n̲bga : /seʔiˑsg̣ampga/ hangs one’s head. The analysis seems correct, but the meaning of {asg̣n̲} is not clear.
ʔisg̣n̲a : /ʔisg̣a/ puts pl. objs. through a tube, hollow opening; stuffs a turkey
ʔisg̣n̲a! : /ʔisg̣a!/ put pl. objs. into a tube!
r̲e̲ʔisg̣n̲at! : /ʔiʔasg̣nat!/ pl. put d. into a tube!

51
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
sqolsg̣n̲a : /sqolsg̣a/ points through a tube, puts a pointed obj. through a tube
sqolr̲sg̣n̲nʼa : /sqolsasg̣anʔa/ pokes a pointed obj. in and out through a tube
sqolr̲sg̣n̲nʼoˑts : /sqolsasg̣anʔoˑts/ ramrod
wisg̣n̲a : /wisg̣a/ blows through a tube, hollow
wisg̣n̲di : /wisg̣andi/ “Blow-Through-Place” (place name)
at 23sv [plural imperative]. See Sec. 371.
ʔidglat! : /ʔitglat!/ pl. pick up pl. objs.!
r̲r̲e̲čʼliwkʼyat! : /čʼličʼloˑkyat!/ pl. close up d. with the fingers!
pʼań̲at! : /pʼaˑt!/ pl. eat!
qbᵛedwat! : /qbedwat!/ pl. taste!
atln̲ 10sv alongside, beside. Also tln̲. Cf. also {alYn̲} and {aLn̲} with similar meanings. See Sec. 352.
dᵉlatn̲bga : /daltampga/ is looking alongside
se̲dᵉlatln̲bags : /sadaltlambaks/ neighbor
dostln̲čnʼa : /dostlančnʼa/ pl., few run along beside
lotoˑtln̲čnʼa : /lotoˑtlančna/ lays an armload alongside
atqʼaps 10sv down from a height, down a hill. Also tqʼaps. See Sec. 352.
dintqʼapsa : /dintqʼapsa/ pl. run down from a height, down a hill, down to the shore
gᵛatqʼapsa : /gatqʼapsa/ goes down from a height
g̣istqʼapsa : /g̣istqʼapsa/ walks down from a height
attal 10sv going from house to house; peddling. Also ttal. See Sec. 352.
ʔittala : /ʔittala/ takes pl. objs. from house to house; peddles
ʔittalys : /ʔittaliˑs/ peddler
gᵛattala : /gattala/ goes from house to house
gᵛattaldga : /gattaltga/ been going from house to house; been visiting around
atyamn see akyamn around, embracing, surrounding
atʼamsg̣ 10sv between. Also tʼamsg̣. See Sec. 352.
ʔitʼamsg̣a : /ʔitʼamsg̣a/ puts pl. objs. between. (intr. also)
ʔitʼamsg̣i! : /ʔitʼamsg̣i!/ put pl. objs. between!
čᵛatʼamsg̣a : /čatʼamsg̣a/ sits between
ntʼiwtʼamsg̣a : /ntʼiwtʼamsg̣a/ falls between
atʼaˑwi̲\ʼ 10sv in the sunshine. Also tʼaˑwi̲\ʼ. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛatʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /ʔatʼaˑwʼa/ puts a long obj. in the sunshine. (intr. also)
ʔᵛatʼaˑwi̲\ʼks : /ʔatʼaˑwiks/ “Long-Object-in-the-Sun-Place” (place name)

52
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
ʔitʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /ʔitʼaˑwʼa/ puts pl. objs. in the sunshine. (intr. also)
ʔitʼaˑwi̲\ʼat! : /ʔitʼaˑwʼat!/ pl. put pl. objs. in the sunshine!
ʔitʼaˑwi̲\ʼi! : /ʔitʼaˑwʼi!/ put pl. objs. in the sunshine!
čʼintʼaˑwi̲\ʼbga : /čʼintʼaˑwipga/ puts one’s back in the sunshine, suns one’s back
atʼiˑt 10sv outside the door, just in front of the door. Also tʼiˑt. See Sec. 352.
čᵛatʼiˑta : /čatʼiˑta/ sits just outside the door
dintʼiˑta : /dintʼiˑta/ (animal) lies just outside the door
r̲e̲\ʼwaˑtʼiˑta : /wawʼaˑtʼiˑta/ pl. sit by the door
awaw 10sv from hand to hand, person to person. Also waw. See Sec. 352.
gᵛawawča̲a : /gawawča/ goes from person to person
lᵛawawča̲a : /lawawča/ passes a round obj. from hand to hand, from person to person
nᵉawawča̲a : /nawawča/ passes a flat obj. from hand to hand, person to person
awaˑ see waˑ pl. live, stay, sit
awl see wal cover
awnʼa̲ 10sv propped up against. Also wnʼa̲. See Sec. 352.
ʔir̲r̲é̲wnʼa̲a : /ʔiwnʼawnʼa/ pl. are up against, cornered (as animals in a box canyon)
čᵛawnʼa̲a : /čawnʼa/ sits propped up against
ksᵛawnʼa̲a : /ksawnʼa/ props a living obj. up against (as a person against pillows). (intr. also)
aws 3-S-n uncle (father’s sister’s husband). Reciprocal?
bawsyb : /bawsip/ uncle
bawsysa̲b : /bawsisap/ uncles
aws 7-Sv grope, feel about blindly
čʼlᵉawskanga : /čʼlawskanga/ gropes about with the fingers
čʼlᵉawsYeˑni̲\ʼa : /čʼlawsYeˑnʼa/ gropes about inside
kᵛawsYeˑni̲\ʼa : /kawsYeˑnʼa/ pokes around blindly inside with a sharp instrument
wawsYeˑni̲\ʼa : /wawsYeˑnʼa/ gropes around inside with a long instrument
awʼaˑlʼ 10sv on the end. Also wʼaˑlʼ. See Sec. 352.
ʔiwʼaˑlʼa : /ʔiwʼaˑlʼa/ puts pl. objs. on the end. (intr. also)
nᵉawʼaˑlʼa : /nawʼaˑlʼa/ puts a flat obj. on the end. (intr. also)
nᵉawʼaˑlʼs : /nawʼaˑlʼs/ wrist, ankle
ksᵛawʼaˑlʼa : /ksawʼaˑlʼa/ puts a living obj. on the end. (intr. also)
yaˑs ksᵛawʼaˑlʼs : /yaˑs ksawʼaˑlʼs/ “Willow-on-the-End” (place name). Use of {ksᵛ} here?

53
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
awʼaˑY 10sv waiting for, helping. Also wʼaˑY. See Sec. 352.
ʔᵛawʼaˑYa : /ʔawʼaˑYa/ leaves a long obj. waiting for someone to come and get it
ʔiwʼaˑYa : /ʔiwʼaˑYa/ leaves pl. objs. waiting for someone to come and get them
se̲ʔiwʼaˑYa : /siˑwʼaˑYa/ stores pl. objs. in advance (as clothes, food for the winter)
čᵛawʼaˑYa : /čawʼaˑYa/ sits waiting for someone
he̲sčᵛawʼaˑYa : /hasčwʼaˑYa/ makes someone wait
daswʼaˑYa : /daswʼaˑYa/ steadies someone with a hand, steers someone along
gᵛawʼaˑYa : /gawʼaˑYa/ goes before and waits
awʼiˑn 10sv among; into mud. Also wʼiˑn. See Sec. 352.
gᵛawʼiˑna : /gawʼiˑna/ goes among
gᵛar̲wʼiˑna : /gawʔiˑna/ goes around among
gᵛar̲wʼiˑnnʼapga : /gawʔiˑnʔapga/ feels like going around among; idiom: comes to live with someone
nʼiqwʼiˑna : /nʼiqwʼiˑna/ puts a hand among, into mud
wawʼiˑna : /wawʼiˑna/ puts a long instrument among, into mud
war̲wʼiˑna : /wawʔiˑna/ uses a long instrument among (as one uses a staff to separate a flock of chickens, sheep)
ayahʔ 10sv hiding, concealing. Also yah? See Sec. 352.
ʔiyahʔa : /ʔiyahʔa/ hides pl. objs. (intr. also)
r̲e̲ʔiyahʔa : /ʔiˑyahʔa/ d. hide pl. objs.
se̲ʔiyahʔa : /siˑyahʔa/ hides pl. objs. from oneself, from each other
ʔiyahʔi! : /ʔiyahʔi!/ hide pl. objs.!
ʔiyahʔiˑa : /ʔiyahʔiˑya/ hides pl. objs. for someone
ʔiyahʔwabg : /ʔiyahwapk/ will hide pl. objs.
nᵉayahʔa : /nayahʔa/ hides a flat obj. (intr. also)
slᵉayahʔa : /slayahʔa/ hides a clothlike obj. (intr. also)
ayaˑdg 10sv avoiding, out of the way. Also yaˑdg. Only with {oˑl} 15sv “undoing, finishing.” See Sec. 352.
gᵛayaˑdgoˑla : /gayaˑtgoˑla/ avoids, gets out of the way
gᵛayaˑdgoˑli! : /gayaˑtgoˑli!/ avoid!
aypʼeˑkʼ 7-Sv strain the eyes. Only in:
swᵉaypʼeˑkʼa : /swaypʼeˑkʼa/ strains the eyes
swᵉaypʼeˑkʼdamna : /swaypʼeˑkdamna/ keeps straining the eyes
aywwi 10sv spread out, dispersed. Also ywwi. Cf. {owi} with a similar meaning. See Sec. 352.
gᵛaywwi : /gayoˑwi/ disperse, people spread out

54
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
nᵛaywwi : /nayoˑwi/ burns and spreads; fire spreads
nʼiqywwi : /nʼiqyoˑwi/ spreads out the hand. Also recorded /nʼiqyawwi/.
ayʼasg̣ 10sv on the male genitals, in front of the loins. Also yʼasg̣. See Sec. 352.
čʼlᵉawsr̲yʼasg̣a : /čʼlawsiˑʔasg̣a/ gropes around for someone’s genitals
goWyʼasg̣s : /goWyʼasqs/ venereal disease
ksᵛayʼasg̣a : /ksayʼasg̣a/ lies in an extended position in sexual intercourse
lᵛayʼasg̣a : /layʼasg̣a/ puts a round obj. on the genitals; lies in a flexed position in sexual intercourse
nᵉayʼasg̣a : /nayʼasg̣a/ puts a flat obj. in front of the genitals. (intr. also)
se̲nᵉayʼasg̣as : /sanyʼasg̣as/ loin cloth, gee-string
ayʼaˑY 10sv in front of, ahead of, over this way. Also yʼaˑY. See Sec. 352.
dᵉlayʼaˑYa : /dalyʼaˑYa/ looks over here, this way
se̲dᵉlayʼaˑYbga : /sadalyʼaˑYapga/ are looking over at each other
g̣isyʼaˑYa : /g̣isyʼaˑYa/ walks ahead of, in front of
sdᵛayaˑYa : /sdayʼaˑYa/ dams up ahead of, in front of
aˑ see a [objective]
aˑ see ʼaˑkʼ [diminutive]
aˑ\ʼ 11sv [unknown meaning]. Only in:
se̲qoyg̣aˑ\ʼs : /soqiˑg̣aˑʔas/ parents
sʔaˑMkʼaˑ\ʼs : /sʔaˑMkʼaˑʔas/ related. In:
/le waq sʔaˑMkʼaˑʔas/ unrelated somehow. Said of a person whose relationship is so distant that no term exists for it. PO gave: /qʼay waq sʔaˑMkʼaˑʔas/ same
aˑkʼi see ʼaˑkʼ [diminutive]
aˑs see ʼaˑs place(s)
a̲
a̲b 5sn [kinship suffix]. Also yb. See Sec. 442.
bligyb : /bligiˑp/ great-aunt (grandfather’s sister)
bligysa̲b : /bligiˑsap/ great-aunts
bkʼaˑsyb : /pkʼaˑsip/ grandfather (mother’s father)
bkʼaˑsysa̲b : /pkʼaˑsisap/ grandfathers
btisa̲b : /ptisap/ father
btisysa̲b : /ptisiˑsap/ fathers

55
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
a̲ksg 20sv almost, came close to doing accidentally. The action never began but almost began; cf. {Wiˑ} 22sv “almost,” which seems to connote an action which was begun but which was not successful or uncompleted. See Sec. 366.
r̲é̲r̲pakʼa̲ksga : /pakpakʼaksga/ almost screamed
sditg̣a̲ksga : /sditg̣aksga/ almost cheated
yᵛčloqʼlʼg̣a̲ksga : /yočlaqʼlg̣aksg̣a/ almost slipped and fell
a̲l see ʼa̲l be, do what the preceding noun says
a̲stg 22sv tried to do, planned to do but failed. See Sec. 368.
sditg̣a̲stga : /sditg̣astg̣a/ tried to cheat but failed
sličlʼg̣a̲stga : /sličlg̣astga/ tried to tie down
yᵛqewi̲\ʼa̲stga : /yeqoˑstga/ tried to break an obj. with the feet
a̲t 23sv can, able to, ought to. See Sec. 371.
čʼlᵉoya̲t : /čʼleyt/ can give a massive obj.
nʼiqyeˑga̲t : /nʼiqyeˑgat/ can raise the hand
pʼań̲a̲t : /pʼat/ can eat
wotʼwčnʼa̲t : /wotʼoˑčant/ can throw a long obj.
b
b 2pn [kinship prefix]. See Sec. 422.
bseˑyyb : /pseˑyip/ uncle (father’s brother)
se̲bseˑya̲ldk : /sepseˑyaltk/ related to each other as uncle and nephew-niece
r̲r̲e̲bseˑyysa̲b : /psepseˑyisap/ d. uncles
beˑa̲b : /beˑp/ daughter
btoda̲b : /ptodap/ daughter-in-law
btodsa̲b : /ptotsap/ daughters-in-law
bᵛ 4S-v act upon a hide, skin
bᵛamʼaˑčʼoˑla : /bamʼaˑčʼoˑla/ cuts the end off a hide
bᵛedg̣a : /betg̣a/ divides a hide
se̲bᵛedg̣a : /sebatg̣a/ divide a hide among oneselves
bᵛen̲a : /bena/ slits a hide, buckskin
bᵛosga : /bosga/ cuts off a strip of hide
bᵛtʼeˑkʼa : /betʼeˑkʼa/ cuts a hide up in pieces
bᵛ 5-S-v lie, exist. See Sec. 332.
ksᵛbᵛoga̲a : /sboga/ living obj. lies, exists, lies flat
r̲r̲e̲ksᵛbᵛoga̲a : /sbospga/ d. lie
lᵛbᵛawl : /lbawal/ round obj. lies on top
lᵛbᵛewa : /lbewa/ round obj. lies in water, flat place

56
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
lᵛbᵛoga̲a : /lboga/ round obj. lies, exists
r̲r̲e̲lᵛbᵛoga̲a : /lbolpga/ d. round objs. lie
nᵉbᵛoga̲a : /mbega/ flat obj. lies
r̲r̲e̲nᵉbᵛoga̲a : /mbempga/ d. flat objs. lie
slᵉbᵛaliˑga : /sbaliˑga/ clothlike obj. lies on the edge
slᵉbᵛodiˑla : /sbediˑla/ clothlike obj. lies under
slᵉbᵛoga̲a : /sbega/ clothlike obj. lies, exists
r̲r̲e̲slᵉbᵛoga̲a : /sbespga/ d. lie, exist
ba 7S-v get up out of bed. Only with {adgl} 10sv “raising, getting up; on the back.”
badgl : /batgal/ gets up out of bed
he̲sbadgl : /hasbatgal/ gets someone up (by verbal or other causation)
r̲e̲badgl : /babatgal/ d. get up
sne̲badgl : /snabatgal/ gets someone up (by physical force)
badgl! : /batgal!/ get up!
r̲e̲badglat! : /babatglat!/ pl. get up!
r̲e̲badglnʼa : /babatgalnʼa/ let’s get up
badglnʼapga : /batgalnʼapga/ feels like getting up
badgls : /batgals/ the getting up, to get up
/qʼay ʔan sanʼaˑWawli batgals./ I don’t want to get up.
ba see be throw pl.
ba see bi he-she-it (intensive)
bag see obg [durative]
bah 7Sv dry
baha : /baha/ dries (intr.)
sbaha : /sbaha/ dries something
r̲r̲e̲sbaha : /sbaspha/ dries d., d. dry
bahbgs : /bahapks/ dried
/bahapks čʼoleˑks/ dried meat
bahdgiwk : /bahtgiwk/ in order to dry
/slalʼaˑlʼa gew soloˑtis bahtgiwk./ I put my clothes by the fire to dry.
bahlʼg̣a : /bahalg̣a/ dries up (as earth)
sbahlʼg̣a : /sbahalg̣a/ dries something up
sbahoˑts : /sbahoˑts/ drier: fish drying rack
sbahs : /sbahs/ the drying
/g̣esga ʔan hon sbahs./ I can’t dry that.
bahtn̲a : /bahta/ dries onto (intr.)
sbahtn̲a : /sbahta/ dries something onto
he̲sbahtn̲bli : /hasbahtambli/ dries oneself off again

57
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
bahtʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /bahtʼaˑwʼa/ dries in the sun (intr.)
sbahtʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /sbahtʼaˑwʼa/ dries something in the sun
bal 7S-v be white
baˑldgi : /baˑltgi/ becomes white; fades
r̲e̲baˑldgi : /babaˑltgi/ d. turn white
sne̲baˑldgi : /snabaˑltgi/ causes something to turn white
r̲é̲r̲ballʼi : /balbalʔi/ white
/geˑ ʔa balbalʔi čoLiˑs./ This is a white shirt.
bal 7-Sv flap, flutter. Only in:
yᵛr̲é̲r̲baleˑ\ʼa : /yabalbaleˑʔa/ flaps the wings, flutters
yᵛr̲é̲r̲baleˑ\ʼs : /yabalbaleˑʔas/ small sp. of butterfly
balaq 2Srt soon, quickly
balaq : /balaq/ soon, quickly
/ʔončeˑ balaq hak ni genwapk./ I’ll be going pretty soon.
/balaq ʔa geˑ gatbambli./ He returned soon.
/čoy honk balaq hak ʔotg̣ibalyiˑya./ And she quickly got it back down for (him). (Texts, 4.171)
r̲e̲balaq : /bablaq/ d. soon: often
/gew ʔa laq bablaq g̣ečʼambli./ My hair grows back soon.
/mis lis ni sleˑwapk bablaq./ I’ll see you often
balaˑwʼ 3S-n striped rocks (?). Occurs only in a place name:
balaˑwʼsksi : /balaˑwʼasksi/ “Striped-Rocks-Place.” The rock formations here are in the form of vertically striated bluffs, somewhat like pillars. This place was one of the Reservation boundaries before the Reservation was reduced to its present size. It lies to the north of Crater Lake.
balla 3Sn liver
balla : /balla/ liver
baLwʼ 3-S-n wokas leaf (the broad, flat leaf of the pond lily)
r̲é̲r̲baLwʼm : /baLbaLwʼam/ wokas leaf
baLaˑ 3S-n bullets, shot. Derivation unknown.
baLaˑs : /baLaˑs/ bullets, shot
bam 3-Sn drum. The Klamath drum consists of a wooden hoop over which a single piece of hide has been stretched. The cords or sinew used to fasten the hide are tied together at the back to form a handle. The word is said to be Chinook Jargon or Warmsprings, and older informants noted that the drum is a fairly recent importation into the Klamath area.
r̲é̲r̲bam : /bambam/ drum

58
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲bam\ʼaˑkʼ : /babambamʼaˑk/ d. little drums
r̲é̲r̲bamwor̲tn̲nʼoˑts : /bambam wottanʔoˑts/ drumstick
ban 7Sv dive, wade
bana : /bana/ dives, wades
banbaˑtn̲a : /bambaˑta/ wades to the shore, edge
bančnʼa : /bančnʼa/ wades along
r̲e̲bančnʼa : /babančnʼa/ d. wade along
bankanga : /bankanga/ wades around
bankʼwa : /bankʼwa/ wades across
r̲e̲he̲sbankʼwks : /hahasbankʼoks/ ford
banlamna : /ballamna/ wades behind
banr̲wa : /banoˑwa/ wades around in water
banyg̣i : /baniˑg̣i/ wades out
baˑg̣oˑlsm banyg̣is : /baˑg̣oˑlsam baniˑg̣is/ “Muledeer’s-Wading-Out” (place name)
banykiˑna : /baniˑkiˑna/ wades out of water
banʼi 2Sre1 until, up to. Also banʼiˑ (in free variation with banʼi) and batnʼi (after {r̲e̲} 1pr [distributive)]. Cf. {betbanʼi} 2Sra “as big as,” which may contain this morpheme. See Sees. 910 and 1021.
banʼi : /banʼi/ until, up to. Also banʼiˑ : /banʼiˑ/.
/psekst banʼi ni čiˑwapk./ I’ll stay until noon.
/qʼayLis banʼi ni tgewa ʔambotdat./ I stood in water up to the belt.
/nent ni sʔaywakta kʼadaˑt banʼi hak./ Which is as far as I know. (Texts, 11.60)
/čoy gmočas banʼi ʔi čiˑwapk dola mi hon snʼeweˑts./ So you will live together until old age with that wife of yours. (Texts, 34.45)
/čoy honk čiˑya ʔat wikʼaˑ banʼi./ Then he lived there for a little while. (Texts, 9.35)
/čoy sa honk homʼas ʔat maˑˑˑns banʼi gi./ Now they did that way for a long long time. (Texts, 15.37)
r̲e̲batnʼi : /babatnʼi/ d. up to, until
/qʼolʼinč babatnʼi ni tgewa ʔambotdat./ I stood in water up to my knees.
banʼiˑ sle
bas 2Srp6 wonder…? This particle expresses surprise and interrogation. With {yʼa} 2Sre1 [dubitative], it seems to have an added connotation of sarcasm and disapproval.
/waq bas noˑ gent doˑt./ I wonder how I can go there.
/dam bas hok kʼet bi./ Wonder if it’s this big.

59
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/dwaˑ bas hiˑt gi?/ Wonder what can be there? (Texts, 39.5)
/waq bas nis gi?/ How has he done to me? Translated by the informant as “What should I do?” (Texts, 3.104)
/čoy dwaˑ bas hon siˑp yʼa, woˑtʼa?/ And I wonder if maybe those sheep ate them up? (Texts, 38.71)
/neˑ basyʼa qʼoy sʔottʼa./ Wonder if it was he who spoiled it.
/dič hak basyʼa swediˑls!/ Don’t you look nice beneath! (as shoes or stockings: sarcastic, as when one’s shoes or stockings are dirty)
basdin 3Sn white man. From Chinook Jargon (English “Boston”; i.e., “American.”)
basdin : /basdin/ white man
r̲e̲basdinʼaˑkʼ : /babasdinʼaˑk/ d. little white men
basdinyalank : /basdinyalank/ in English
/basdinyalank ʔan hemkangat./ I can speak in English.
batnʼi see banʼi until, up to
bawi̲\ʼ 7+Sv burst, crack
nbawi̲\ʼa : /mbawʼa/ bursts, cracks (as canoe, jar)
nbaˑwi̲\ʼa : /mbaˑwʼa/ bursts, cracks pl.
sne̲nbaˑwi̲\ʼa : /snambaˑwʼa/ blasts, causes to burst, crack
bayaˑsyak 2Sra barefoot. Class membership and usage uncertain.
bayaˑsyak : /bayaˑsyak/ barefoot
/bayaˑ syak ʔan gena./ I go barefoot.
r̲e̲bayaˑsyak : /babyaˑsyak/ d. barefoot
bayL 3S-n crust on snow. Possibly contains {eLa̲} 13sv “on, onto a surface.”
bayLs : /bayLas/ crust on snow
baˑ 3Sn white pine (Pinus monticola; Gatschet gives Abies menziesii). Also baˑn. See Sec. 430.
baˑ : /baˑ/ white pine tree
baˑʔm : /baˑʔam/ white pine sp. Or: baˑnm : /baˑnam/.
baˑd 1Sp they [intensive]. Also mnaˑlʼ. See Sec. 522.
baˑd : /baˑt/ they [intensive] [n]
/ba ˑtdaˑk ʔa hihaslan./ They shot each other.
mnaˑlʼm : /mnaˑlʼam/ their own
/mnaˑlʼam wonč sg̣atbambli./ They brought their own canoe back.
mnaˑlʼs : /mnaˑlʼs/ them [intensive] [o]
/tbeˑwa honks mnaˑlʼs sʔoˑwitgi giwk./ They ordered him to serve them.

60
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
baˑdal 3Sn bottle. From English.
baˑdal : /baˑdal/ bottle
r̲e̲baˑdal\ʼaˑkʼ : /babaˑdalʼaˑk/ d. little bottles
baˑg 3S-n box. Also baˑgy. From English. See Sec. 430.
baˑgs : /baˑks/ box
r̲e̲baˑgy\ʼaˑkʼ : /babaˑkyʼaˑk/ d. little boxes
r̲e̲baˑgyʔmʼč : /babaˑgiʔamʼč/ d. big old boxes
baˑgy sle
baˑg̣ 3-S-n great-uncle (father’s father’s brother); great-nephew (brother’s son’s son) or great-niece
r̲e̲baˑg̣Yb : /babaˑg̣ip/ great-uncle; great-nephew, niece
baˑg̣ 7Sv crave (as a certain food)
baˑg̣a : /baˑg̣a/ craves
baˑg̣oˑl 3S-n muledeer (Odocoileus hemionus macrotis; Gatschet gives Cervus macrotis)
baˑg̣oˑls : /baˑg̣oˑls/ muledeer
baˑg̣oˑlsm banyg̣is : /baˑg̣oˑlsam baniˑg̣is/ “Muledeer’s-Wading-Out” (place name)
baˑlʼaˑ\ʼ 3S-n hat (in myth; see Text 3). PO stated that this was not the same as {baˑlʼaˑ\ʼ} 3S-n “bread, flour,” with which it is homophonous.
baˑlʼaˑ\ʼsm : /baˑlʼaˑʔasam/ hat
baˑlʼaˑ\ʼ 3S-n bread, flour
baˑlʼaˑ\ʼs : /baˑlʼaˑʔas/ bread, flour
baˑn see baˑ white pine
baˑni see abaˑni to the limit, end of a place
baˑtn̲ see abaˑtn̲ up against, to the shore, leaning against
baˑw 3-S-n blueberries (sp. unknown)
r̲e̲baˑwsm : /babaˑwsam/ blueberries (sp.)
baˑw 3S-n carrot. A morphological identity can be established for this and the last entry above, but this does not seem semantically defensible.
baˑws : /baˑwas/ carrot
r̲e̲baˑwkʼa : /babaˑwkʼa/ d. little carrots
baˑwč 3Sn tongue
baˑwč : /baˑwač/ tongue
r̲e̲baˑwčʼaˑkʼ : /babaˑwčʼaˑk/ d. little tongues
baˑyi̲\ʼ see abaˑyi̲\ʼ diagonally against, up against
bčʼ see pʼačʼ blind, be out of sight
be 7-Sv throw pl. in a heap, mass. Also ba. See Sec. 334.
wbawl : /wbawal/ throws pl. in a heap onto
wbawllʼg̣a : /wbawallg̣a/ throws down upon
wbečʼn̲a : /wbečʼa/ just threw pl. objs. away (as a shovelful of garbage)

61
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wbeǰqʼa : /wbečqʼa/ throws and covers (as one covers someone under a pile of bed covers)
wbekLa : /wbekLa/ throws pl. onto (as a heap of wokas onto a canoe)
wbeLy : /wbeLiˑ/ throws pl. into
wbelʼg̣a : /wbelg̣a/ throws pl. down
wbeqn̲a : /wbeqa/ throws pl. out (as a basketful of empty pods, shells, out the door)
wbewa : /wbewa/ throws pl. into water
wbewyʼg̣bli : /wbewyʼaqbli/ throws pl. back into
wbeya : /wbeya/ gives pl. to someone, tosses pl. to someone
wber̲yamna : /wbeyyamna/ throws pl. around. Often metathesized: /bweyyamna/.
wbeyg̣i : /wbeyg̣i/ throws pl. out of water, over
bečmi 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable.
bečmi : /bečmi/ place name
bel 7S-v act with the tongue
belqn̲a : /belqa/ sticks the tongue out
belqn̲bga : /belqampga/ has the tongue out
beltn̲a : /belta/ puts the tongue onto something
belwa : /belwa/ puts the tongue into liquid, flat place
bem\ʼ 7Sv be confused, rattled, out of one’s mind
r̲é̲ˑr̲bem\ʼa : /beˑmbemʼa/ becomes confused
sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲bem\ʼa : /snebeˑmbemʼa/ confuse someone
he̲sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲bem\ʼs : /hesnbeˑmbems/ five cent piece (“Confusing-each-other”; the reason for this kenning word is unknown.)
bem\ʼdgi : /bemtgi/ is confused, half out of one’s mind
sbem\ʼdgi : /sbemtgi/ confuses someone, rattles
bem\ʼdgidamna : /bemtgidamna/ keeps getting half-crazy, senile spells
beqs 7Sv grind with a muller and metate
beqsa : /beqsa/ grinds (as wokas, flour)
r̲e̲beqsa : /bebaqsa/ d. grind
beqsiˑa : /beqsiˑya/ grinds for someone
beqsnʼapga : /beqsnʼapga/ intends to grind
beqʼ 7S-v be bay-colored; dawn. Cf. {tʼibeˑqʼ} 7S-v “be twilight, dusk”; there is no good reason for segmenting tʼi in the present corpus.
beˑqʼdgi : /beˑqtgi/ turns bay-colored; dawns
beˑqʼdgis : /beˑqtgis/ dawn
r̲é̲r̲beqʼlʼi : /beqbeqlʼi/ bay-colored

62
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
bet 3Sn bed. Also beˑt in apparent free variation. From English. See Sec. 430.
bet : /bet/ bed. Or: beˑt : /beˑt/.
betbanʼi 3Sra (?) as big as. Possibly contains {banʼi} 2Sre1 “until, up to.” but segmentation and distribution are uncertain due to lack of examples. Only in:
r̲e̲betbanʼi : /bebatbanʼi/ as big as
/geˑ g̣oˑs bebatbanʼi gew lačʼas./ This tree is as big as my house.
/moˑmni ʔa g̣eˑs, boqs bebatbanʼi./ They are big ipos roots, as big as camas.
beyba 3Sn paper. Sometimes given as biba. From English.
beyba : /beyba/ paper. Also biba : /biba/.
beˑLi̲\ʼ 7+Sv take care of (person, goods)
r̲é̲ˑr̲beˑLi̲\ʼa : /beˑLbeˑlʼa/ takes care of; works over something to prepare it (as food for cooking)
ʔibeˑLi̲\ʼa : /ʔibeˑlʼa/ takes care of pl. objs.
r̲e̲ʔibeˑLi̲\ʼa : /ʔiˑbeˑlʼa/ d. care for
ʔibeˑLi̲\ʼlgi : /ʔibeˑLilgi/ comes to take care of
beˑn 2Srt again
/beˑn ʔa hoˑt sa genaˑ./ They went on again.
/qʼay ni honks dadaˑ beˑn sleˑčwapk./ I’ll never go to see him again.
/beˑn hak čelg̣i!/ Sit right down again!
/čoy honk beˑn wbawallg̣a./ Then he threw them up again. (Texts, 2.15)
/ʔonaˑ beˑn batgal./ Again he got up early. (Texts, 8.29)
beˑnhi 3Sn swordgrass (sp. unknown). Used in making summer houses.
beˑnhi : /beˑnhi/ swordgrass
beˑnk 3Sn bank (for money). From English.
beˑnk : /beˑnk/ bank
beˑt see bet bed
bg see ebg coming, action toward
bg see obg [durative]
bg̣ see pʼeqʼ act on the face
bi 1Sp he-she-it [intensive]. Also ba, boˑ and a portmanteau mna ({bi} + {ʔm} 2sp 7sp [possessive]). This morpheme has overtones of reflexiveness and intensity. For the plural, see baˑd. See Sec. 522.
bi : /bi/ he-she-it [intensive] [n]
/bi hoˑt genaˑ./ He himself went.

63
KLAMATH-ENGLISH

ba : /ba/ him-her-it [o]. Form found after {kʼet} “thus big, much” and {det} “how big, much?”
/sg̣iloˑlg̣a detba gist./ He measured how big it was.
bas : /bas/ him-her-it [o]. Also boˑs : /boˑs/ in apparent free variation.
/honks tbeˑwa boˑs hosbanwatgi giwk./ He told him to give him a drink.
mna : /mna/ one’s, one’s own
/gawʼal hoˑt mna daˑla./ He found his own dollar.
bi 3S-n bile
bis : /bis/ bile
biba see beyba paper
biblan 2S-l on both sides, ends. Possibly r̲e̲blin, but no certain segmentation.
biblankstʼa : /biblankstʼa/ on both sides
/biblankstʼa nis sa čiˑya./ They live on both sides of me.
biblankstʼant : /biblankstʼant/ on both sides
/biblankstʼant sʔabiˑya naʔas./ On both sides they told (the couple) thus. (Texts, 24.21)
biblant : /biblant/ both sides, both sided
/biblant nʼosaltk/ two-headed snake (“having-a head-on both-sides”)
biblantanna : /biblantanna/ all around on both sides
/biblantanna hoˑt g̣aˑykʼa./ He searched all around on both sides.
biblantant : /biblantant/ on both sides
/čoy lolbaltk biblantant nʼos hok loˑs./ And that goose had eyes on both sides of his head. (Text 8.89)
biblantg̣eˑni : /biblantg̣eˑni/ on both ends
/biblantg̣eˑni ʔa geˑ čaqčaqlʼi./ This is sharp on both ends.
bičg 7Sv go out (fire). Cf. {sibč} 7Sv “extinguish a fire” (possibly se̲bič but no good semantic identification for se̲).
bičga : /bičga/ fire goes out
r̲e̲bičga : /bibačga/ d. fires go out
bičga̲sga : /bičgaksga/ almost went out
bil 2Sre1 only, full of, completely. See Sec. 1021.
/ǰeg̣le bil/ full of blood, bloody
/blo bil/ only fat, fatty

64
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
/qaqʼoˑ bil/ only bones, bony
/ʔi bil sʔaywakta./ Only you know.
/naʔas bil ʔi gidamnwapk, dadaˑt hakt geˑ pʼayswapk./ Only thus you will keep doing, whenever it gets cloudy. (Texts, 17.18)
/nʼep bil hay ni sleʔa./ I only see hands. (Texts, 39.40)
bilwi 7Sv have an odor, smell
bilwi : /bilwi/ smells
/dič bilwi/ smells good
/qʼoy bilwi/ smells bad, stinks
qʼoy r̲e̲bilwieˑ\ʼs : /qʼoy bibloˑyeˑʔas/ garlic (“bad-smeller”)
bilwis : /bilwis/ odor
bit 3Sn a “bit” (unit of money). From English.
bit : /bit/ bit
/Naˑs bit/ ten cents (“one bit”)
/lapnʼi bit/ twenty-five cents (“two bits”)
/woniˑbi bit/ fifty cents (“four bits”)
biwčʼeˑw 3S-n juniper berries
biwčʼeˑwys : /biwčʼeˑwis/ juniper berries
biˑ 7S-v separate, go separate ways. Only in:
se̲biˑdg̣a : /sibiˑtg̣a/ separate from each other
biˑ\ʼ 3S-n bow of a canoe
biˑ\ʼs : /biˑʔas/ bow of a canoe
bkʼ 10sv (?) [unknown meaning]. Only in:
g̣elbkʼa : /g̣elpkʼa/ is hot (fire, object)
g̣elbkʼyeˑga : /g̣elbakʼyeˑga/ starts to get hot
blay 2Sl above, up high. Cf. also {plen} 2S-l “above, on top.”
blay : /blay/ above; place name: Bligh
blaydalʼkniˑ : /blaydalʼkniˑ/ God (“One-from-Above”)
blaykniˑ : /blaykniˑ/ people of Bligh
blayna : /blayna/ around above
/ʔaˑdiˑ blayna honkanga./ It flies around up high far.
blayt\ʼiˑt : /blaytʼiˑt/ above
/čʼikas blaytʼiˑt naˑlʼs honkanga./ The bird is flying above us.
blaywaˑs : /blaywaˑs/ golden eagle (Aquila chrysaētos L.) (“home above”).
blewgi 7Sv (?) have a lot (?). Only in:
blewgi : /blewgi/ has a lot (?)
/dom hak blewgi čʼoleˑks./ They have lots of meat.
/gagyaˑmis sitk hok blewgi./ He has an unbelievable amount (of food).

65
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
bli see ebli back, again, returning, behind
bliń̲ 7Sv be, get fat. Cf. {blo} 3Sn “fat, grease.” Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
bliń̲ : /blin/ is, gets fat
r̲e̲bliń̲ : /biblan/ d. are, get fat
sne̲bliń̲ : /sniblan/ makes fat
bliń̲dk : /blitk/ fat, fat person
bliń̲aˑkʼidk : /blaˑkʼitk/ little fat person
bliń̲mčʼigdk : /blimčʼigatk/ big old fat person
bliń̲wabg : /bliwapk/ will get fat
bliń̲yeˑga : /bliyeˑga/ starts to get fat
bln̲ see obln̲ downstream
blo 3Sn fat, grease. Cf. {bliń̲} 7Sv “be, get fat.”
blo : /blo/ fat, grease
blo\ʼaˑkʼ : /bloʔaˑk/ little bit of fat
bočʼo 3Sn wild celery (Heracleum lanatum Michx.). The stalks were eaten like domestic celery, while the roots were made into poultices for sores.
bočʼo : /bočʼo/ wild celery
bog̣ 7Sv bake camas, roots, in a pit
bog̣a : /bog̣a/ bakes camas, roots, in a pit. A layer of moss or grass was laid in a pit, then the roots were laid on this and covered with another layer of moss or grass. A fire was then built on this, or coals were put on it.
bog̣oˑla : /bog̣oˑla/ uncovers a baking pit
bog̣s : /boqs/ camas root (Camassia esculenta)
bog̣ 3S-n honeycomb. Perhaps the same as “camas”?
bog̣s : /boqs/ honeycomb
bok 3Sn book. From English.
bok : /bok/ book
r̲e̲bok\ʼaˑkʼ : /bopkʼaˑk/ d. little books
bolqʼwan 3S-n grub (found in rotten logs). These were roasted on a hot stone and eaten.
bolqʼwans : /bolqʼwans/ grub(s)
bolWi 3Sn plant (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). Also qbolWi. The leaves of this sagebrush-like plant were boiled and the liquid drunk to cause perspiration as a cure for fever. See Sec. 430.
bolWi : /bolWi/ plant (sp.)
qbolWiʔmg̣eˑni : /qbolWiʔamg̣eˑni/ “Plant (sp.)-Place” (place name)
bolʼ 7-Sv on the stomach
ktbolʼa : /kbolʼa/ hits in the stomach

66
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
se̲ktbolʼa : /sokplʼa/ hits oneself in the stomach each other
ktbolʼa̲stga : /kbolʼastga/ tried, planned to hit in the stomach
ktbolʼi! : /kbolʼi!/ hit in the stomach!
ktbolʼnʼapga : /kbolnʼapga/ feels like hitting in the stomach
ktbolʼWiˑa : /kbolWiˑya/ almost hit in the stomach (swung and missed)
ktboˑlʼa : /kboˑlʼa/ hits in the stomach pl. times
wbolʼa : /wbolʼa/ hits in the stomach with a long instrument
wbolʼlʼg̣a : /wbollg̣a/ falls on the stomach
bolʼoˑq 3S-n duck embryo (a special delicacy)
bolʼoˑqs : /bolʼoˑqs/ duck embryo
bonw 7Sv drink
bonwa : /bonwa/ drinks
he̲sbonwa : /hosbanwa/ causes to drink
r̲e̲bonwa : /bobanwa/ d. drink
r̲e̲bonwat! : /bobanwat!/ pl. drink!
bonwa̲t : /bonoˑt/ can drink
bonwča̲a : /bonoˑča/ goes to drink
bonwdgi : /bonwatgi/ wants someone to drink
bonwi! : /bonwi!/ drink!
bonwik : /bonwik/ let me drink
r̲e̲bonwks : /bobanoˑks/ fountain, drinking place
r̲e̲bonwnʼa : /bobanoˑnʼa/ let’s drink
bonwoˑta : /bonwoˑta/ drinks with some instrument
bonws : /bonwas/ drink
/sanʼaˑWawli ʔan laˑm bonwas./ I want to drink whiskey.
ʔoˑlʼsʔm bonws : /ʔoˑlʼsʔam bonwas/ plant (sp.). (“dove’s drink”). See {ʔoˑlʼ} for a description.
boqL 7Sv have a cataract in the eye
boqLa : /boqLa/ has a cataract
boqLtn̲a : /boqlta/ has a cataract on the eye
r̲e̲boqLtn̲a : /bobaqlta/ d. have cataracts; idiom:goes blind from looking at a pretty girl
boqʼ 7Sv be whitish, white-haired, dusty, dusty-white
r̲é̲r̲boqʼa : /boqboqʼa/ becomes dusty, dusty-white
sne̲r̲é̲r̲boqʼa : /snobaqboqʼa/ makes dusty
boˑqʼdgi : /boˑqtgi/ becomes dusty; becomes white-haired
sboˑqʼdk : /sboˑqʼatk/ off-white, not quite white. With {s} 3pv [transitive]?
r̲é̲r̲boqʼlʼi : /boqboqlʼi/ whitish, white-haired, dusty

67
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
boqʼeˑw 3S-n leather. Possibly contains {bᵛ} 4S-v “act on a hide, skin.” Also perhaps contains {w} 22sv [past noun].
boqʼeˑwys : /boqʼeˑwis/ leather
bos 7S-v be black
boˑsdgi : /boˑstgi/ turns black
r̲e̲boˑsdgi : /boboˑstgi/ d. turn black
sne̲boˑsdgi : /snoboˑstgi/ causes something to turn black
r̲é̲r̲boslʼi : /bosboslʼi/ black; pupil of the eye
r̲é̲r̲boslʼis : /bosboslʼis/ black [o]
/hoˑt ʔa bosboslʼis laq gitk./ He has black hair.
r̲é̲r̲bostkʼaˑni : /bosbostkʼaˑni/ little black one
bosag see mbosag flint, obsidian
bosaklʼ 3S-n thigh (PO, BL, etc.). Mrs. Martin gave mbosaklʼ. See Sec. 430.
bosaklʼs : /bosaklʼas/ thigh. Mrs. Martin: mbosaklʼs : /mbosaklʼs/
bosq 3S-n whorl of pine needles, cluster of pine needles on one stem
bosqm : /bosqam/ whorl of pine needles
boˑ see bi he-she-it [intensive]
boˑl 3Sn ball. From English.
boˑl : /boˑl/ ball
r̲e̲boˑl\ʼaˑkʼ : /boboˑlʼaˑk/ d. little balls
boˑsi̲ 7-Sv char, burn a little bit. Possibly related to {bos} 7S-v “be black.” Only in:
nᵛboˑsi̲a : /noboˑsa/ burns a little, chars, burns a little on the b
nᵛboˑsi̲dk : /noboˑsitk/ charred
bqʼ see pʼeqʼ act on the face
byen 7Sv scrape under logs, etc., for moth chrysalids. These were roasted and eaten.
byena : /byena/ scrapes for moth chrysalids
č
č see čnʼ along, action while moving
č see čʼis also, too
čᵛ 4S-v sit (sg.). Some forms are also glossed “slide” (cf. a similar case with {kt} 4s-v “hit, kick”). Also cf. {čiˑ} 7Sv “live, stay, dwell” and possibly {čᵛ} 4S-v “go (herd, flock, school of fish).”
čᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čabaˑyʼa/ sits leaning against
r̲e̲čᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čačbaˑyʼa/ d. sit leaning against
čᵛabčʼa : /čapčʼa/ sits out of sight

68
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čᵛ (continued)
čᵛabqʼa : /čapqʼa/ sits on someone’s face
čᵛakʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čakʼaˑyʼa/ sits up high, perches
čᵛakʼčʼwy : /čakčʼwi/ sits in a tight place, corner
čᵛalamna : /čalamna/ sits behind
he̲sčᵛalamna : /hasčlamna/ causes someone to sit behind; rides double on a horse, cycle
se̲čᵛalamndk : /sačlamnatk/ having someone sitting behind oneself
čᵛaliˑga : /čaliˑga/ sits by the edge, bank
čᵛalʼaˑlʼa : /čalʼaˑlʼa/ sits by the fire. See alʼaˑlʼ.
čᵛaqyeˑtn̲a : /čaqyeˑta/ sits next to, beside
čᵛaqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čaqaˑyʼa/ sits in the woods, bushes
čᵛaqʼaˑqʼa : /čaqʼaˑqʼa/ sits on someone’s lap
he̲sčᵛaqʼaˑqʼa : /hasčqʼaˑqʼa/ seats someone on one’s lap
čᵛatʼamsg̣a : /čatʼamsg̣a/ sits between
čᵛatʼaˑwi̲\ʼa : /čatʼaˑwʼa/ sits in the sunshine
čᵛatʼiˑta : /čatʼiˑta/ sits just outside the door
čᵛawl : /čawal/ sits on top of
čᵛawloˑts : /čawloˑts/ chair
čᵛawloˑtkʼiˑkʼ : /čawloˑtkʼiˑk/ little chair
čᵛawnʼa̲a : /čawnʼa/ sits propped up against
čᵛawʼaˑYa : /čawʼaˑYa/ waits for someone
he̲sčᵛawʼaˑYa : /hasčwʼaˑYa/ makes someone wait
čᵛawʼiˑna : /čawʼiˑna/ sits among, in mud
he̲sčᵛawʼiˑna : /hasčwʼiˑna/ makes someone sit among
čᵛayʼaˑYa : /čayʼaˑYa/ sits in front of
he̲sčᵛayʼaˑYa : /hasčyʼaˑYa/ seats someone in front
čᵛeliˑwa : /čeliˑwa/ sits at the very edge
čᵛelwy : /čelwi/ sits by the fire
čᵛelʼg̣a : /čelg̣a/ sits down
he̲sčᵛelʼg̣a : /hesčalg̣a/ causes someone to sit down
he̲sčᵛelʼg̣čʼa̲bga : /hesčalqčʼapga/ leaves someone behind and comes
čᵛelʼg̣i! : /čelg̣i!/ I sit down!
čᵛelʼg̣s : /čelqs/ lunch
čᵛelʼg̣s\ʼa̲la : /čelqslʼa/ prepares a lunch
čᵛeqn̲čʼn̲a : /čeqančʼa/ just went through by sitting (as breaking through the seat of a chair)
čᵛeqʼya : /čeqʼya/ sits by the door, in the road

69
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čᵛ (continued)
čᵛewa : /čewa/ sits in water, flat place
he̲sčᵛewa : /hesčwa/ makes someone sit in water, in a flat place
čᵛewlʼg̣a : /čewlg̣a/ sits down in water, flat place
čᵛewys : /čewiˑs/ the sitting in water
kom čᵛewys : /kom čewiˑs/ “Kom-Sitting-in-Water” (place name). Recorded /komčewiˑs/ in Texts; the meaning of kom is unknown.
ndᵛoga̲s čᵛewys : /ndoks čewiˑs/ “Hawk-Sitting-in-Water” (place name)
čᵛig̣oga : /čig̣oga/ sits inside a container, closed space
čᵛiǰpʼa : /čičpʼa/ sits on and squashes
čᵛikLa : /čikLa/ sits on a vehicle, horse, on a surface
se̲čᵛikLa : /sičakLa/ sits on oneself, each other; idiom: is fond of someone and unwilling to leave, wants to stay on with someone
r̲é̲r̲qʼaˑhʔsʔm čᵛikLs : /qʼahqʼaˑhʔasʔam čikLas/ “Heron-Sitting-on-Top” (place name: a mountain on the boundary of the old Reservation)
tg̣aˑwʼs r̲e̲čᵛikLys : /tg̣aˑwʼas čičakLis/ cowboy, buckeroo (“bronco-habitual-sitter-on” )
čᵛiwyʼg̣a : /čiwiˑg̣a/ sits inside a container, building
čᵛiWpʼa : /čiWpʼa/ sits on and bends
čᵛkokdgi : /čokaktgi/ slides down a slope on one’s rump
čᵛLoˑčʼiˑpʼa : /čoLoˑčʼiˑpʼa/ tubular obj. slides off. See Loˑ.
čᵛor̲r̲bga : /čobakpga/ sits and sits
čᵛočʼiˑpʼa : /čočʼiˑpʼa/ tubular obj. slides off
čᵛor̲dga : /čotdatga/ is in a state of sitting; squats
čᵛodiˑla : /čodiˑla/ sits underneath
čᵛoLalčʼiˑpʼa : /čoLalčʼiˑpʼa/ tubular obj. slides off (as beads off a string)
čᵛoLaldg̣i : /čoLaltg̣i/ slides down (as a loose obj. that was hanging up, such as a rope, garment)
čᵛosn̲a : /čosa/ sits underwater, deep underground
čᵛotn̲a : /čota/ sits at; shaman doctors someone
čᵛoyeˑga : /čoyeˑga/ raises up from a sitting position
čᵛpadg̣a : /čapatg̣a/ sits on and squashes
čᵛqewi̲\ʼa : /čeqwʼa/ sits on and breaks
čᵛqeˑwi̲\ʼa : /čeqeˑwʼa/ sits and breaks pl.
čᵛtʼeLqʼa : /četʼaLqʼa/ sits on and flattens

70
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čᵛ 4S-v go (herd of animals, flock, swarm, school of fish). Possibly identical with the preceding entry.
čᵛabaˑni : /čabaˑni/ herd, flock goes to the end (of a stream, canyon); place name
čᵛabaˑtn̲a : /čabaˑta/ herd, flock goes to the shore, edge
čᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čabaˑyʼa/ herd, flock goes up against
čᵛabaˑyi̲\ʼkʼys : /čabaˑykʼis/ fish dam
čᵛen̲a : /čena/ herd, flock goes
čᵛeqweˑLa : /čeqweˑLa/ herd, flock goes down a slope
čᵛewa : /čewa/ herd, flock goes into water, flat place
čᵛoLy : /čoLiˑ/ herd, flock goes into, inside
čᵛor̲yamna : /čoyyamna/ herd, flock go about (as while feeding)
čᵛoyeˑga : /čoyeˑga/ herd, flock increases, gets thick (as a swarm of flies)
ča 2Srp2 now; now then!
/ča ʔat./ That’s it for now.
/ča ʔičgas!/ Now you next! (Texts, 7.13)
/čoy honk naʔas, ča! ʔat! ʔi lobiˑ hoyg̣ičʼa!/ Then he said, “Hah! Now! You jump over her first!” (Texts, 1.131)
čačablo 3Sn sweet gum of the sugar-pine tree. This was gathered and eaten as candy. Possibly r̲e̲čablo but no distributive or intensive reference and no attesting forms.
čačablo : /čačablo/ sugar-pine gum
čag 3Sn serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia). Also called “saugusberry.”
čag : /čak/ serviceberry
čag lᵛalamns : /čak lalamnas/ “Serviceberry-on-the-Hillside” (place name)
čag lᵛaliˑgs : /čak laliˑks/ “Serviceberry-on-the-Bank” (place name)
čag r̲e̲\ʼlᵛotqʼags : /čak lolʼatqʼaks/ “Digging-up-Serviceberries” (name of one of čʼasg̣iˑps’ dogs in Text 7). Also:
čag r̲e̲lʼog̣s : /čak lolʼaqs/ “Digging-up-Serviceberries” (same as last-possibly a misrecording)
čagdi : /čakdi/ “Serviceberry-Place” (place name)
čagg̣eˑnkni : /čakg̣eˑnkniˑ/ Rogue River people; also given as Molala Indians (“Serviceberry-area-people”)
čagm : /čagam/ serviceberry bush(es)
čagpča : /čakpča/ blue beads (traded in by the early settlers) (“like-serviceberries”)

71
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čagaˑl 3-S-n pine cone(s). Only in:
r̲e̲čagaˑlm : /čačgaˑlam/ pine cone(s)
čaklʼa 3Sn basket (type). This was a large willow basket with a pointed base. It was used for storage.
čaklʼa : /čaklʼa/ basket (type)
čakʼ 7+Sv melt. Also nčakʼ (but this may be segmentable: possibly {n} 4S-v “act with a round instrument”). Cf. {ntʼakʼ} 7S-v “be stuck together, glued.”
čaˑkʼa : /čaˑkʼa/ melts (intrans.)
čaˑkdgi : /čaˑktgi/ melts (as butter, fat)
sčaˑkʼdgi : /sčaˑktgi/ melts something
nᵛčaˑkʼa : /načaˑkʼa/ melts (by fire)
snᵛčaˑkʼa : /snačaˑkʼa/ melts something by fire
se̲nčakʼdang̣a : /sančakdang̣a/ are melted together
he̲snčakʼdang̣a : /hasnčakdang̣a/ causes to melt together.
Or
sne̲nčakʼdang̣a : /snančakdang̣a/ causes to melt together
nčakʼlʼg̣a : /nčakʼlg̣a/ melts down
nčakʼsga : /nčaksga/ melts off
nčakʼtn̲a : /nčakta/ melts on, sticks on
sne̲nčakʼtn̲a : /snančakta/ melts something onto (as sealing wax)
čal 3-S-n place name. Unanalyzable. Only in:
r̲é̲r̲čal\ʼaˑkʼs : /čalčalʼaˑks/ place name
čam 7-Sv stub the toe, hurt the foot. Only in:
ktčamtn̲a : /kčamta/ stubs the toe on
čap 3Sn plant (sp. unknown). Given by PO only in:
čap : /čap/ plant (sp.)
čapdi : /čapdi/ “Plant (sp.)-Place” (place name)
čapg 7-Sv do completely (?). Occurs only in:
nᵛčapga : /načpga/ burns up completely
snᵛčapga : /snačpga/ burns something completely
yʼoˑčapga : /yʼoˑčapga/ shoots and finishes (all one’s shells, cartridges)
čapʼ 7-Sv separate seeds from pods
sčapqn̲a : /sčapqa/ separates seeds from pulp and shells by prodding with a sharp instrument (as wokas)
sčaˑpʼa : /sčaˑpʼa/ winnows out bits of pod with a sharp instrument
čaq 7-Sv [unknown meaning]. Only in:

72
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
waˑmčaqLWn̲a : /waˑmčaqlWa/ are in a straight line on top (as trees along a ridge)
waˑmčaqLWn̲ys : /waˑmčaqlWis/ mane
čaqʼ 7+Sv be sharp-pointed, sharp
r̲é̲r̲čaqʼ : /čaqčaq/ sharply, sharp
/čaqčaq ʔa geˑ doˑg̣eˑni./ This is sharply pointed on the other end
čaˑqʼdgi : /čaˑqtgi/ becomes sharp-pointed
sčaˑqʼdgi : /sčaˑqtgi/ sharpens a point
sne̲čaˑqʼdgi : /snačaˑqtgi/ makes sharp (same as last above?)
r̲é̲r̲čaqʼlʼi : /čaqčaqlʼi/ sharp-pointed
r̲é̲r̲čaqʼtkʼaˑyʼantga : /čaqčaqtkʼaˑyʼantga/ with some little sharp-pointed thing
čaqʼpsis : /čaqpsis/ “Sharp-Nose” (man’s proper name). Possibly with juncture: /čaq psis/?
wčaˑqʼa : /wčaˑqʼa/ sharpens a stick, long instrument
čaqʼ 7Sv jingle, rattle. Cf. {ǰaqʼ} 7-Sv “ring.”
r̲e̲r̲čaqʼa : /čaqčqʼa/ rattles, jingles. Also r̲é̲ˑr̲čaqʼa : /čaˑqčaqʼa/ The latter may be more intensive (?).
sr̲e̲r̲čaqʼa : /sčaqčqa/ jingles, rattles something. Also sr̲é̲ˑr̲čaqʼa : /sčaˑqčaqʼa/.
sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲čaqʼa : /snačaˑqčaqʼa/ makes something rattle
sr̲e̲r̲čaqʼoˑts : /sčaqčqʼoˑts/ deer-hoof rattle (a cluster of dried deer hooves hung on a stick)
čaw 3-S-n sword grass (sp.). Only in:
r̲e̲r̲čawʔm : /čawčwʔam/ sword grass
čawʼ 3S-n small sp. of minnow-like fish
čawʼs : /čawas/ minnow (sp.)
čayi̲\ʼ 7+Sv split, gash, cut in strips
čaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čaˑyʼa/ becomes split, gashed
čʼlᵉčaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čʼlačaˑyʼa/ scratches and leaves gashes
se̲čʼlᵉčaˑyi̲\ʼa : /sačʼlčaˑyʼa/ scratches oneself, each other, leaving pl. gashes
lᵛčayi̲\ʼa : /lačyʼa/ gashes with a round obj. (as a knife). (N. B. Knives are treated as round objs. in Klamath.)
lᵛčaˑyi̲\ʼa : /lačaˑyʼa/ gashes pl. (or pl. times) with a round obj.
r̲e̲lᵛčaˑyi̲\ʼa : /lalčaˑyʼa/ d. gash pl.
nčaˑyi̲\ʼa : /nčaˑyʼa/ splits with a wedge, round instrument
nčaˑyi̲\ʼoˑtkʼys : /nčaˑyʼoˑtkʼis/ elkhorn wedge (or adze?)

73
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wčaˑyi̲\ʼdk : /wčaˑyitk/ gashed with a long instrument pl. times (or in pl. places)
čaˑn 7S-v admire, wish to have, be interested in. Possibly čan plus dgi. Only in:
čaˑndgi : /čaˑntgi/ admires, wishes to have
he̲sčaˑndgi : /hasčaˑntgi/ shows off to others
se̲čaˑndgi : /sačaˑntgi/ admires oneself, each other, each other’s belongings
čaˑy 3-S-n sleet. Only in:
r̲e̲ˑr̲čaˑys : /čaˑyčaˑys/ sleet
ča̲ 14sv motion away for a purpose, going to go and do what the verb says. See Sec. 356.
ʔiga̲ča̲a : /ʔikča/ goes to get pl. objs.
gankangča̲a : /gankankča/ goes hunting
slᵉowiˑča̲a : /slewiˑča/ takes home a clothlike obj. first
sleˑča̲a : /sleˑča/ goes to see
sleˑča̲bli : /sleˑčabli/ goes to see again
yʼoˑdiča̲a : /yoˑdiča/ goes to shoot (pl. times)
čeč 3S-n church. From English. Only in:
čečhaws : /čečhaws/ church
čečhawkʼa : /čečhawkʼa/ little church
čeqʼ 7-Sv chip off (as enamel, glass, obsidian). Only in:
nčeqʼa : /nčeqʼa/ chips with a round instrument
nčeqʼsga : /nčeqsga/ chips off
česleyn 3-S-n plant (sp. of sagebrush-like semidesert plant). Also česleˑ in free variation. See Sec. 430.
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲česleynʔm : /čečasčesleynʔam/ plant (sp.). Or r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲česleˑʔm : /čečasčesleˑʔam/.
česleˑ sle
čew 3Sn antelope (Antilocarpa americana oregona Bailey)
čew : /čew/ antelope
r̲e̲čew\ʼaˑkʼ : /čečwʼaˑk/ d. little antelopes
čew 7-Sv jump (fish). Possibly not segmentable. Only in:
wčewa : /wčewa/ (fish) jumps
čewi̲\ʼ 7-Sv break a brittle obj. (as a jar, window). Probably 7+Sv but no attesting forms.
nčewi̲\ʼa : /nčewʼa/ splinters with a round instrument
nčewi̲\ʼtn̲a : /nčewta/ splinters on, smashes on (as an arrowhead against a rock)
sčeˑwi̲\ʼa : /sčeˑwʼa/ stabs a hole, splinters (as ice)
wčewiˑ a : /wčewa/ breaks a brittle obj. with a long instrument

74
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wčeˑwi\ʼdk : /wčeˑwitk/ pl. broken
čewi̲\ʼ 7-Sv hit again on the same spot
wčewi̲\ʼa : /wčewʼa/ hits on the same spot with a long instrument
čey 7S-v be loose, rickety, unstable
čey : /čey/ loose, rickety
/čey ʔans geˑ soloˑtis./ These clothes are loose on me.
čeˑydgi : /čeˑytgi/ becomes rickety, loose
r̲é̲r̲čeylʼi : /čeyčeylʼi/ loose, rickety
čeˑ 2Sre1 only after, upon, until. The construction čeˑt hak (often /čeˑtak/) is translated as “with difficulty, barely.” See Sec. 921.
/pačʼit čeˑ nen hoˑskanga./ (He) only just now thought of it.
/gida hay ʔi čiˑwapk, gatbamblis čeˑ nis./ You will stay here until my return.
/homʼas čeˑ hay gyank pʼat./ Only having done thus can you eat it. (Texts, 11.44)
/ʔat sa honk siwga maˑns gitk čeˑ./ Now they killed her even after a long time. (Texts, 21.28)
/dom čeˑ honk lweloˑlast honk maqlaqsas—doˑˑm honk lwelaˑ./ Even though she had killed many people—very many she had killed. (Texts, 21.29)
čeˑt hak : /čeˑt hak/ (or /čeˑtak/) barely, with difficulty
/čeˑt hak ʔan gatbambli./ I just barely got home. (Texts, 1.102)
čeˑl 3S-n porcupine (Erethizon epixantum, Brandt; Gatschet gives Erethizon dorsatus)
čeˑlys : /čeˑlis/ porcupine
čeˑlyʔmʼč : /čeˑliʔamʼč/ big old porcupine
r̲e̲čeˑlyˑkʼ : /čečeˑliˑk/ d. little porcupines
Note also the dance song of the porcupines (Text 4.337):
/čeˑli, čeˑli, naˑlʼs kani lelqʼiqʼit!/ Porky, Porky, let somebody cut our wrists!
čeˑLg̣ place name. Unanalyzable.
čeˑLg̣sdi : /čeˑLaqsdi/ place name: Saddle Mountain
čgačwʼ 10sv opening the mouth wide (?). Only in:
hančgačwa : /hančgačwa/ has the mouth wide open
čgas 2Sre1 next, more, too. This item was always recorded with no preceding juncture.
/moˑčgas ʔiwtanyeˑga./ It’s starting to get heavier.
/ča! ʔičgas!/ Now! You next! (Texts, 7.13)
/dwaˑčgas?/ What next?
/gaʔas noˑčgas gen sleˑčwapk./ This way I’ll go and see also. (Texts, 11.37)

75
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
/čoy honk loˑs beˑn hokčgas hontgalčapga, doˑkniˑ./ And again the next goose came flying, from there. (Texts, 8.32)
/čoy honkčgas ndoga, nʼos./ And he hit him too, on the head. (Texts, 8.23)
/ʔat čik hok Laslʼačgas, hokt kʼičkʼaˑni./ Now indeed he got feathers too, that little one. (Texts, 14.28)
či 7S-v leak. Only in:
čiqn̲a : /čiqa/ leaks
sčiqn̲a : /sčiqa/ makes leak: sieves, strains
sčiqn̲oˑts : /sčiqnoˑts/ collander, sieve (of willows)
či 7S-v [unknown meaning]. Only in:
čibqʼoˑla : /čipqʼoˑla/ is fully awake (after having been drowsy). With {pʼeqʼ} 7-Sv 10sv “act on the face” and {oˑl} 15sv “undoing, completing.”
či 7S-v go hand in hand. Occurs only with {se̲} 2pv [reflexive-reciprocal].
se̲čičʼn̲a : /siččʼa/ go off hand in hand
se̲čimni : /sičmni/ rise hand in hand
se̲čiwl : /sičwal/ go up hand in hand; idiom: thumbs a ride with someone
se̲čiwllʼg̣čʼn̲a : /sičwallqčʼa/ just rose off the ground with each other
se̲čiwloˑlčnʼa : /sičwaloˑlčnʼa/ go along off hand in hand. Used by RD to mean “passing down from generation to generation”: Text 21.31. (Recording? Should be /sičoˑloˑlčnʼa/.)
se̲čir̲yamna : /sičiˑyamna/ go around hand in hand
se̲čiyeˑgčʼn̲a : /sičyeˑkčʼa/ just started to rise hand in hand
či 2Srp2 as, so then. Meaning uncertain.
/waq či hoˑt čʼoleˑks?/ How is that meat?
/dwaˑ ʔi sleʔaʔ či sa honk./ “What did you see?” they said. (“as they it”) (Texts, 19.64)
/qʼay ʔan sʔaywakta, či ʔeˑč./ “I don’t know,” he said. (“as really”)
/či sa hon ʔelg̣aة/ as they call it…
či see čnʼ along, action while moving
čičʼ 7-Sv split thin, strip off thin pieces (as bark)
ʔičiˑčʼa : /ʔičiˑčʼa/ makes shavings, shingles
čʼlᵉčičʼa : /čʼliččʼa/ strips tules with the nails (to obtain strips for basket weaving)
ktčičʼtn̲a : /kčičta/ scrapes foot, shins, on

76
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
wčičʼa : /wčičʼa/ splits something thin with a long instrument
wčiˑčʼa : /wčiˑčʼa/ splits pl.
r̲r̲e̲wčiˑčʼa : /wčiwčiˑčʼa/ d. split pl.
čik 7S-v bushy. Only in:
čikwʼaˑlʼbgs : /čikwʼaˑlʼapks/ being bushy
/hoˑt ʔa čikwʼaˑlʼapks nʼos gitk./ He has a bushy head.
čik 2Srp6 indeed (?). This item introduces a new topic, makes a definitive statement, or asks for definitive information. See especially Text 39, in which a series of pictures was handed to the informant one after another. There {čik} is used as the marker for each new subject.
/waq čik gen, qʼay hak dič sličtnank spičʼaˑ wač./ How is this, he is leading the horse not having tied it on well. (Texts, 39.28)
/geˑ čik snʼeweˑts./ This, now, is a woman.
/čoy dak čik moˑni g̣oˑs./ However, it was a big tree indeed. (Texts, 3.100)
/waq čik ʔi giwapk?/ What will you do? (Lit. “how…?”)
/dam čik hok qʼa nodeˑtk?/ Was it badly burned?
/ʔiˑ, či čik honk./ “Yes,” he said. (“as indeed it”).
čiˑkʼaˑ 3Sn old man
čiˑkʼaˑ : /čikʼaˑ/ old man
r̲e̲čikʼaˑ\ʼaˑkʼ : /čičkʼaˑ ʔaˑk/ d. little old men
čimi interjection here! take it! Possibly {či} 2Srp2 “as, so, then” + mi ({ʔi} 2Sp “you sg.” + {ʔm} 2sp 7sp [possessive]).
čimi! : /čimi!/ Here! Take it!
čimʼan 7Sv widower. A verbal stem occurring only in one substantival formation.
čimʼandk : /čimʼantk/ widower; also man’s proper name
r̲e̲čimʼandk : /čičmʼantk/ d. widowers
čimʼang see tsimʼang “boy, youth”
čiNttʼ 7Sv be plainly audible
čiNttʼa : /čiNttʼa/ is plainly audible, clear (as a voice, noise, singing)
čiń̲ see tsiń̲ grow
čiqʼ 7-Sv shake out, beat out, comb
r̲e̲r̲čiqʼa : /čiqčqʼa/ shakes (as a house in the wind)
sne̲r̲e̲r̲čiqʼa : /sničaqčqʼa/ shakes something (as a rattle)
slᵛčiˑqʼa : /sličiˑqʼa/ combs the hair. See slᵛ.
swʼᵛr̲e̲r̲čiqʼa : /swʼičaqčqʼa/ shakes the head (like a horse)
r̲r̲e̲swʼᵛr̲e̲r̲čiqʼa : /swʼisoˑčaqčqʼa/ d. shake heads

77
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
wčiqʼa : /wčiqʼa/ shakes out, beats out with a long instrument (as a carpet)
wr̲e̲r̲čiqʼa : /wčiqčqʼa/ shakes out violently or repeatedly; beats violently with a long instrument
čiwʼ 7-Sv be in strips, pieces. Only in:
spičiwʼa : /spičiwʼa/ tears, drags off a strip, piece
spičiˑwʼa : /spičiˑwʼa/ tears into strips, pieces
čiˑ 7Sv stay, live, dwell. Cf. also {čᵛ} 4S-v “sit sg.”
čiˑa : /čiˑya/ lives, stays, dwells
he̲sčiˑ : /hisčiˑ/ causes someone to stay
čiˑat! : /čiˑyat!/ pl. stay!
čiˑa̲t : /čiˑt/ can stay
čiˑdk : /čiˑtk/ staying, one staying
čiˑkanga : /čiˑkanga/ stays here and there, lives all around
čiˑkangkʼys : /čiˑkankkʼis/ dwellings scattered about
čiˑkʼys : /čiˑkʼis/ dwelling
čiˑs : /čiˑs/ home, house, dwelling
qawdoˑgiˑsm čiˑs : /qawdoˑgiˑsam čiˑs/ “Bird’s (sp.)-Home” (place name)
čiˑyeˑga : /čiˑyeˑga/ starts to live, dwell
r̲e̲čiˑys : /čičiˑs/ dweller
čiˑloqin 3S-n man’s proper name. Unanalyzable. The present town of Chiloquin is named after this person.
čiˑloqins : /čiˑloqins/ man’s proper name
čiˑlʼig sne
čiˑlʼilʼig 3S-n baby birds. Also čiˑlʼig. Apparently an occurrence of r̲é̲ here, but not usefully segmentable.
čiˑlʼilʼigs : /čiˑlʼilʼiks/ baby birds
r̲e̲čilʼigkʼa : /čičiˑlʼikka/ d. little baby birds
čkʼaˑW 7Sv be cold (weather, liquid, food, etc.)
čkʼaˑWa : /skʼaˑWa/ is cold
sne̲čkʼaˑWa : /snačkʼaˑWa/ makes cold
čkʼaˑWdk : /skʼaˑWatk/ cold, cold one
čkʼaˑWdgi : /skʼaˑWtgi/ turns cold
sne̲čkʼaˑWdgi : /snačkʼaˑWtgi/ cools something
čloqʼ 7+Sv slip, be smooth, slick, slippery
čloˑqʼa : /čloˑqʼa/ is smooth, slippery
r̲r̲e̲čloˑqʼdk : /čločloˑqʼatk/ d. smooth, slick
čloˑqʼdgi : /čloˑqtgi/ becomes slick, slippery
sne̲čloˑqʼdgi : /snočloˑqtgi/ makes slippery

78
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
yᵛčloqʼa : /yočlqʼa/ slips, feet slip
yᵛčloqʼčnʼa : /yočlaqčnʼa/ slips while going along
yᵛčloqʼdgl : /yočlaqtgal/ slips
yᵛčloqʼlʼg̣a̲ksga : /yočlaqʼlg̣aksga/ almost slipped and fell
yᵛčloˑqʼa : /yočloˑqʼa/ slips on pl. objs.
r̲e̲\ʼyᵛčloˑqʼkanga : /yoyʼačloˑqkanga/ d. slip around
čnʼ 16sv along, action while moving. Also č and či. See Sec. 362.
čʼinčnʼbga : /čʼinčampga/ has the back to someone going along
čʼinčibga : /čʼinčipga/ has the back to someone coming
dasčibga : /dasčipga/ reaches toward
sne̲gᵛiwčnʼa : /snigoˑčnʼa/ sends something (“causes to go along”)
sne̲gᵛiwča! : /snigoˑča!/ send!
sne̲gᵛiwčnʼik : /snigoˑčnʼik/ let me send
sne̲gᵛiwčnʼdgi : /snigoˑčantgi/ let him send
lotoˑčnʼa : /lotoˑčnʼa/ carries an armload along
nᵉtʼepʼčnʼa : /netʼapčnʼa/ lays flat objs. in a row along (intr. also)
slᵉelʼg̣čnʼiˑa : /slelg̣ačnʼiˑya/ leaves a clothlike obj. for someone while going along
čog 3-S-n man’s brother-in-law (man’s sister’s husband; wife’s brother); cousin (mother’s younger brother’s child, used by a male speaker)
bčoga̲b : /pčogap/ brother-in-law; cousin
se̲bčoga̲ldk : /sopčgaltk/ related to one another as a man to his sister’s husband, etc.
bčogysa̲b : /pčogiˑsap/ brothers-in-law; cousins
čog̣i 3Sn pumice stone
čog̣i : /čog̣i/ pumice
čok 7S-v be rickety, swaying, unsafe (as an old building)
čokr̲r̲é̲čʼwa̲a : /čokčʼwačʼwa/ sways up and down
čokkanga : /čokkanga/ sways, is rickety, unsafe
čokʼalw 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable.
čokʼalws : /čokalwas/ place name
čoLy 7Sv put on a shirt
čoLy : /čoLiˑ/ puts on a shirt
he̲sčoLy : /hosčLi/ puts a shirt on someone
r̲e̲čoLy : /čočLi/ d. put on shirts
čoLybli : /čoLiˑbli/ puts a shirt back on
čoLyoˑla : /čoLyoˑla/ takes off a shirt
he̲sčoLyoˑla : /hosčaLyoˑla/ takes off someone’s shirt, makes someone take off a shirt

79
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čoLys : /čoLiˑs/ shirt
čoLyʔmʼč : /čoLiˑ ʔamʼč/ big old shirt
čoLykʼa : /čoLiˑkʼa/ little shirt
čoLys\ʼa̲la : /čoLiˑslʼa/ makes a shirt
čonw 7Sv vomit
čonwa : /čonwa/ vomits
he̲sčonwa : /hosčanwa/ makes vomit
r̲e̲čonwa : /čočanwa/ d. vomit
čonwnʼapga : /čonoˑnʼapga/ feels like vomiting
čonws : /čonwas/ vomit
loqʔm čonws : /loqʔam čonwas/ mountain lily (“grizzly’s vomit”)
čoq 3-Sn water. From Chinook Jargon. Only in:
soˑlčoq : /soˑlčoq/ ocean (“salt-water”)
soˑlčoqkniˑ : /soˑlčoqkniˑ/ Lower Rogue River people
čoq 7-Sv bend. Only in:
sgᵛčoqtn̲a : /sgočaqta/ bends the penis on
čoqʼ 7Sv be light-colored
r̲é̲ˑr̲čoqʼa : /čoˑqčoqʼa/ is light-colored
čoˑqʼdgi : /čoˑqtgi/ becomes light-colored
sne̲čoˑqʼdgi : /snočoˑqtgi/ bleaches
r̲é̲r̲čoqʼlʼi : /čoqčoqlʼi/ light-colored
čoy 2Srp1 so, and, then. See Sec. 1046.
/čoy honk ʔat hok sg̣isoˑla gida./ So she woke up here. (Texts, 4.28)
/čoy honk naʔas gi, ة/ So then he said,… (Texts, 13.71)
/qʼelyʼak ptisap, čoy qʼelyʼak pkʼisap/ without a father, and without a mother
/čoyč ni genwapk ʔat!/ So now I’ll go too!
/čoy sa honk ʔat genaˑ, genaˑ./ So now they went on and on.
/čoy čeˑ!/ Until so! Idiom: So that’s how it is! That’s terrible! How dare they!
čoyi̲\ʼ 7+Sv crumble up (as clods, ice)
čoˑyi̲\ʼa : /čoˑyʼa/ crumbles easily (as a clod of dirt, rotten ice)
nčoˑyi̲\ʼa : /nčoˑyʼa/ crumbles up pl. with a round instrument
wčoyi̲\ʼa : /wčoyʼa/ crumbles up a clod with a long instrument
wčoˑyi̲\ʼa : /wčoˑyʼa/ crumbles up pl.
čoˑ 7-Sv [unknown meaning]. Occurs only after {wi} 4S-v “blow (wind).” {wi} alone is intransitive; {wi} + {čoˑ} has the meaning

80
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
	“blow something (on, against, off of, etc.).”
wičoˑbli : /wičoˑbli/ wind blows something back. See wi.
čoˑčlʼ 7-Sv shave wood, make shavings. Only in:
wčoˑčlʼa : /wčoˑčlʼa/ makes shavings
čoˑl 3-S-n great-grandmother (father’s grandmother). This term was obtained only from Mr. Pompey and was not checked.
bčoˑlyb : /pčoˑlip/ great-grandmother
r̲r̲e̲bčoˑlysa̲b : /pčopčoˑlisap/ great-grandmothers (d. ?)
čoˑq 3Sn firefly
čoˑq : /čoˑq/ firefly, fireflies
čqʼaˑlʼ 7-Sv coil up (snake). Possibly related to {qʼalʼ} 7-Sv “fold.” Only in:
se̲hod̲čqʼaˑlʼa : /sohaččqʼaˑlʼa/ snake coils up
čw see ačw on the head, hair
čwa 3Sn wild potatio (Sagittaria latifolia; Gatschet gives Sagittaria sagittifolia or Sagittaria variabilis). This has now been generalised in meaning to include domestic potatoes. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive] only.
čwa : /čwa/ wild potato
r̲e̲čwa\ʼaˑkʼ : /čačoˑʔaˑk/ d. little wild potatoes
čway 3S-n turkey buzzard. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive] only.
čways : /čways/ turkey buzzard
čwaykʼa : /čwaykʼa/ little turkey buzzard
r̲e̲čwaykʼa : /čačwiˑkʼa/ d. little turkey buzzards
čweˑkʼ 7Sv be tough (meat). Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
čweˑkʼa : /čweˑkʼa/ is tough
sne̲čweˑkʼa : /snečweˑkʼa/ makes tough
r̲e̲čweˑkʼdk : /čečweˑkʼatk/ d. tough
čweˑkʼdgi : /čweˑktgi/ becomes tough
čya see tya basket-sifter
čyaˑw 3S-n plant (sp.). Identified as a wokas-like plant with red blooms growing in swampy places. See Text 38.194 ff.
čyaˑwysm : /čyaˑwisam/ plant (sp.)
čʼ
čʼ see očʼ [unknown meaning]

81
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼa 4S-v act on a handful of granular objs. (as sand, grain, beads, dried wokas, etc.).
čʼadga : /čʼatga/ takes a handful out of a container
čʼadgl : /čʼatgal/ picks up a handful
čʼadg̣a : /čʼatg̣a/ takes a handful away from someone (with {odg̣} 10sv “taking away, depriving”); divides a handful (with {edg̣} 10sv “dividing, distributing”)
se̲čʼadg̣a : /sačʼatg̣a/ quarrel over a handful (with {odg̣}); divide a handful among oneselves (with {edg̣})
čʼadgi : /čʼatgi/ takes down a handful, strips a branch of berries
čʼadg̣nʼa : /čʼatqnʼa/ puts a handful into the mouth. (intr. also)
čʼadiˑla : /čʼadiˑla/ puts a handful under. (intr. also)
čʼaga̲ča̲a : /čʼakča/ goes to get a handful
čʼag̣y : /čʼag̣iˑ/ bites, puts a handful in the mouth
čʼakLa : /čʼakLa/ puts a handful down on, on a vehicle
čʼakʼčʼwy : /čʼakčʼwi/ puts a handful into a tight place
čʼaliˑna : /čʼaliˑna/ takes a handful off the edge. (intr. also)
čʼaLn̲čʼn̲a : /čʼaLančʼa/ just lays a handful alongside. (intr. also)
čʼalʼg̣a : /čʼalg̣a/ puts a handful down, on the ground
čʼaqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čʼaqaˑyʼa/ puts a handful in among bushes, in the hair. (intr. also)
čʼaqaˑyi̲\ʼoˑla : /čʼaqaˑyʼoˑla/ takes a handful out of bushes, hair; separates one kind of grain from another
čʼatqʼaga : /čʼatqʼaga/ digs up a handful; handful rises to the surface
čʼawyʼg̣a : /čʼawiˑg̣a/ puts a handful into a container. (intr. also)
čʼayaˑ : /čʼaya/ gives a handful
r̲e̲čʼay : /čʼačʼiˑ/ d. give a handful
čʼaybli : /čʼaybli/ gives back a handful
čʼar̲yamna : /čʼayyamna/ carries, holds a handful
čʼayeˑga : /čʼayeˑga/ raises a handful. (intr. also)
čʼabkʼ 7+Sv mash up something mushy, be mushy. Cf. {tʼabkʼ} 7+Sv “be sticky, mash up something sticky” and {lʼabkʼ} 7+Sv “be doughy, mash up something doughy.” Segmentation does not seem productive, but the resemblance must be noted.
r̲é̲r̲r̲čʼabkʼa : /čʼapkčʼapkʼa/ is mushy (coarse-grained and wet, like wokas mush or hamburger)
dᵛčʼabkʼa : /dačʼapkʼa/ mashes up with the fingers
ktčʼabkʼa : /kčʼapkʼa/ mashes up with a blow, kick
nčʼabka : /nčʼapkʼa/ mashes with a round instrument
čʼalmgoˑyʼ 3S-n katydid. Same as {čʼloppʼ} 3-S-n.
čʼalmgoˑyʼs : /čʼalamgoˑyʼas/ katydid

82
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼalw 3S-n rotten fish. May contain {w} 22sv [past noun].
čʼalwys : /čʼalwis/ rotten fish, dead fish
čʼamgikʼwa 3Sn widgeon bird
čʼamgikʼwa : /čʼamgikʼwa/ widgeon
čʼan 3-Sn kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Onomatopoetic.
r̲é̲r̲čʼan : /čʼančʼan/ kingfisher
r̲é̲r̲čʼan\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼančʼanʼaˑk/ little kingfisher
r̲e̲r̲é̲r̲čʼan\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼačʼančʼanʼaˑk/ d. little kingfishers
čʼapkʼeˑk 3S-n soot. Cf. also {čʼapsg̣iˑ} 3S-n “soot” and {Lapkʼeˑk} 3S-n “flying ash from a hot fire.” Analysis is possible but not certain and productive of unique morphemes with no easily assignable meaning.
čʼapkʼeˑks : /čʼapkʼeˑks/ soot
čʼapsg̣iˑ 3S-n soot. Cf. čʼapkʼeˑk above.
čʼapsg̣iˑs : /čʼapsg̣iˑs/ soot
čʼaqʼ 7-Sv tangle, mix up, whip up into a mass
hod̲čʼaqʼtn̲a : /hoččʼaqta/ tangles itself into a knot (“runs upon a tangle”)
he̲shod̲čʼaqʼtn̲oˑla : /hosaččʼaqtnoˑla/ untangles
kᵛčʼaˑqʼa : /kačʼaˑqʼa/ mixes, whips up batter or dough
čʼaqʼwi 3Sn place name. Unanalyzable.
čʼaqʼwi : /čʼaqʼwi/ place name
čʼasaqʼ 7-Sv slap, tap. Only in:
ktčʼasaqʼbqʼa : /kčʼasaqpqʼa/ slaps, taps on the face
ktčʼasaqʼkʼya : /kčʼasaqkʼya/ slaps on the buttocks
ktčʼasaqʼr̲kʼya : /kčʼasaqkʼakʼya/ slaps pl. times, repeatedly, on the buttocks
ktčʼasaqʼtn̲a : /kčʼasaqta/ slaps on, taps on
ktčʼasaqʼwa : /kčʼasaqʼwa/ slaps the hand in the water
čʼasgaˑy 3Sn weasel (Putorius ermineus)
čʼasgaˑy : /čʼasgaˑy/ weasel
r̲e̲čʼasgaˑy\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼačʼasgaˑyʼaˑk/ d. little weasels
čʼasg̣iˑp 3S-n nighthawk
čʼasg̣iˑps : /čʼasg̣iˑps/ nighthawk
čʼasg̣iˑpkʼa : /čʼasg̣iˑpkʼa/ little nighthawk
r̲e̲čʼasg̣iˑpʔmč : /čʼačʼasg̣iˑpʔamʼč/ d. big old nighthawks
čʼaw 7-Sv slap on the ear. Only in:
ktčʼawkʼya : /kčʼawkʼya/ slaps on the ear
r̲r̲e̲ktčʼawkʼya : /kčʼakčʼoˑkʼya/ d. slap on the ear
čʼawlaˑk 3S-n wood duck (Gatschet gives Aix sponsa)
čʼawlaˑks : /čʼawlaˑks/ wood duck

83
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼawʼig 7Sv be crazy, go crazy
čʼawʼiga : /čʼawʼiga/ is crazy, goes crazy
r̲e̲čʼawʼiga : /čʼačwʼiga/ d. are, go crazy
sne̲čʼawʼiga : /snačwʼiga/ drives someone crazy
čʼawʼigdk : /čʼawʼigatk/ crazy, a crazy one
čʼawʼigaˑkʼidk : /čʼawʼigaˑkʼitk/ little crazy one
čʼawʼigmčʼigdk : /čʼawʼigamčʼigatk/ big old crazy one
čʼay\ʼ 7-Sv catch, pinch between two surfaces
ʔᵛčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /ʔačʼiˑta/ pinches a long obj. between two surfaces
se̲ʔᵛčʼay\ʼa : /saˑčʼiˑta/ pinches one’s own (finger, toe)
ktčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /kčʼayta/ hits and pinches, stamps on someone’s finger, etc.
he̲sqačʼaˑy\ʼa : /hasqčʼaˑyʼa/ picks one’s teeth
qačʼaˑy\ʼr̲dg̣nʼa : /qačʼaˑytdatqnʼa/ puts a stick in someone’s mouth, picks someone’s teeth
he̲sqačʼaˑy\ʼoˑts : /hasqčʼaˑyʼoˑts/ toothpick
spᵛčʼaˑy\ʼr̲dg̣nʼa : /spačʼaˑytdatqnʼa/ pulls and pinches someone’s mouth (as a horse’s mouth with a bridle)
wčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /wčʼayta/ pinches someone’s finger, toe, etc. with a long instrument
r̲r̲e̲wčʼay\ʼtn̲a : /wčʼawčʼiˑta/ d. pinch
čʼayal 7S-v back up, go backwards
čʼayalbaˑtn̲a : /čʼayalbaˑta/ backs up to the shore, edge
čʼayalčnʼa : /čʼayalčnʼa/ backs up, goes along backing up
he̲sčʼayalčnʼa : /hasčʼyalčnʼa/ causes someone to back up
r̲e̲čʼayalčnʼa : /čʼačʼyalčnʼa/ d. back up
sčʼayalčnʼa : /sčʼayalčnʼa/ backs something up
sčʼayalča! : /sčʼayalča!/ back it up!
čʼayaldiˑla : /čʼayaldiˑla/ backs up underneath
sčʼayaldiˑla : /sčʼayaldiˑla/ backs something under
čʼayalWasga : /čʼayalWasga/ backs away from
sčʼayalWasga : /sčʼayalWasga/ backs something away from
čʼayang 3S-n berry (sp. unknown). These were called “thornberries” by the Pompeys and “willowberries” by BL.
čʼayangs : /čʼayanks/ berry (sp.)
čʼayangsʔm : /čʼayanksʔam/ berry bush (sp.)
čʼayangsdi : /čʼayanksdi/ “Berry (sp.)-Place” (place name)
čʼayangsd̲at : /čʼayanksdat/ “In-the-Berries (sp.)” (place name)
čʼaˑg̣i 3Sn little boy. Commonly with {ʼaˑkʼ} 6sn [diminutive] .
čʼaˑg̣i : /čʼaˑg̣i/ little boy

84
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼaˑg̣i\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼaˑqyʼaˑk/ little boy
r̲e̲čʼaˑg̣i\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼačʼaˑqyʼaˑk/ d. little boys
čʼaˑg̣i\ʼaˑkʼ ksᵛalamns : /čʼaˑqyʼaˑk ksalamnas/ “Little-Boy-Lying-on-the-Hillside” (place name)
čʼaˑg̣i\ʼaˑkʼlmksi : /čʼaˑqyʼaˑkʼlamksi/ “Little-Boy’s-Place” (place name)
čʼaˑm 3S-n stupid (?). Possibly related to {čʼaˑni̲\ʼ} 7Sv “not know how to do.”
čʼaˑms : /čʼaˑms/ stupid (?). E.g.,
/waq hak čʼaˑms geˑ!/ How stupid he is! (What’s the matter with him—why did he do that?)
/skay hak čʼaˑms!/ That’s not called for!
čʼaˑni̲\ʼ 7Sv not know how to do
čʼaˑni̲\ʼa : /čʼaˑnʼa/ doesn’t know how to do
čʼaˑni̲\ʼs : /čʼaˑnis/ not knowing. Usually in constructions like the following:
/čʼaˑnis ʔan sʔedoˑs./ I don’t know how to count.
/čʼaˑnis hoˑt swiˑs./ He doesn’t know how to sing.
r̲e̲čʼaˑni̲\ʼs : /čʼačʼaˑnis/ d. not knowing
/čʼačʼaˑnis beqsas./ (They) don’t know how to grind (wokas).
čʼaˑqʼ 7-Sv kill fleas, lice. Only in:
g̣wᵛčʼaˑqʼa : /g̣wačʼaˑqʼa/ bites fleas, lice, off of someone
r̲e̲g̣wᵛčʼaˑqʼa : /g̣ag̣oˑčʼaˑqʼa/ d. bite lice, fleas
se̲g̣wᵛčʼaˑqʼa : /sag̣oˑčʼaˑqʼa/ bites lice, fleas off of oneself, each other
čʼaˑs 3S-n skunk (Mephitis mephitica)
čʼaˑsys : /čʼaˑsis/ skunk
čʼaˑsyʔmʼč : /čʼaˑsiʔamʼč/ big old skunk
r̲e̲čʼaˑsyˑkʼ : /čʼačʼaˑsiˑk/ d. little skunks
čʼaˑsysʔm tʼapq : /čʼaˑsisʔam tʼapaq/ skunk cabbage. This is said to be a loan construction from English; skunk cabbage is a recent importation into the area.
čʼa̲ see čʼn̲ just did and no more
čʼeč 7S-v be syrupy, sticky-looking
čʼeˑčdgi : /čʼeˑčtgi/ becomes syrupy, sticky
r̲é̲r̲čʼečlʼi : /čʼeččʼečlʼi/ syrupy, sticky-looking
čʼečteˑs 3S-n Old Marten (or Old Mink). This mythological figure is probably the same as {sqel}. The form may contain an otherwise unattested r̲e̲ sequence: r̲e̲čʼeteˑs.
čʼečteˑsys : /čʼečteˑsis/ Old Marten (or “Old Mink”)

85
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼečʼ 7-Sv sprinkle, dab
wčʼečʼtn̲a : /wčʼečta/ makes a dab on, a spot
wčʼeˑčʼa : /wčʼeˑčʼa/ sprinkles, spots, dabs
wčʼeˑčʼr̲bqʼdk : /wčʼeˑčbapqʼatk/ sprinkled on the face, freckle-faced
r̲r̲e̲wčʼeˑčʼr̲bqʼdk : /wčʼewčʼeˑčbapqʼatk/ d. freckle-faced
wčʼeˑčʼr̲tnna : /wčʼeˑčʼattanʔa/ sprinkles on
wčʼeˑčʼr̲wl : /wčʼeˑčʼoˑwal/ sprinkles on top
čʼeg̣ 3S-n Brewer’s blackbird (Scolecophagus cyanocephalus). Onomatopoetic: its cry is /čʼeq čʼeq čʼeq!/
čʼeg̣s : /čʼeqs/ Brewer’s blackbird
r̲e̲čʼeg̣\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼečqʼaˑk/ d. little blackbirds
čʼeg̣s dᵛawls : /čʼeqs dawals/ “Blackbird-Standing-on-Top” (place name)
čʼekʼ. see nčʼekʼ small, into pieces
čʼelg 7Sv eat the roasted skin of ducks and waterfowl; skin
čʼelga : /čʼelga/ eats the roasted skin of birds
čʼelgs : /čʼelks/ skin (general term)
čʼel\ʼ 7Sv be shiny, twinkle, glitter
r̲e̲čʼeˑl\ʼa : /čʼečʼeˑlʼa/ d. shine, twinkle
r̲é̲ˑr̲čʼel\ʼa : /čʼeˑlčʼelʼa/ is shiny
sne̲r̲é̲ˑr̲čʼel\ʼa : /snečʼeˑlčʼelʼa/ makes shiny
čʼeˑl\ʼdgi : /čʼeˑltgi/ turns, becomes shiny
r̲é̲r̲čʼel\ʼlʼi : /čʼelčʼelʔi/ shining, glittering, beaming
čʼeL 3S-n peeling, skin of a fruit
čʼeLs : /čʼeLas/ peeling, skin
čʼepqʼ 7Sv be weak-eyed. Possibly contains an allomorph of {pʼeqʼ} 7-Sv 10sv “act on the face.” Only in:
čʼepqʼa : /čʼepqʼa/ has a weak eye, eye gets weak
r̲e̲čʼepqʼdk : /čʼečʼapqʼatk/ weak-eyed
čʼew 3S-n yellowhammer (Colaptes auratus var. mexicanus). Onomatopoetic: its cry is /čʼew čʼew!/.
čews : /čews/ yellowhammer
čʼews honlamns : /čʼews hollamnas/ “Yellowhammer-Flying-Along-the-Side” (place name)
čʼewʼ 7Sv blister
r̲é̲ˑr̲čʼew\ʼa : /čʼeˑwčʼewʼa/ blisters (as skin from the sun, as paint)
čʼeˑw\ʼdgi : /čʼeˑwtgi/ becomes blistered
čʼey 3Sn buttocks
čʼey : /čʼey/ buttocks

86
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼeˑg 3S-n teal (sp.). Onomatopoetic: its cry is /čʼeˑk čʼeˑk čʼeˑk!/.
čʼeˑgs : /čʼeˑks/ teal (sp.)
r̲e̲čʼeˑg\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼečʼeˑkʼaˑk/ d. little teals
čʼi 4S-v act upon liquid in a container (as water in a bucket, pus in a sore, etc.)
čʼibga : /čʼipga/ brings liquid (with {ebg} 17sv “coming, action toward the speaker”); liquid stands in a lake, container (with {obg} 19sv [durative]).
čʼibqʼa : /čʼipqʼa/ puts liquid on the face. (intr. also). Also: has a sore on the face.
čʼčʼibqʼa : /čʼičʼapqʼa/ d. put liquid on the face; has d. sores on the face
čʼibqʼs : /čʼipqʼas/ fir tree (sp.). This tree has bark covered with pitchy nodules. This pitch was rubbed on the eyes as a cure for sores.
r̲e̲čʼibqʼsm : /čʼičʼapqsam/ poison oak
čʼičʼn̲a : /čʼičʼa/ just took liquid off
sčʼičʼn̲a : /sčʼičʼa/ just made liquid go off, spread out (as one irrigates a field)
sčʼičʼa̲bga : /sčʼičʼapga/ just caused water to flow toward
čʼidbn̲a : /čʼitba/ arrives with a container of liquid; liquid reaches, arrives
čʼidga : /čʼitga/ liquid stands, has been standing
čʼidgs : /čʼidaks/ dew
čʼidg̣a : /čʼitg̣a/ takes liquid away from
čʼiga̲a : /čʼiga/ gets liquid
čʼiga̲ča̲a : /čʼikča/ goes to get liquid
čʼiga̲ča̲dgi : /čʼikčatgi/ wants someone to go get liquid
čʼiga̲lgi : /čʼigalgi/ comes to get liquid
čʼikLa : /čʼikLa/ sets liquid down on (as glass of water on a table)
čʼikʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čʼikʼaˑyʼa/ hangs up liquid. (intr. also)
r̲e̲čʼikʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čʼičkʼaˑyʼa/ d. hang up liquid
čʼikʼaˑyi̲\ʼoˑts : /čʼikʼaˑyʼoˑts/ pot
čʼilčʼwy : /čʼilčʼwi/ takes liquid right up to
čʼiLWn̲a : /čʼiLWa/ liquid lies flat on, along the top of
sčʼiLWn̲a : /sčʼiLWa/ spreads liquid out on; irrigates
čʼilʼaˑlʼa : /čʼilʼaˑlʼa/ puts liquid on a fire (as a pot to boil). (intr. also)
čʼilʼg̣a : /čʼilg̣a/ puts down liquid; festers
r̲e̲čʼilʼg̣dk : /čʼičʼalg̣atk/ d. festered

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼi (continued)
čʼimtʼa : /čʼimtʼa/ has a liquid-containing sore, pussy infection.
čʼimtʼs : /čʼimtʼas/ sore; impetigo
čʼimtʼsm : /čʼimtsam/ poison oak. Or: r̲e̲čʼimtʼsm
/čʼičʼamtsam/. Cf. above under čʼibqʼa.
čʼipaleˑ\ʼa : /čʼipaleˑʔa/ tattoos
se̲čʼipaleˑ\ʼa : /sičpaleˑʔa/ has oneself tattooed
se̲čʼipaleˑ\ʼs : /sičpaleˑʔas/ tattooing
čʼiqn̲a : /čʼiqa/ takes liquid out, through
čʼitn̲a : /čʼita/ puts liquid on, against; blister (used as a noun with no further suffix; possibly not the same, since “blister” is always recorded as /čʼitaˑ/)
se̲čʼitn̲ank : /sičʼatnank/ having liquid against oneself (as someone with a canteen strapped to his belt)
čʼitqʼaga : /čʼitqʼaga/ brings a container of liquid up out; liquid rise up out of, wells up; sore rises, develops
čʼitqʼags : /čʼitqʼaks/ pus
čʼiwl : /čʼiwal/ puts liquid on top of. (intr. also)
r̲e̲čʼiwlat! : /čʼičʼoˑlat!/ pl. put liquid on top of!
čʼiwloˑla : /čʼiwloˑla/ takes liquid off the top of
r̲e̲čʼiwloˑlat! : /čʼičʼoˑloˑlat!/ pl. take liquid off the top!
čʼiwʼaˑlʼa : /čʼiwʼaˑlʼa/ puts liquid on the end of (as a drop of water on the end of a stick). (intr. also)
čʼiya : /čʼiya/ gives a container of liquid
čʼiy! : /čʼiˑ!/ give liquid!
čʼiyahʔa : /čʼiyahʔa/ hides a container of liquid
čʼiyamna : /čʼiyamna/ liquid lies around; carries liquid around
sčʼir̲yamna : /sčʼiyyamna/ makes liquid go around, all over; irrigates
ʔambo čʼir̲yamnoˑts : /ʔambo čʼiyyamnoˑts/ canteen
r̲e̲čʼir̲yamns : /čʼičʼiˑyamnas/ mud puddle, puddle of rain water
čʼiyeˑga : /čʼiyeˑga/ dips up water; water rises 
sčʼiyeˑga : /sčʼiyeˑga/ floods something
čʼido 3Sn childless person (male or female)
čʼido : /čʼido/ childless person
čʼig̣ 3-S-n man’s brother-in-law (wife’s sister’s husband); woman’s sister-in-law (husband’s brother’s wife). The term is reciprocal according to Mr. Pompey, but other informants were not sure.
bčʼig̣ab : /pčʼigap/ man’s brother-in-law; woman’s sister-in-law
bčʼig̣ysa̲b : /pčʼig̣iˑsap/ brothers-in-law; sisters-in-law

88
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼikdo 3Sn marsh hawk (sp. unknown)
čʼikdo : /čʼikdo/ marsh hawk
r̲e̲čʼikdo\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼičʼaktwʼaˑk/ d. little marsh hawks
čʼikwʼalg̣ol 7S-v turn handsprings. Analyzable?
čʼikwʼalg̣oleˑ\ʼa : /čʼikwʼalg̣oleˑʔa/ turns handsprings
r̲e̲čʼikwʼalg̣oleˑ\ʼa : /čʼičʼakwʼalg̣oleˑʔa/ d. turn handsprings
čʼikʼ 3S-n bird (generic term)
čʼikʼs : /čʼikʼas/ bird
r̲e̲čʼikʼʔmʼč : /čʼičʼakʔamʼč/ d. big old birds
r̲e̲čʼikʼkʼa : /čʼičʼakkʼa/ d. little birds
čʼikʼs waLg̣kʼys : /čʼikʼas waLaqkʼis/ “Bird-Lookout” (place name)
čʼikʼsʔm makwls : /čʼiksʔam makwals/ nape of the neck (“bird’s-camp-on-top” )
čʼikʼa 3Sn snowbird, chaffinch. Cf. last entry above?
čʼika : /čʼika/ snowbird, chaffinch
čʼilwi 3S-n boy (late teenage). Note that if this were *čʼilwy, one would expect the diminutive form to be *čʼilwyˑkʼ : */čʼilwiˑk/.
čʼilwis : /čʼilwis/ boy (late teenage)
čʼilwi\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼiloˑyʼaˑk/ little boy
r̲e̲čʼilwiʔmʼč : /čʼičʼalwiʔamʼč/ d. big old boys
čʼiL 3S-n squirrel (large sp. with yellowish stripes)
čʼiLs : /čʼiLas/ squirrel (sp.)
čʼiLq 3Sn shell, pod, hull, scale (of a fish)
čʼiLq : /čʼiLaq/ shell, pod, hull, scale
r̲e̲čʼiLq\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼičʼaLqʼaˑk/ d. little pods (etc.)
čʼin 4S-v act with the back
čʼinbaˑtn̲bga : /čʼimbaˑtampga/ has the back up against
čʼinčnʼbga : /čʼinčampga/ has the back toward someone going along
čʼinčibgbga : /čʼinčipgapga/ has the back toward someone coming this way
čʼinkʼwa : /čʼinkʼwa/ goes across with just the back showing (as a fish); goes across backwards (?)
čʼinkʼws : /čʼinkʼos/ “Going-Across-with-the-Fin-Showing” (place name)
čʼinliˑga : /čʼilliˑga/ puts the back to the edge, bank
čʼinLaleˑ\ʼa : /čʼilhaleˑʔa/ slides down a hill, snowy slope, on one’s back. See oLal.
čʼinlʼaˑlʼbga : /čʼilʔaˑlʼapga/ has the back to the fire
čʼinlʼg̣a : /čʼillg̣a/ stoops down
čʼinr̲lʼg̣a : /čʼilʔalg̣a/ stoops down continuously
r̲e̲čʼinlʼg̣a : /čʼičʼallg̣a/ d. stoop down

89
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼinlʼg̣s : /čʼilʔaqs/ (the) stooping; to stoop
čʼinqn̲a : /čʼinqa/ puts the back through, out. (intr. also)
čʼinqʼya : /čʼinqʼya/ puts the back to the road, doorway
čʼintn̲bga : /čʼintampga/ has the back against, leans back on
čʼintʼaˑwi̲\ʼbga : /čʼintʼaˑwipga/ has the back in the sunshine, suns one’s back
čʼinwbga : /čʼinwapga/ has the back in the water, flat place
čʼinyg̣i : /čʼiniˑg̣i/ puts the back over, arches the back (as a cat)
čʼiniˑqʼ 3S-n unripe wokas; also a sp. of pond lily similar to wokas but inedible (Nuphar polysepalum)
čʼiniˑqʼm : /čʼiniˑqʼam/ unripe wokas; wokas-like sp.
čʼiNeˑk 3S-n mosquito
čʼiNeˑks : /čʼiNeˑks/ mosquito
r̲e̲čʼiNeˑkkʼa : /čʼičNeˑkkʼa/ d. little mosquitoes
čʼipʼ 7Sv eat mustard seed gravy; mustard seed (Sisymbrium incisum Engelm.)
čʼipʼa : /čʼipʼa/ eats mustard seed gravy
čʼipʼs : /čʼipʼas/ mustard seed (and plant)
wisingʔm čʼipʼs : /wisinkʔam čʼipʼas/ sp. of mustard seed plant similar to the above (“snake’s mustard-seed”)
čʼiqaˑt 3S-n lice egg(s)
čʼiqaˑts : /čʼiqaˑts/ lice egg(s)
čʼiqtʼiˑtʼi 3Sn tule wren. Onomatopoetic: its cry is /čʼiqtʼiˑˑtʼitʼitʼi!/
čʼiqtʼiˑtʼi : /čʼiqtʼiˑtʼi/ tule wren
čʼiqʼ 7-Sv 10sv squash by pressure, weight; cover and squash. Also iǰqʼ and ǰqʼ. See Sec. 334.
ʔiǰqʼa : /ʔičqa/ covers, squashes with pl. objs.
r̲e̲ʔiǰqʼa : /ʔiʔačqʼa/ d. cover, squash pl. objs.
ʔiǰqʼ! : /ʔiǰaq!/ squash, cover! Or: ʔiǰqʼi! : /ʔičqʼi!/
nᵉiǰqʼa : /nečqʼa/ covers and squashes with a flat obj.
nᵉiǰqʼoˑla : /nečqʼoˑla/ takes a flat obj. off of
nᵉiǰqʼoˑlys : /nečqʼoˑlis/ “Pants-Hanging-Down” (man’s proper name)
sčʼiqʼa : /sčʼiqʼa/ squashes with a pointed instrument (as a louse with one’s thumbnail)
wčʼiqʼlʼg̣a : /wčʼiqʼlg̣a/ falls down
r̲r̲e̲wčʼiqʼlʼg̣a : /wčʼlwčʼaqʼlg̣a/ d. fall down
wčʼiqʼlʼg̣a̲ksga : /wčʼiqʼlg̣aksga/ almost fell down
wčʼiˑqʼkanga : /wčʼiˑqkanga/ stumbles around, falls around here and there; idiom: is “in the dark,” unable to see a course of action

90
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
winǰqʼa : /wʼinčqʼa/ lies on the stomach upon (as for sexual intercourse)
yᵛčʼiqʼa : /yičqʼa/ squashes by pressure, weight, rubbing
yᵛčʼiˑqʼa : /yičʼiˑqʼa/ squashes pl.
čʼis 2Sre2 also, too. Also č. See Sees. 910 and 1021.
/noˑs čʼis loy!/ Give me (a round obj.) also!
/qaWqaWlʼi hok naˑnokʼaˑs čʼoleˑks, nos čʼis./ His body was hard all over, (his) head too. (Texts, 20.28)
/geˑ čʼis ndanni beˑn hihaswaqs./ These are three men again also. (Texts, 39.5)
/ʔi čʼis homʼas g̣legwapk, dadaˑ./ You too will become thus, sometime. (Texts, 37.40)
/čoyč ʔat maˑts ni qʼay homʼas giwapk./ But I will never do thus to you anymore. (Texts, 15.63)
/geˑč beˑn hok./ This is he again also. (Texts, 39.6)
/dam bas noˑč homʼas git?/ Can I do it that way too? (Texts, 13.23)
čʼis 7S-v bend into a hoop, circle
čʼiskʼwa : /čʼiskʼwa/ puts a hoop across
čʼiskʼws : /čʼiskʼos/ bucket handle, basket handle
sčʼisliˑgčʼn̲dk : /sčʼisliˑkčʼantk/ bent along the edges
sčʼisliˑgs : /sčʼisliˑks/ arch over the top of a cradleboard
sčʼisLa̲ys : /sčʼisLis/ hoop of tules over the top of a cradleboard to shade the infant’s face
čʼislʼg̣a : /čʼislg̣a/ bends (as a stick, wand, in the wind)
sčʼislʼg̣a : /sčʼislg̣a/ bends a stick, wand (as by putting one end in the ground and bending it over)
čʼis 7S-v be brown. Only in:
r̲é̲r̲čʼislʼi : /čʼisčʼislʼi/ brown; man’s proper name
čʼisg̣iˑg̣ sne
čʼisg̣iˑg̣i 3Sn chickadee. Also čʼisg̣iˑg̣. Onomatopoetic.
čʼisg̣iˑg̣i : /čʼisg̣iˑg̣i/ chickadee
čʼisg̣iˑg̣s : /čʼisg̣iˑqs/ “Chickadee-Place” (place name)
čʼisk interjection “here boy!” (call to a dog)
čʼisk čʼisk čʼisk! : /čʼisk čʼisk čʼisk!/ here boy, here boy!
čʼisq 7-Sv wring out, squeeze dry (as a fruit). Only in:
dᵛčʼisqa : /dičʼasqa/ wrings out, squeezes dry
r̲e̲dᵛčʼisqa : /ditčʼasqa/ d, wring out
čʼiW interjection “Ssss!” (sound of a hot iron or rock being plunged into water)
čʼiW čʼiW! : /čʼiW čʼiW!/ Sss Sss!

91
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼiWden 7S-v hop on one foot with the other held forward
r̲é̲r̲čʼiWdeneˑ\ʼa : /čʼiWčʼiWdeneˑʔa/ hops on one foot
čʼiWpʼ 7-Sv bend. Also iWpʼ. See Sec. 334.
čᵛiWpʼa : /čiWpʼa/ sits on and bends
nčʼiWpʼa : /nčʼiWpʼa/ bends with a round instrument (as with a rock heavy weight)
pᵛčʼiWpʼa : /pičʼoˑhpʼa/ pulls and bends
r̲e̲pᵛčʼiWpʼa : /pipčʼoˑhpʼa/ d. pull and bend
čʼiwʼ 7-Sv act upon, injure the eye
kᵛčʼiwʼa : /kičwʼa/ pokes in the eye with a pointed instrument
se̲kᵛčʼiwʼa : /sikačwʼa/ pokes oneself, each other, in the eye with a pointed instrument (as a finger)
sčʼiwʼa : /sčʼiwʼa/ stabs in the eye
wčʼiwʼa : /wčʼiwʼa/ hits in the eye with a long instrument
čʼiyaˑlʼ 3S-n salmon (Onorhynchus Tschawytscha, Walbaum)
čʼiyaˑlʼs : /čʼiyaˑlʼs/ salmon
r̲e̲čʼiyaˑlʼkʼa : /čʼičʼyaˑlkʼa/ d. little salmon
čʼiyaˑlʼsʔmksi : /čʼiyaˑlʼsʔamksi/ “Salmon’s-Place” (place name)
čʼiyoˑlʼ 7Sv be discontented, unhappy, homesick
čʼiyoˑlʼa : /čʼiyoˑlʼa/ is discontented, unhappy, homesick
r̲e̲čʼiyoˑlʼa : /čʼičʼyoˑlʼa/ d. are discontented
čʼiˑk 3-Sn wagon. Onomatopoetic: named for the noise of the squeaking wheels.
r̲é̲ˑr̲čʼiˑk : /čʼiˑkčʼiˑk/ wagon
čʼiˑl 7S-v shed a winter coat. Possibly čʼil plus ˑ dgi (allomorph of {dgi} 8sv “turn, become”). Only in:
čʼiˑldgi : /čʼiˑltgi/ (animal) sheds a winter coat
čʼiˑLoLoˑ\ʼ 3-S-n house wren. Onomatopoetic: its cry is /čʼičʼiˑLoLoˑ!/. Although it seems to contain an r̲e̲ sequence as an infix, it cannot be usefully segmented since the pattern is unique. The first čʼi can, however, be identified as a dubious occurrence of r̲e̲ and will thus be tentatively segmented. Only in:
r̲e̲čʼiˑLoLoˑ\ʼ s : /čʼičʼiˑLoLoˑʔas/ house wren
čʼiˑpʼ see očʼiˑpʼ sliding down off, off a tubular obj.
čʼiˑsqʼag 10sv out of a tubular obj, (?). Cf. {očʼiˑpʼ} 10sv “off a tubular obj.” and also {otqʼag} 10sv “up out of.” This may be a combination of these two morphemes but is not easily segmentable from the present data. Only in:
skinčʼiˑsqʼaga : /skinčʼiˑsqʼaga/ (snake) crawls out (of its skin), sheds a skin
čʼl sne

92
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼlᵉ 4S-v act with the fingers, fingernails. Also čʼl and čʼli. See Sec. 331.
čʼlᵉᵛqitʼsga : /čʼliqatsga/ scratches off with the fingernails
čʼlᵉᵛqiˑtʼa : /čʼliqiˑtʼa/ scratches pl.
čʼlᵉačqʼaˑqʼa : /čʼlačqʼaˑqʼa/ chokes with the fingers
čʼlᵉaqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /čʼlaqaˑyʼa/ scratches someone’s head, hair
se̲čʼlᵉqaˑyi̲\ʼa : /sačʼlqaˑyʼa/ scratches one’s head
čʼlᵉawskanga : /čʼlawskanga/ gropes around with the fingers
čʼlᵉawsYeˑni̲\ʼa : /čʼlawsYeˑnʼa/ gropes around inside
r̲r̲e̲čʼlᵉawsYeˑni̲\ʼa : /čʼlačʼloˑsYeˑnʼa/ d. grope inside
čʼlᵉawsr̲yʼasg̣a : /čʼlawsiˑʔasg̣a/ gropes around for someone’s genitals
čʼlᵉčayi̲\ʼa : /čʼlačyʼa/ scratches and makes a gash
se̲čʼlᵉčaˑyi̲\ʼa : /sačʼlčaˑyʼa/ scratches oneself, each other, and makes pl. gashes
čʼlᵉčičʼa : /čʼliččʼa/ strips tules with the nails (to obtain strands for basket weaving)
čʼlᵉmʼiqtn̲a : /čʼlimʼaqta/ clings to, depends on heavily, clutches
čʼlᵉmʼiqtn̲ys : /čʼlimʼaqtis/ “clinging-vine” (a girl who is overly dependent upon her spouse)
čʼlᵉodg̣nʼa : /čʼletqnʼa/ puts something into someone’s mouth with the fingers
čʼlᵉpopʼa : /čʼloppʼa/ makes someone’s nose bleed by scratching, pinching
čʼlᵉpʼeqʼa : /čʼlepqʼa/ scratches someone’s face once
čʼlᵉpʼeˑqʼa : /čʼlepʼeˑqʼa/ claws someone’s face pl. times
čʼlᵉqaˑčʼa : /čʼlaqaˑčʼa/ scratches, scrabbles. See qaˑčʼ.
čʼlᵉqʼečʼa : /čʼleqčʼa/ scratches once, leaving a mark
čʼlᵉqʼeˑčʼa : /čʼleqʼeˑčʼa/ scribbles, scratches pl.
čʼlᵉtitʼa : /čʼlittʼa/ picks open a bulbous obj. with the fingers (as one picks open a boil)
čʼlᵉtiˑtʼa : /čʼlitiˑtʼa/ picks open pl.
čʼlᵉtʼabkʼa : /čʼlatʼapkʼa/ mashes something sticky with the fingers
čʼlᵉtʼekʼa : /čʼletkʼa/ picks to pieces with the fingernails
čʼlᵉtʼeˑkʼa : /čʼletʼeˑkʼa/ picks pl. to pieces
čʼlᵉwqiˑwbga : /čʼliwqiˑwapga/ (willows) hang out in a clump over water. This may not belong here, but the sense of “finger-like objs.” extending out makes the analysis possible.
čʼlibga : /čʼlipga/ is pinching, grasping with the fingers, fingernails, claws
se̲čʼlibga : /sičʼlapga/ pinches oneself, each other

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KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼlibgoˑts : /čʼlipgoˑts/ pincers (crawfish). Cf. also čʼliga̲oˑts.
sne̲čʼlibgoˑts : /sničʼlapgoˑts/ pincers (for hot iron), tweezers. Cf. sne̲čʼliga̲oˑts.
čʼlidg̣a : /čʼlitg̣a/ punctures and peels away with the fingers, fingernails
čʼliga̲a : /čʼliga/ pinches, grabs in the claws; is caught, snagged (as a canoe, fishhook, on the bottom)
sne̲čʼliga̲a : /sničʼlga/ snags, causes to pinch
se̲čʼliga̲dang̣a : /sičʼlakdang̣a/ are “hung up” in sexual intercourse
čʼliga̲oˑts : /čʼligoˑts/ pincers (crawfish). Cf. čʼlibgoˑts above.
sne̲čʼliga̲oˑts : /sničʼlgoˑts/ pincers (for hot iron), tweezers. Cf. sne̲čʼlibgoˑts.
čʼliwkyamna : /čʼliwkyamna/ puts up a curtain, mat, all around with the fingers
čʼliwkʼya : /čʼliwkʼya/ closes an opening with the fingers (as a curtain over a door)
sne̲čʼliwkʼya : /sničʼloˑkʼya/ causes someone to close up
čʼliwkʼy! : /čʼliwkʼi!/ close it up!
r̲r̲e̲čʼliwkʼyat! : /čʼličʼloˑkʼyat!/ pl. close it up!
čʼliwkʼybli : /čʼliwkʼibli/ closes back up again
čʼliwkʼyoˑla : /čʼliwkʼyoˑla/ opens a closed mat
čʼlᵉ 4S-v act upon a massive shapeless obj. (such as a piece of meat). Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
čʼlᵉakʼčʼwy : /čʼlakčʼwi/ puts a massive obj. into a corner, pocket, tight place
se̲čʼlᵉakʼčʼwy : /sačʼlakčʼwi/ puts a massive obj. into one’s own pocket, etc.
čʼlᵉakʼya : /čʼlakʼya/ closes with a massive shapeless obj. (as one plugs up a hole with a lump of gum); piece of something gets stuck in one’s throat
čʼlᵉalamna : /čʼlalamna/ puts a pack, load of meat, etc. onto someone’s back. (intr. also)
čʼlᵉalʼaˑlʼa : /čʼlalʼaˑlʼa/ puts a massive obj. on the fire; broils a piece of meat. (intr. also)
čʼlᵉawl : /čʼlawal/ puts a massive obj. on top. (intr. also)
čʼlᵉdgl : /sdagal/ picks up a massive obj.
čʼlᵉebga : /čʼlepga/ brings a massive obj. (with {ebg} 17sv “coming, action toward the speaker”); massive obj. stands, exists, is (with {obg} 19sv [durative)]
čʼlᵉebgiˑa : /čʼlepgiˑya/ brings for someone

94
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼlᵉebgiˑwabgdk : /čʼlepgiˑwapgatk/ to have brought for
/yʼaMtgi čʼlepgiˑwapgatk mis./ (He) forgot to bring (meat) for you.
se̲čʼlᵉedg̣a : /sečʼlatg̣a/ divides up a massive obj. among oneselves
čʼlᵉikLa : /čʼlekLa/ puts a massive obj. down on top
r̲e̲čʼlᵉikLa : /čʼečʼlakLa/ d. put massive obj. down on
čʼlᵉodga : /čʼletga/ takes a massive obj. out of a container
čʼlᵉodiˑla : /čʼlediˑla/ puts a massive obj. under; bakes a loaf of bread, piece of meat, etc., in an oven. (intr. also).
čʼlᵉog̣y : /čʼleg̣iˑ/ snacks, has a bite of food. See og̣y.
čʼlᵉotqʼaga : /čʼletqʼaga/ takes a massive obj. up out of (as a lump of mud out of a well)
r̲e̲čʼlᵉotqʼaga : /čʼečʼlatqʼaga/ takes d. up out of
čʼlᵉoya : /čʼleya/ gives a massive obj.
r̲e̲čʼloy : /čʼečʼli/ gives a piece to d.; d. give
čʼlᵉoya̲t : /čʼleyt/ can give a massive obj.
čʼlᵉoyamna : /čʼleyamna/ holds a massive obj.
čʼlᵉor̲yamna : /čʼleyyamna/ carries a massive obj.
čʼli see čʼlᵉ act with the fingers, fingernails
čʼliklak 3Sn sparrowhawk (Falco sparverius). Onomatopoetic. Seems to contain an r̲e̲r̲ sequence: čʼr̲e̲r̲lik. Segmentation, however, is not productive.
čʼliklak : /čʼliklak/ sparrowhawk
čʼloppʼ 3-S-n katydid, leafhopper. Cf. also čʼalmgoˑyʼ, which is said to be the same thing. Only in:
r̲e̲čʼloppʼys : /čʼočʼlappʼis/ katydid, leafhopper
čʼlos 7-Sv sweep, brush. Also čʼos. Most often found with {ˑ} 6pSv [intensive]. See Sec. 334.
kᵛčʼoˑsdiˑla : /kočʼoˑsdiˑla/ mops underneath (sweeps under with a pointed obj.)
kᵛčʼoˑsr̲diˑla : /kočʼoˑsatdiˑla/ mops around under
kᵛčʼoˑsYeˑni̲\ʼa : /kočʼoˑsYeˑnʼa/ mops inside. Or, in free variation:
kᵛčʼloˑsYeˑni̲\ʼa : /kotloˑsYeˑna/ mops inside
kᵛčʼloˑsYeˑni̲\ʼoˑts : /kočʼloˑsYeˑnʼoˑts/ mop
wčʼlosLy : /wčʼlosLi/ sweeps sg. inside
wčʼloˑsLa̲a : /wčʼloˑsLa/ sweeps pl. onto
wčʼloˑsLy : /wčʼloˑsLi/ sweeps pl. into
wčʼloˑsqn̲a : /wčʼloˑsqa/ sweeps pl. out
wčʼloˑsqn̲oˑts : /wčʼloˑsqnoˑts/ broom (usually a little bush, the wing of a goose or swan, or a bundle of chick feathers)

95
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čʼmog 7Sv get dark. Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
čʼmoga : /čʼmoga/ gets dark, is dark
r̲e̲čʼmoga : /čʼočʼmga/ d. are dark, get dark
sne̲čʼmoga : /snočʼmga/ darkens, makes dark
čʼmogdamna : /čʼmokdamna/ keeps getting dark
čʼmogs : /čʼmoks/ darkness
čʼmogyeˑga : /čʼmogyeˑga/ starts to get dark
čʼmoLq 3Sn “bearberries” (Ribes aureum Pursh.). These berries cause a violent sickness and a sort of drunkenness
čʼmoLq : /čʼmoLaq/ bearberries
čʼmoLqʔm : /čʼmoLqʔam/ bearberries (sp.)
čʼnaw 3Sn reed (Juncus balticus Willd.). Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pv [distributive] only.
čʼnaw : /čʼnaw/ reed (sp.)
r̲e̲čʼnaw\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼačʼnoˑʔaˑk/ d. little reeds
čʼniWiˑlʼ 3S-n place name. Unanalyzable.
čʼniWiˑlʼs : /čʼniWiˑlʼs/ place name
čʼn̲ 16sv just did and no more, just finished an action and went on. Also čʼa̲. See Sec. 362.
ʔᵛaliˑgčʼn̲a : /ʔaliˑkčʼa/ just left a long obj, on the bank and went on
ʔᵛaliˑgčʼa̲bga : /ʔaliˑkčʼapga/ just left a long obj. on the bank and came
čʼoqbqʼčʼn̲a : /čʼoqbaqčʼa/ just put the buttocks in someone’s face and went on (as when trying to squeeze into a crowded meeting)
gᵛeqn̲čʼn̲a : /geqančʼa/ just slipped outside for a moment
sčʼičʼa̲bga : /sčʼičʼapga/ just caused liquid to flow toward
wʼinLWn̲čʼn̲a : /wʼilLWančʼa/ just lay down on the stomach on top of; just slid down on the stomach
čʼobing 3S-n yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.; Gatschet gives Juniperus libocedrus)
čʼobings : /čʼobinks/ yew
čʼobingsʔm : /čʼobinksʔam/ yew tree, yew species
čʼoččʼ 7Sv melt, be juicy, drippy. Also čʼočʼeˑ\ʼ (or čʼočʼeˑyʼ in free variation). See Sec. 334.
čʼoččʼa : /čʼoččʼa/ melts; is drippy, juicy. Or:
čʼočʼeˑ\ʼa : /čʼočʼeˑʔa/ melts (as ice, snow). Or:
čʼočʼeˑyʼa : /čʼočʼeˑyʼa/ melts. (first form from PO, the last two from RD.)
sne̲čʼočʼeˑyʼa : /snoččʼeˑyʼa/ causes to melt (RD)
čʼoččʼdk : /čʼoččʼatk/ juicy, drippy

96
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼočʼeˑ\ʼ sle
čʼočʼeˑyʼ sle
čʼog̣ 3S-n blackbird (sp. Agelaius). Onomatopoetic: says /čʼoqliˑni! čʼoqliˑni!/ “put the buttocks overboard!” (cf. under {čʼoq} 4S-v “act with the buttocks”).
čʼog̣s : /čʼoqs/ blackbird
r̲e̲čʼog\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼočqʼaˑk/ d. little blackbirds
čʼolʔ 7Sv have a cramp in the leg; calf of the leg. The Pompeys gave this form; BL gave čʼolʼ. See Sec. 334.
čʼolʼa : /čʼolʔa/ has a cramp in the leg. Or:
čʼolʼa : /čʼolʼa/ has a cramp
r̲e̲čʼolʔa : /čʼočʼalʔa/ d. have cramps (Pompeys). Note:
sne̲čʼolʼa : /snočlʼa/ causes a cramp (BL)
čʼolʔs : /čʼolʔas/ calf of the leg (Pompeys)
čʼoleˑk 3S-n meat, flesh, body
čʼoleˑks : /čʼoleˑks/ meat, flesh, body
r̲e̲čʼoleˑks : /čʼočʼleˑks/ d. meat; idiom: negro (translated as “burnt meat”)
čʼoleˑkslʼis : /čʼoleˑkslʼis/ meathawk (a sp. of greyish hawk that lives in mountainous regions)
čʼoli̲\ʼ 7-Sv peel off an outer layer
dᵛčʼoˑli̲\ʼa : /dočʼoˑlʼa/ peels off an outer layer (as a potato skin, orange peel)
sbᵛčʼoli̲\ʼčʼiˑpʼa : /sbočʼalčʼiˑpʼa/ drags off a tubular garment
r̲e̲he̲ssbᵛčʼoli̲\ʼčʼiˑpʼa : /hohaspčʼalčʼiˑpʼa/ drag off of each other
sbᵛčʼoli̲\ʼliˑna : /sbočʼalliˑna/ drags off over someone’s head
sqačʼoˑli̲\ʼa : /sqačʼoˑlʼa/ pulls off easily (as a ripe berry from its stem)
r̲e̲he̲ssqačʼoˑli̲\ʼsʔm : /hahasqčʼoˑlisʔam/ thimbleberry (sp.). Also d. {qam} 7S-v “come off easily.”
čʼolʼ see čʼolʔ have a cramp in the leg
čʼom 3S-n sucker (largest sp.)
čʼoms : /čʼoms/ sucker
r̲e̲čʼom\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼočmʼaˑk/ d. little suckers
čʼomsʔm gᵛotqʼags : /čʼomsʔam gotqʼaks/ “Sucker’s-Going-up-out” (place name)
čʼomsʔm skodas : /čʼomsʔam skodas/ big fluffy snowflakes (“sucker’s blanket”)
čʼomčʼaq 3Sn plant (bush; sp. unknown)’ This plant grows on the Klamath Marsh.

97
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼomčʼaq : /čʼomčʼaq/ plant (sp.)
čʼomsqʼ 3S-n currant (sp. of Ribes?)
čʼomsqʼm : /čʼomsqʼam/ currants
čʼopbaq 3Sn man’s proper name. May contain {pʼeqʼ} 7-Sv 10sv “act on the face.”
čʼopbaq : /čʼopbaq/ man’s proper name
čʼopʼ 3S-n [unknown meaning]. Only in:
sg̣ag̣als čʼopʼs : /sg̣ag̣als čʼopʼas/ a cat’s cradle figure (untranslated and unanalyzable from the data)
čʼoq 4S-v act with the buttocks
čʼoqbqʼa : /čʼoqpqʼa/ puts the buttocks in someone’s face
čʼoqbqʼbga : /čʼoqbaqpga/ holds the buttocks in someone’s face
čʼoqbqʼčʼn̲a : /čʼoqbaqčʼa/ just put the buttocks in someone’s face in passing (as in trying to squeeze into a crowded meeting)
čʼoqbg̣s : /čʼoqbaqs/ “Buttocks-in-the-Face” (man’s proper name)
čʼoqčnʼbgaˑ : /čʼoqčampga/ has the buttocks stuck out (?)
čʼoqliˑna : /čʼoqliˑna/ puts the buttocks overboard. (intr. also); relieves oneself from a canoe
čʼoqliˑni! : /čʼoqliˑni!/ put the buttocks overboard! (the onomatopoetic cry of the blackbird; cf. čʼog̣)
čʼoqr̲é̲ˑr̲pʼesʔa : /čʼoqpʼeˑspʼesʔa/ wiggles the buttocks around
čʼoqtn̲lʼg̣a : /čʼoqtallg̣a/ bumps against with the buttocks
čʼoqwa : /čʼoqwa/ puts the buttocks in water. (intr. also)
čʼoqyeˑga : /čʼoqyeˑga/ raises the buttocks. (intr. also)
čʼos see čʼlos sweep, brush
čʼos sne
čʼosak 2srt always. Also čʼos. See Sec. 910.
/čʼosak ni honks sʔewanʔa./ I always give him (food).
/g̣esga ʔan domnas, dadaˑt ʔi čʼosak hemkankdamna./ I can’t hear, when you always keep talking.
/čoy homʼas hoˑt sa gaˑʔaˑkkniˑ qʼa hiˑt selwal čʼosak git./ So thus the people of the old days always fought wars here. (Texts, 27.14)
čʼosni : /čʼosni/ forever
/čʼosni hadakt./ Forever there. (Texts, 9.74)
/ʔat honk hoččambli, čʼosni ginaˑdalʼ hoččipgabli./ Now he ran back home, came running back here for good. (Texts, 12.41)
/hiʔit hak ʔi čʼosni giwapk!/ There you will be forever! (Texts, 17.16)

98
KLAMATH DICTIONARY
čʼosqʼ 7-Sv step on, smash down. Only in:
ktčʼosqʼa : /kčʼosqʼa/ hits and smashes down
yᵛčʼosqʼa : /yočʼasqʼa/ steps on, smashes flat with the foot
čʼoy 3Sn bottom of a basket
čʼoy : /čʼoy/ bottom of a basket. Or:
čʼoyg̣eˑni : /čʼoyg̣eˑni/ bottom of a basket
čʼoy 7Sv consider someone incapable of performing an action; be unable to depend on someone; fear that someone will be injured attempting to perform an action. Only in:
r̲e̲r̲čʼoya : /čʼoyčʼya/ considers someone incapable, etc.
čʼoyʔ 7Sv put on a hat, wear a hat. Also čʼoyeˑ. See Sec. 334.
čʼoyʔa : /čʼoyʔa/ puts on a hat, wears a hat
he̲sčʼoyʔa : /hosčʼiˑʔa/ puts a hat on someone
čʼoyʔoˑla : /čʼoyʔoˑla/ takes off a hat
he̲sčʼoyʔoˑla : /hosčʼiˑʔoˑla/ takes someone’s hat off
r̲e̲čʼoyʔoˑla : /čʼočʼiˑʔoˑla/ d. takes off hats
čʼoyeˑbli : /čʼoyeˑbli/ puts a hat back on
he̲sčʼoyeˑbli : /hosčʼyeˑbli/ puts a hat back on someone, makes someone put on a hat
čʼoyeˑdk : /čʼoyeˑtk/ hatted, having a hat on
čʼoyeˑs : /čʼoyeˑs/ hat
čʼoyeˑʔmʼč : /čʼoyeˑʔamʼč/ big old hat
r̲e̲čʼoyeˑkʼa : /čʼočʼyeˑkʼa/ d. little hats
čʼoyeˑ sle
čʼoyi̲\ʼ 7+Sv blunt, be blunt
čʼoˑyi̲\ʼa : /čʼoˑyʼa/ becomes blunt
čʼoˑyi̲\ʼdk : /čʼoˑyitk/ blunt
lᵛčʼoyi̲\ʼtn̲a : /ločʼiˑta/ blunts a round obj. on (as a flint knife)
nčʼoyi̲\ʼtn̲a : /nčʼoyta/ blunts a round instrument on
sgᵛčʼoyi̲\ʼtn̲a : /sgočʼiˑta/ blunts the penis on
čʼoˑg 3S-n leg (including thigh, knee, calf and foot)
čʼoˑgs : /čʼoˑks/ leg
r̲e̲čʼoˑgkʼa : /čʼočʼoˑkkʼa/ d. little legs
r̲e̲čʼoˑgʔmʼč : /čʼočʼoˑkʔamʼč/ d. big old legs
čʼoˑqʼ 7Sv pl. die
čʼoˑqʼa : /čʼoˑqʼa/ pl. die
he̲sčʼoˑqʼa : /hosčʼoˑqʼa/ kills pl.
čʼoˑqʼa̲ksga : /čʼoˑqʼaksga/ pl. almost died
čoˑqʼdk : /čoˑqʼatk/ corpses, dead ones
he̲sčʼoˑqʼWiˑa : /hosčʼoˑqWiˑya/ almost killed pl.

99
KLAMATH-ENGLISH
čʼoˑs 7-Sv suck on, suck out. Only in:
qbᵛčʼoˑsa : /qbočʼoˑsa/ sucks on (as candy)
qbᵛčʼoˑskʼa : /qbočʼoˑskʼa/ sucks out of (as marrow)
čʼpʼ see očʼiˑpʼ sliding off a tubular obj.
čʼwakʼna 3Sn cottontail rabbit (Lepus californicus wallawalla Merriam, or Lepus nuttallii (Bachman))
čʼwakʼna : /čʼwakʼna/ cottontail rabbit
čʼwaˑm 3Sn mullet (Chasmistes luxatus, Cope). Occurs with r̲e̲ allomorph of {r̲e̲} 1pn [distributive] only.
čʼwaˑm : /čʼwaˑm/ mullet (sp.)
r̲e̲čʼwaˑm\ʼaˑkʼ : /čʼačʼwaˑmʼaˑk/ d. little mullet
čʼwa̲ see ačʼwa̲ forward and backward
čʼwidi 3Sn wild rose (Rosa fendleri; or as identified from a specimen by LK: Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.; Gatschet gives Rosa californica)
čʼwidi : /čʼwidi/ wild rose
čʼwidiʔm : /čʼwidiʔam/ wild rose sp.
čʼwiˑdid sne
čʼwiˑdidig 3S-n snipe (sp.; Gatschet gives Aigialitis vociferus). Also čʼwiˑdid. Popularly called “killdeer.” Onomatopoetic: its cry is /čʼwiˑdididi čʼwiˑdididi!/. See Sec. 430.
čʼwiˑdidigs : /čʼwiˑdidiks/ snipe; woman’s proper name
čʼwiˑdidkʼa : /čʼwiˑditkʼa/ little snipe, killdeer
d
dᵉl 4S-v look. Also del and dil. Cf. also {delʔn̲} 7Sv “face.” See Sec. 331.
dᵉlabqʼa : /dalpqʼa/ looks into someone’s face
dᵉlabqʼbga : /dalbaqpga/ is looking into someone’s face
se̲dᵉlabqʼbga : /sadalbaqpga/ are looking into each other’s eyes, faces
dᵉlakyamna : /dalkyamna/ looks around something
dᵉlakʼaˑyi̲\ʼa : /dalkʼaˑyʼa/ looks up high
dᵉlalamna : /dallamna/ looks at someone’s back
dᵉlalʼaˑlʼa : /dalʔaˑlʼa/ looks into the fire
dᵉlakʼiˑčʼa : /dalkʼiˑčʼa/ looks around, from side to side
dᵉlamni : /dalmni/ looks up
dᵉlamniek! : /dalmanyek!/ let me look up!
dᵉlatln̲bga : /daltlampga/ is looking alongside
se̲dᵉlatln̲bags : /sadaltlambaks/ neighbor